A identificação dos possíveis parâmetros determinantes da toxicidade em efluente industrial buscando a redução da carga poluidora auxilia na minimização dos efeitos tóxicos decorrentes do lançamento de efluente industrial em um corpo receptor de forma a preservar a biota aquática. O objetivo deste estudo foi adequar os parâmetros físicos e químicos e o fator de toxicidade à legislação ambiental.O estudo foi dividido em três etapas realizadas ao longo de outubro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2015. A Etapa 1 incluiu as análises físicas, químicas e toxicológicas de amostras coletadas no período entre outubro de 2010 e novembro de 2012, anterior às modificações realizadas na linha de tratamento superficial. A Etapa 2, realizada após alterações feitas na linha de tratamento, apresenta os resultados das análises físicas, químicas e toxicológicas feitas entre julho e setembro de 2013. A Etapa 3 mostra a caracterização física, química e toxicológica do efluente entre janeiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015, depois de executadas adequações no tratamento de efluentes. Entre as 14 amostras de efluente tratado analisadas, sete pertencem à Etapa 1 (Amostras 1 a 7); duas à Etapa 2 (Amostras 8 e 9) e cinco à Etapa 3 (Amostras 10 a 14). As análises físicas, químicas e toxicológicas foram efetuadas em laboratórios credenciados junto ao órgão ambiental. Considerando-se a natureza complexa dos efluentes industriais, a análise dos resultados obtidos revela melhoria na qualidade do efluente tratado com adequação à legislação vigente, em relação aos parâmetros físicos e químicos. A redução dos metais zinco, ferro e níquel teve êxito com a instalação do filtro prensa. O uso de carvão em pó possibilitou a adequação do parâmetro surfactante. Foi constatada, na Etapa 2, a adequação do efluente junto à CONSEMA 129/2006. A verificação do pH por meio de equipamento de medida, a partir da Etapa 3, não possibilita o ajuste deste parâmetro, mas permitiu o melhor controle do pH do efluente tratado. As modificações efetuadas permitiram a adequação do efluente ao padrão de lançamento quanto aos parâmetros físicos e químicos. No entanto, foi observado um aumento de toxicidade no efluente provavelmente devido ao mecanismo utilizado na redução dos surfactantes. Com base nestas informações, devem ser definidas outras estratégias e metas na tentativa de atender à legislação quanto à toxicidade antes do descarte no corpo receptor. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-10-19T17:14:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carina Rejane Carvalho Chissini.pdf: 1056618 bytes, checksum: cdb648c9c1687b140199078018c09837 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-19T17:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carina Rejane Carvalho Chissini.pdf: 1056618 bytes, checksum: cdb648c9c1687b140199078018c09837 (MD5) / The identification of possible determinants of toxicity parameters in industrial effluent aiming the reduction of the pollutant load helps in minimizing the toxic effects of the dump of industrial effluents in a receiving body in order to preserver the aquatic biota. The aim of this study was to adapt the physicochemical parameters and the toxicity factor to the environmental legislation. The study was divided into three steps performed between October 2010 and February 2015. Step 1 included physical, chemical and toxicological samples collected between October 2010 and November 2012, before the changes performed in the plating process. The step 2, performed after the changes in the finishing treatment process, shows the physical, chemical and toxicological result of the analyses made between July and September 2013. Step 3 shows the physical, chemical and toxicological characterization of the effluent between January 2014 and February 2015, after performed adjustments in the effluent treatment. Among fourteen analysed samples of treated effluent, seven belonged to Step 1 (Samples 1 to 7); two to Step 2 (Samples 8 and 9) e five to Step 3 (Samples 10 to 14). The physical, chemical and toxicological analysis were made in laboratories accredited by the environmental agency. Considering the complex nature of industrial effluents, the analysis of the result shows the improvement in the quality of the treated effluent with the adequacy to the current legislation in relation to physicochemical parameters. The reduction of zinc, iron and nickel had success with the installation of the filter press. The use of powder coal was responsible for the adequacy of the effluent to CONSEMA 129/2006. The check of pH by measurement equipments, from Step 3, does not allow the adjustment of this parameter, but it allowed the better control of the pH on the treated effluent. The modifications performed allowed the adequacy of the effluent to the launch default in relation to the physicochemical parameters. However, it has been observed an increasing of toxicity in the effluent probably due to the mechanism for reducing the surfactants that it was used. Based in this information, other strategies should be defined in an attempt to comply with the legislation about the toxicity before the dump in the receiving body.

A identificação dos possíveis parâmetros determinantes da toxicidade em efluente industrial buscando a redução da carga poluidora auxilia na minimização dos efeitos tóxicos decorrentes do lançamento de efluente industrial em um corpo receptor de forma a preservar a biota aquática. O objetivo deste estudo foi adequar os parâmetros físicos e químicos e o fator de toxicidade à legislação ambiental.O estudo foi dividido em três etapas realizadas ao longo de outubro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2015. A Etapa 1 incluiu as análises físicas, químicas e toxicológicas de amostras coletadas no período entre outubro de 2010 e novembro de 2012, anterior às modificações realizadas na linha de tratamento superficial. A Etapa 2, realizada após alterações feitas na linha de tratamento, apresenta os resultados das análises físicas, químicas e toxicológicas feitas entre julho e setembro de 2013. A Etapa 3 mostra a caracterização física, química e toxicológica do efluente entre janeiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015, depois de executadas adequações no tratamento de efluentes. Entre as 14 amostras de efluente tratado analisadas, sete pertencem à Etapa 1 (Amostras 1 a 7); duas à Etapa 2 (Amostras 8 e 9) e cinco à Etapa 3 (Amostras 10 a 14). As análises físicas, químicas e toxicológicas foram efetuadas em laboratórios credenciados junto ao órgão ambiental. Considerando-se a natureza complexa dos efluentes industriais, a análise dos resultados obtidos revela melhoria na qualidade do efluente tratado com adequação à legislação vigente, em relação aos parâmetros físicos e químicos. A redução dos metais zinco, ferro e níquel teve êxito com a instalação do filtro prensa. O uso de carvão em pó possibilitou a adequação do parâmetro surfactante. Foi constatada, na Etapa 2, a adequação do efluente junto à CONSEMA 129/2006. A verificação do pH por meio de equipamento de medida, a partir da Etapa 3, não possibilita o ajuste deste parâmetro, mas permitiu o melhor controle do pH do efluente tratado. As modificações efetuadas permitiram a adequação do efluente ao padrão de lançamento quanto aos parâmetros físicos e químicos. No entanto, foi observado um aumento de toxicidade no efluente provavelmente devido ao mecanismo utilizado na redução dos surfactantes. Com base nestas informações, devem ser definidas outras estratégias e metas na tentativa de atender à legislação quanto à toxicidade antes do descarte no corpo receptor. / The identification of possible determinants of toxicity parameters in industrial effluent aiming the reduction of the pollutant load helps in minimizing the toxic effects of the dump of industrial effluents in a receiving body in order to preserver the aquatic biota. The aim of this study was to adapt the physicochemical parameters and the toxicity factor to the environmental legislation. The study was divided into three steps performed between October 2010 and February 2015. Step 1 included physical, chemical and toxicological samples collected between October 2010 and November 2012, before the changes performed in the plating process. The step 2, performed after the changes in the finishing treatment process, shows the physical, chemical and toxicological result of the analyses made between July and September 2013. Step 3 shows the physical, chemical and toxicological characterization of the effluent between January 2014 and February 2015, after performed adjustments in the effluent treatment. Among fourteen analysed samples of treated effluent, seven belonged to Step 1 (Samples 1 to 7); two to Step 2 (Samples 8 and 9) e five to Step 3 (Samples 10 to 14). The physical, chemical and toxicological analysis were made in laboratories accredited by the environmental agency. Considering the complex nature of industrial effluents, the analysis of the result shows the improvement in the quality of the treated effluent with the adequacy to the current legislation in relation to physicochemical parameters. The reduction of zinc, iron and nickel had success with the installation of the filter press. The use of powder coal was responsible for the adequacy of the effluent to CONSEMA 129/2006. The check of pH by measurement equipments, from Step 3, does not allow the adjustment of this parameter, but it allowed the better control of the pH on the treated effluent. The modifications performed allowed the adequacy of the effluent to the launch default in relation to the physicochemical parameters. However, it has been observed an increasing of toxicity in the effluent probably due to the mechanism for reducing the surfactants that it was used. Based in this information, other strategies should be defined in an attempt to comply with the legislation about the toxicity before the dump in the receiving body.

Orientadores: Nelci Fenalti Hoerhr, Roberto Rittner Neto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T21:30:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sega_EstelaMunhoz_M.pdf: 1403353 bytes, checksum: 0aec5b888298032d359cc1b3cf0905b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Esse estudo analisou as propriedades toxicológicas de novos compostos organofosforados. Foram realizados experimentos para avaliar a atividade anticolinesterásica desses organofosforados, in vitro, no sangue total através do método de Ellman modificado. Para determinar a sua citotoxicidade foram utilizadas células PC 12, com as quais avaliamos a viabilidade celular após contato com os organofosforados e determinamos a IC 50, encontrando valores muito diferentes para os diversos organofosforados estudados. Estudos de toxicidade aguda in vivo foram realizados com camundongos, através da metodologia recomendada pela OECD nos quais determinamos a DL50 para três dos organofosforados estudados, sendo que um apresentou toxidade moderada. Foram analisados os efeitos dos solventes nas constantes de acoplamento JHH, JHH, JNC e 2Jnc em espectros de RMN de LH e 13C do cloreto de acetilcolina. Os valores das constantes de acoplamento em solventes de diferentes constantes dielétricas (s) não sofreram variações, indicando uma ausência de efeitos de solvente no equilíbrio conformacional do cloreto de acetilcolina (ACh). As constantes de acoplamento mostram que o sistema OCH2CH2N+ tem uma conformação gaúche (sinclinal). O Jnh e Jkc são observados na maioria dos solventes, mas não em solventes clorados e não são dependentes da viscosidade do solvente, esse comportamento foi explicado usando dados de medidas de Ti. Os valores dos coeficientes de difusão de RMN mostraram que a ACh tem uma grande tendência de se agregar quando dissolvida em solventes clorados, fato que pode explicar as diferenças observadas em valores de T1 para o 14N / Abstract: This study analyzed the properties of the news organophosphorus. Experiments had been carried through to evaluate the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase of these organophosphorus, in vitro, through the modified EUman's method. In order to determine its cytotoxicity cells PC 12 had been used, with which we evaluate the cellular viability after contact with the organophosphorus and determined the IC50, different values were found for the diverse organophosphorus. Studies of acute toxicity had been carried through with mice, following the methodology recommended by the OECD in which determine the DL50 for three of the organophosphorus studied, being that one presented moderate toxicity. Coupling constants values ( Jhh and Jnc) obtained from the 'H and 13 C NMR spectra of acetylcholine chloride (ACh) in several solvents with a wide range of dielectric constants (e) are remarkably invariant, indicating an absence of solvent effects in the conformational equilibrium of this compound. Those values show that the OCH2CH2N+ system occurs in a synclinal conformation. The Jnh and Jnc are observable in most solvents, but not in chlorine-containing solvents and are not dependent on solvent viscosity. This behavior was explained using data from Ti measurements. The measurement of NMR diffusion coefficients show that ACh has a greater tendency to aggregate when dissolved in chlorinated solvents, a fact that could explain the observed differences in 14N T1 / Mestrado / Patologia Clinica / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Aquatic toxicity tests are increasingly being used in water resource management worldwide, and currently in South Africa, policy and legislation are being drafted to reflect this international trend. While standard toxicity test methods and test organisms are being considered to develop and set water quality guidelines and effluent discharge limits, it is not clear whether guidelines and discharge limits set using these standard test organisms will be sufficient to protect South Africa’s scarce water resources. As part of ongoing research to investigate the use of indigenous riverine organisms as toxicity test organisms a number of potential species have been identified, including the freshwater shrimp Caridina nilotica. For much of the history of aquatic toxicological data the bulk of the data has been generated by acute toxicity testing, based on short exposures and using mortality as the response end point. There are relatively few chronic, longterm tests with sub-lethal endpoints. However, it was recognized that information about longer exposure durations and non lethal response endpoints was needed, instead of mortality. Chronic tests can provide a more environmentally realistic measure of chemical toxicity than acute toxicity tests. Caridina nilotica has been identified as a potential standard toxicity test organism, as it is widely distributed, easy to find and it occurs in flowing waters. It is an indigenous species which can be easily cultured and maintained in the laboratory and is also ecologically important. Both adults and juveniles have been used successfully in acute toxicity tests at the Institute for Water Research (Rhodes University) and the ability to rear the organisms under laboratory conditions has allowed the development of chronic toxicity tests using C. nilotica. Chronic early life stage tests include continuous exposure of the early life stages, which are presumed to be the most sensitive for aquatic organisms. This study reports on the embryonic development of C. nilotica at the culture temperature of 24⁰C. Morphological developmental stages were monitored and measured and 7 developmental stages were identified. Based on the measurements of the features that were identified, toxicity tests using the reference chemicals sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulphate (Na₂SO₄) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) were undertaken to test the suitability of C. nilotica embryonic development for chronic toxicity tests for use in water resource management. The length, width, length:width ratios and area of the features decreased in size when exposed to the chemicals. The Lowest Observed Effect Concentration (LOEC) values were 2000mg/L for Na₂SO₄, 3000mg/L for NaCl and 0.31mg/L for CdCl₂. The No Observed Effect Concentration (NOEC) values were 1000mg/L for Na₂SO₄, 2000mg/L for NaCl and <0.31mg/L for CdCl₂. Further research on the teratogenic effects of single chemicals and industrial effluent on developing C. nilotica embryos needs to be undertaken in order to evaluate the described test protocol for use in water resource management.

Drug metabolism is a specialised subset of xenobiotic metabolism, pertaining to the breakdown and elimination of pharmaceutical drugs. The enzymes involved in these pathways are the cytochrome P450 family of isozymes. Metabolism is an important factor in determining the pharmacological effects of drugs. The main aim of this study was to develop a system whereby the major metabolites of drugs can be produced in vitro. An in vitro system was developed and optimised using commercially prepared microsomes from rat liver and coumarin (by monitoring its conversion to 7-hydroxycoumarin) as a model. The optimum running conditions for the incubations were 50 μM coumarin, 50 μg protein/ml microsomes, 1 mM NADP⁺, 5 mM G6P and 1U/ml G6PDH incubated for 30 minutes at 38℃. The HPLC method for the detection of coumarin and 7-hydroxycoumarin was also validated with respect to linearity, reproducibility, precision, accuracy and lower limits of detection and quantification. The system developed was then tested using microsomes prepared from fresh bovine liver on these ten drugs of interest in doping control in horse racing: diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, promazine, acepromazine, chlorpromazine, morphine, codeine, etoricoxib and lumiracoxib. The bovine liver microsomes were prepared using differential centrifugation and had activity on a par with the commercial preparations. This in vitro system metabolised the drugs and produced both phase I and II metabolites, similar to those observed in humans and horses in vivo. For example, the major metabolites of the benzodiazepine drug, diazepam, nordiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam as well as the glucuronidated phase II products were all found after incubations with the bovine liver microsomes. The metabolism of the drugs was also investigated in silico using the computational procedure, MetaSite. MetaSite was able to successfully predict known metabolites for most of the drugs studied. Differences were observed from the in vitro incubations and this is most likely due to MetaSite using only human cytochrome P450s for analysis.

M.Sc. / This study was initiated after a clear need to test and establish a more userfriendly fish species for use in routine laboratory bioassays was identified. This led to a literature review of current toxicity testing species of fish being used, internationally as well as nationally, and identifying which species could possibly be the most suited for use in South African laboratories. From this literature review, it was evident that much emphasis is placed on the practicability of the chosen fish species, and the fact that it can easily be bred within the laboratory, as well as the particular fish specie’s general sensitivity to various toxicants over a wide range of concentrations. The objective of this study is therefore to profile various species of fish to determine which species would be most suited to routine toxicity testing under South African laboratory conditions. This will be done through assimilation of available literature as well as personal communications with people with various expertise and experience in working with the particular fish species. This choice will then be based on the ability of the particular species of fish to ‘balance’ amenability to laboratory conditions with general sensitivity to toxicants. Various indigenous as well as exotic species were therefore selected and tested for suitability for routine testing. Exotic species included Poecilia reticulata and Danio rerio, while the indigenous species tested were Barbus trimaculatus, Barbus argenteus, Tilapia sparrmanii, Oreochromis mossambicus and Pseudocrenilabrus philander philander. Breeding experiments were conducted with all of the abovementioned species and, based on these results; recommendations are made as to which species of fish showed the highest degree of amenability to maintenance within the laboratory.

Určení vlivu volby zkušebního organismu na výsledek stanovení toxických účinků. Porovnání výsledků stanovení akutní toxicity mikrometodou při použití 5 různých druhů sladkovodních řas (podle TNV 75 7741), vyhodnocení rozdílů v citlivosti použitých druhů, optimalizace metodických postupů.

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In this research a test system was developed that is designed as a tool to evaluate the potential hazard of chemicals to aquatic ecosystems. The system developed is a linear three-trophic level food chain consisting of an alga (Ch/ore/la vulgaris), rotifer (Brachionus calyciflorus), and fish (Pimephales promelas). The chemostat design used for the lower two trophic levels was crucial in being able to supply the top trophic level with sufficient food on a continuous basis. The system was initially evaluated using copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) as toxicants. In the copper experiments, results of a 7 day three-trophic level toxicity test were compared with a series of single species tests. The LOEC was 31.5 µg/L based on a temporary impairment of the algal population growth, with a corresponding NOEC of 16.2 µg/L. The algal population at all initially impaired treatment levels demonstrated recovery to control levels by the end of the test. Single species tests with the same species showed impairment at treatment concentrations lower than the corresponding value from the three-trophic level test. The difference in sensitivity is attributable to the fact that most of the Cu in the single species tests was in the dissolved form (approximately 80 %), whereas in the trophic level test most of the Cu was not ( < 15 % dissolved Cu). The three-trophic level Se experiment lasted for 25 days, with both short-term and long-term impacts evident. At the algal trophic level, growth was not impaired on a daily basis at any of the exposure levels (110.3, 207.7, and 396.1 µg/L Se). However, algal densities were slightly reduced at the 207. 7 and 396.1 µg Sell treatments, although not significantly different when the data was pooled across days. Rotifer populations were impaired at these same levels by day 4, and succumbed to the Se by day 7. Fathead minnow growth was also impaired at these two concentrations by day 7. In addition, sub lethal impairment of rotifer and fish growth was evident at the 110.3 pg/L level after day 20 indicating a more subtle trophic impact. Bioconcentration factors ranged between 100 and 1000 µg/L and were found to be dependent on the species, treatment, and day. / Ph. D.