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In this study we used the phytoremediation techniques to treatment diesel contaminated wetland soil. At first, we compared the four common wetland plants, Typha orientalis Presl, Cyperus malaccensis, Bolbos choenus planieulmis and Phragmites communis, on the treatment efficiency of the diesel contaminated wetland soils. From the results, we find out that the Typha orientalis Presl has highest growth rate and activity on rhizosphere among the four species. The Typha orientalis Presl was planted on artifical diesel contaminated wetland soil and incubated inside a greenhouse, while a control system without vegetation is compared. After 240 days, the result shows that soil planted with Typha orientalis Presl can enhance the microbial and dehydrogenase activity. And adding with nutrients can help plants to prevent the diesel stress. Finally, we utilized the PCR/DGGE methods to analyze soil microbial diversity. According to the DGGE profiles, presence of Typha orientalis Presl can augment microbial diversity . So far as degradation of TPH-d to be concerned, because of the period was too short, it doesn¡¦t have significant difference between treatments. However, presence of Typha orientalis Presl and addition of nutrients, the TPH-D degradation rate was measured to be approximately 80 % and concentration of TPH-D could degrade from 16000 mg kg-1 to 3500 mg kg-1 after 240 days.

Remediation of weathered petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through monitored natural attenuation, in-situ biostimulation, and/or bioaugmentation was assessed using laboratory-scale microcosms. These contaminants of interest (COIs) have persisted in Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL) soils for over 40 years in some cases. The objective of this United States Department of Energy (DOE)-funded study was to determine the potential of the aforementioned remediation methods to reduce COI concentrations in soil and estimate potential biodegradation rates of COIs in SSFL soils. Several types of soil microcosms were established: one set of microcosms was run without amendments to estimate natural attenuation rates at the site; biostimulation was tested by addition of nitrogen and phosphorus, rice hulls, and biosurfactant (soya lecithin), another set was augmented with the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and gamma-irradiated microcosms served as sterilized controls. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for dioxins, PCBs, PAHs, and extractable fuel hydrocarbons (EFH) after 0, 4, and 8 months of incubation. Soil contamination in the microcosms initially consisted of primarily heavily chlorinated dioxins and PCBs, longer petroleum hydrocarbons (21-40 equivalent carbon chain length), and PAHs with 4-6 aromatic rings. Small decreases in PAH, PCB, and dioxin soil concentrations were observed, but these decreases were not statistically significant. EFH concentrations were inflated at the final sampling event, but they appeared to reduce for two of three soils (Soils A and C) tested at the second sampling event. No COI concentration reductions were statistically significantly during 8 months of incubation. Because petroleum hydrocarbons were primarily longer-chain hydrocarbons in the C21 to C40 EFH range, it is likely that lighter hydrocarbons had been preferentially degraded, leaving the more recalcitrant longer-chain hydrocarbons in the soil. Dioxin concentrations appeared to decrease in some cases, but these reductions were not statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Larger PAHs (4-6 rings) comprise the majority of residual PAH soil contamination. Given that concentrations of these PAHs have not decreased significantly during this 8-month long study, it is likely that these larger PAH contaminants are somewhat recalcitrant and will take a long time to biodegrade. Similarly, little or no PCB biodegradation was observed which is not surprising because the PCBs are heavily chlorinated, and bacterial biodegradation of these highly chlorinated compounds is reported to occur only under anaerobic conditions. The primary dioxin congener present in soils was octachlorodibenzodioxin (OCDD), which is the heaviest-chlorinated dioxin congener. Like PCBs, this compound requires anaerobic conditions for reductive dechlorination, and these are not present at the site. Total dioxin concentrations decreased in the microcosms amended with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, although this decrease was not statistically significant due to variability of dioxin concentrations measured in the soil. No decrease in tetrachlorodibenzodioxin toxicity equivalence was observed with P. chrysosporium bioaugmentation, and this parameter is important in terms of dioxin toxicity. Soil vapor analyses performed at the site indicate highly aerobic soil conditions. To mimic site conditions as closely as possible, experimental microcosms were maintained incubated in aerobic conditions. Although fungi have been reported to degrade PCBs and dioxins under aerobic conditions, the microcosms augmented with Phanerochaete chrysosporium did not show statistically significant biodegradation of PCBs. Contaminant sequestration in the soil may also have contributed to the lack of observed biodegradation because the COIs at this site are highly weathered. However, even microcosms augmented with a surfactant (soya lecithin), which would be expected to solubilize sequestered COIs, did not show significant biodegradation.

No description available.

Untersuchung zu single-nucleotid-polymorphismen (SNPs) der Serotoninrezeptoren 5-HT2A, 5-HT3A, des Neurotrophins BDNF und des Enzyms Tryptophanhydroxlase auf deren Korrelation mit Migräne mit und ohne Aura. / Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes of serotonergic 5-HT2A and 5-HT3A-receptors, brain derived neurotropic factor and Tryptophanhydroxylase with migraine with and without aura phenomenon.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-03-23T18:24:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 estudos_microbiologicos.pdf: 1899296 bytes, checksum: fc614dda615f2e763955219f31df88d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-23T18:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 estudos_microbiologicos.pdf: 1899296 bytes, checksum: fc614dda615f2e763955219f31df88d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / FINEP - Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / FIERGS - Federação das Indústrias do Rio Grande do Sul / Sebrae - Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio à Micro e Pequenas Empresas / Os compostos conhecidos como TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) e BTEX (Benzeno, Tolueno, Etilbenzeno e Xileno) são contaminantes oriundos de derivados do petróleo como a gasolina e o diesel. Eles são provenientes de problemas que ocorrem com o armazenamento subterrâneo de combustíveis, principalmente em postos de abastecimento. São encontrados em águas subterrâneas de áreas contaminadas por hidrocarbonetos, que causam impacto ambiental. Exemplos destes impactos podem ser: inutilização dos pontos de captação de água potável, mortandade de flora e fauna aquática, inutilização de lavouras e plantações, impermeabilização de solos, redução de microrganismos do solo, morte de plantas e árvores, além de riscos de explosão devido à evaporação do produto. A presente pesquisa avaliou, por meio de métodos microbiológicos, como por exemplo: crescimento microbiano, meio seletivo para fungos, isolamento, detecção de ramnolipídios e teste de degradabilidade, os processos envolvidos com a recuperação de áreas degradadas por hidrocarbonetos através do isolamento e caracterização dos microrganismos presentes no local contaminado. Foram testadas diferentes concentrações de diesel (1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 30% e 50%) para avaliação do crescimento de microrganismos indígenas de áreas contaminadas de postos de combustíveis, além de verificar-se o potencial de degradação de hidrocarbonetos. Acompanhamentos visuais e microscópicos, além do monitoramento do decréscimo do parâmetro TPH em diversos ensaios foram realizados. Os resultados mostraram que foi possível isolar e caracterizar os microrganismos presentes no local contaminado, tendo sido verificado dois diferentes morfotipos: bactérias e fungos. No total dos ensaios realizados 81,8% eram bactérias Gram negativas, 4,5% bactérias Gram positivas e 13,7% fungos. Nos ensaios com menor concentração de diesel (1%) houve o melhor crescimento de microrganismos o que resultou em maior eficiência no decréscimo do parâmetro de TPH. Esses resultados indicam a possibilidade de degradação de diesel em áreas contaminadas por via biológica, com ressalvas para altas concentrações do hidrocarboneto, quando o crescimento microbiano, nas condições ensaiadas, foi afetado. / The compounds known as TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon) and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene and Xylene) contaminants are derived from petroleum products like gasoline and diesel. They are problems that occur from the underground storage of fuels, especially in gas stations. They are found in areas of groundwater contaminated with hydrocarbons, which cause environmental impact. Examples of these impacts may include: destruction of the points of capitation of drinking water, the death of aquatic flora and fauna, destruction of crops and plantations, soil sealing, reduction of soil microorganisms, death of plants and trees, and hazards of explosion due to the evaporation of the product. This research evaluated through microbiological methods, such as: microbial growth, selective medium for fungi, isolation, detection ramnoli and biodegradability test, the processes involved in the recovery of degraded sites by hydrocarbons through at the isolation and characterization of microorganisms present on the site contaminated. Different concentrations of diesel oil (1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 30% and 50%) were tested to assess the growth of microorganisms indigenous of contaminated gas station, and to identify the potential degradation of hydrocarbons. Accompaniments visual and microscopic, in addition to monitoring the reduction of the parameter TPH in several tests were performed. The results showed that it was possible to isolate and characterize microorganisms in the contaminated site, where two different morphotypes were observed: bacteria and fungi, and 81.8% Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria 4.5% and 13.7% fungi. In tests with lower concentrations of diesel oil (1%) had the better growth of microorganisms resulting in greater efficiency in reduction of TPH. These results indicate the possibility of degradation of diesel in areas contaminated by biological, with exceptions for high concentrations of hydrocarbon, when microbial growth was affected.

Leaking of petroleum products from storage tanks is a commonly found cause of soil contamination. Among those petroleum products, diesel-oil contaminated soils are more difficult to treat compared to gasoline (a more volatile petroleum product). With the growing interest in environmental remediation, various approaches have been proposed for treating petroleum-hydrocarbon (PH) contaminated sites. Given that it is often not possible to remove the released oil or remediate the site completely within a short period of time, using the in situ remedial technology, soil excavation followed by more cost-effective technology should be applied to accelerate the efficiency of site cleanup. In the first-part of this study, laboratory degradation experiments were conducted to determine the optimal operational conditions to effectively and economically bioremediate diesel-fuel contaminated soils. In the second part of this study, a combined full-scale landfarming and biopile system was operated to cleanup diesel fuel-contaminated soils. In the laboratory study, except of frequent soil tilling for air replacement, different additives were added in the laboratory bioreactors to enhance the total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency. The additives included nutrients, TPH-degrading bacteria, activated sludge, fern chips, and kitchen waste composts. PH-degrading bacteria were isolated from PH-contaminated soils and activated sludge was collected from a wastewater treatment plant containing PH in the influent. PH-degrading bacteria and sludge were added to increase the microbial population and diversity. Fern chips and kitchen waste composts were added to increase the soil permeability. Results indicate that the bioreactor with kitchen waste compost addition had the highest TPH removal rate. The observed TPH-removal ratios for the compost, activated sludge, PH-degrading bacteria, fern chips, nutrients, TPH-degrading bacteria addition, and control (with HgCl2 addition) groups were 80.5%, 78.6%, 77.4%, 75.1%, 73.3%, 66.1%, and 1.6% respectively. In the field study, activated sludge was selected as the additive from the engineering point of view. With the addition of activated sludge, an increase of 20% was observed for TPH removal ratio. Results from the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) tests show that the detected PH-degrading bacteria in the activated sludge included the following: Pseudomonas sp., Pseudoxanthomonas sp., Rhodocyclaceae bacterium, Variovorax sp., Acidovorax sp., Leptothrix sp., Alcaligenaceae bacterium, and Burkholderia sp. Some of these bacteria became dominant species in the field after a long-term operation, which was beneficial to the soil bioremediation. Results indicate that the in situ bioremediation has the potential to be developed into an environmentally and economically acceptable remediation technology.

O objetivo desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de um equipamento compacto para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas por BTEX e TPH em postos de combustíveis. Esta questão ambiental é uma preocupação mundial devido ao nível de contaminação e a quantidade de vazamentos existentes, toxicidade dos poluentes e a necessidade de uso de aquíferos para consumo humano. O equipamento é composto por unidades que contemplam as seguintes etapas: (a) sucção e volatilização de compostos orgânicos voláteis; (b) injeção de ar (“air sparging”) para remoção de substâncias orgânicas voláteis; e (c) filtro de adsorção com recheio composto por mistura de 50% de carvão ativado e 50% de cinza de casca de arroz para a remoção de TPH. A parte experimental envolveu a caracterização de águas subterrâneas contaminadas e estudos em escala piloto e real. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que o equipamento de remediação desenvolvido é altamente eficiente para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas. Com um tempo de detenção de 8 horas, obtiveram-se decréscimos superiores a 96% de BTEX e TPH. Nesta situação, a água contaminada tratada alcança valores que atendem aos critérios de lançamento estabelecidos pelas legislação nacional vigente. / This study describes the development of a compact device to treat groundwater contaminated with BTEX and TPH in gas stations. This environmental issue raises concerns worldwide, due to the level of contamination, the high occurrence of leaks, the toxicity of contaminants, and the importance of aquifers for human consumption. The equipment was formed by: a) a suction and treatment stage using vacuum and aeration with injectors (to replace the suction system based on a conventional vacuum pump and the air stripping and/or air sparging system); b) small-scale surface aerators (to replace the air stripping and/or air sparging system); c) an adsorption filter using a mixture of activated carbon (50%) and rice husk ash (50%) (to replace the activated carbon system). The experiment was conducted in four stages: a) characterization of groundwaters; b) presentation of the adsorbents used in the filter; c) pilot test (under controlled conditions to measure the efficiency to remove BTEX and TPH); and d) the full-scale tests (observation and confirmation of equipment efficiency). The results show that the remediation equipment developed is highly efficient to treat contaminated groundwater. An 8-h retention time afforded to reduce BTEX and TPH levels by over 96%. In this scenario, the treated water parameters meet the current legal requirements for discharge.

abstract: Petroleum contamination is ubiquitous during extraction, transportation, refining, and storage. Contamination damages the soil’s ecosystem function, reduces its aesthetics, and poses a potential threat to human beings. The overall goals of this dissertation are to advance understanding of the mechanisms behind ozonation of petroleum-contaminated soil and to configure an effective integrated bioremediation + ozonation remedial strategy to remove the overall organic carbon. Using a soil column, I conducted batch ozonation experiments for different soils and at different moisture levels. I measured multiple parameters: e.g., total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), to build a full understanding of the data that led to the solid conclusions. I first demonstrated the feasibility of using ozone to attack heavy petroleum hydrocarbons in soil settings. I identified the physical and chemical hurdles (e.g., moisture, mass transfer, pH) needed to be overcome to make the integration of chemical oxidation and biodegradation more efficient and defines the mechanisms behind the experimental observations. Next, I completed a total carbon balance, which revealed that multiple components, including soil organic matter (SOM) and non-TPH petroleum, competed for ozone, although TPH was relatively more reactive. Further experiments showed that poor soil mixing and high soil-moisture content hindered mass transfer of ozone to react with the TPH. Finally, I pursued the theme of optimizing the integration of ozonation and biodegradation through a multi-stage strategy. I conducted multi-stages of ozonation and bioremediation for two benchmark soils with distinctly different oils to test if and how much ozonation enhanced biodegradation and vice versa. With pH and moisture optimized for each step, pre-ozonation versus post-ozonation was assessed for TPH removal and mineralization. Multi-cycle treatment was able to achieve the TPH regulatory standard when biodegradation alone could not. Ozonation did not directly enhance the biodegradation rate of TPH; instead, ozone converted TPH into DOC that was biodegraded and mineralized. The major take-home lesson from my studies is that multi-stage ozonation + biodegradation is a useful remediation tool for petroleum contamination in soil. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

O objetivo desta tese foi o desenvolvimento de um equipamento compacto para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas por BTEX e TPH em postos de combustíveis. Esta questão ambiental é uma preocupação mundial devido ao nível de contaminação e a quantidade de vazamentos existentes, toxicidade dos poluentes e a necessidade de uso de aquíferos para consumo humano. O equipamento é composto por unidades que contemplam as seguintes etapas: (a) sucção e volatilização de compostos orgânicos voláteis; (b) injeção de ar (“air sparging”) para remoção de substâncias orgânicas voláteis; e (c) filtro de adsorção com recheio composto por mistura de 50% de carvão ativado e 50% de cinza de casca de arroz para a remoção de TPH. A parte experimental envolveu a caracterização de águas subterrâneas contaminadas e estudos em escala piloto e real. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que o equipamento de remediação desenvolvido é altamente eficiente para o tratamento de águas subterrâneas contaminadas. Com um tempo de detenção de 8 horas, obtiveram-se decréscimos superiores a 96% de BTEX e TPH. Nesta situação, a água contaminada tratada alcança valores que atendem aos critérios de lançamento estabelecidos pelas legislação nacional vigente. / This study describes the development of a compact device to treat groundwater contaminated with BTEX and TPH in gas stations. This environmental issue raises concerns worldwide, due to the level of contamination, the high occurrence of leaks, the toxicity of contaminants, and the importance of aquifers for human consumption. The equipment was formed by: a) a suction and treatment stage using vacuum and aeration with injectors (to replace the suction system based on a conventional vacuum pump and the air stripping and/or air sparging system); b) small-scale surface aerators (to replace the air stripping and/or air sparging system); c) an adsorption filter using a mixture of activated carbon (50%) and rice husk ash (50%) (to replace the activated carbon system). The experiment was conducted in four stages: a) characterization of groundwaters; b) presentation of the adsorbents used in the filter; c) pilot test (under controlled conditions to measure the efficiency to remove BTEX and TPH); and d) the full-scale tests (observation and confirmation of equipment efficiency). The results show that the remediation equipment developed is highly efficient to treat contaminated groundwater. An 8-h retention time afforded to reduce BTEX and TPH levels by over 96%. In this scenario, the treated water parameters meet the current legal requirements for discharge.