The diploma thesis deals with computational analysis of driving behavior of a vehicle. The first section summarizes and explains the basic parameters of steering geometry. Next section covers the tests which are used to study driving behavior of vehicles. The practical part consists of computational model that is able to simulate and evaluate tests of step steer input.

The purpose of this work is to investigate if simple vehicle models are realisticand useful in simulator environment. These simple models have been parametrisedby the Department of Electrical Engineering at Linköping University and havebeen validated with good results. The models have been implemented in a simulatorenvironment and a simulator study was made with 24 participants. Eachtest person drove both slalom and double lane change manoeuvres with the simplemodels and with VTI’s advanced model. The test persons were able to successfullycomplete double lane changes for higher velocities with the linear tyre modelcompared to both the non-linear tyre model and the advanced model. The wholestudy shows that aggressive driving of a simple vehicle model with non-linear tyredynamics is perceived to be quite similar to an advanced model. It is noted significantdifferences between the simple models and the advanced model when drivingunder normal circumstances, e.g. lack of motion cueing in the simple model suchas pitch and roll.

Mapping stationary objects and tracking moving targets are essential for many autonomous functions in vehicles. In order to compute the map and track estimates, sensor measurements from radar, laser and camera are used together with the standard proprioceptive sensors present in a car. By fusing information from different types of sensors, the accuracy and robustness of the estimates can be increased. Different types of maps are discussed and compared in the thesis. In particular, road maps make use of the fact that roads are highly structured, which allows relatively simple and powerful models to be employed. It is shown how the information of the lane markings, obtained by a front looking camera, can be fused with inertial measurement of the vehicle motion and radar measurements of vehicles ahead to compute a more accurate and robust road geometry estimate. Further, it is shown how radar measurements of stationary targets can be used to estimate the road edges, modeled as polynomials and tracked as extended targets. Recent advances in the field of multiple target tracking lead to the use of finite set statistics (FISST) in a set theoretic approach, where the targets and the measurements are treated as random finite sets (RFS). The first order moment of a RFS is called probability hypothesis density (PHD), and it is propagated in time with a PHD filter. In this thesis, the PHD filter is applied to radar data for constructing a parsimonious representation of the map of the stationary objects around the vehicle. Two original contributions, which exploit the inherent structure in the map, are proposed. A data clustering algorithm is suggested to structure the description of the prior and considerably improving the update in the PHD filter. Improvements in the merging step further simplify the map representation. When it comes to tracking moving targets, the focus of this thesis is on extended targets, i.e., targets which potentially may give rise to more than one measurement per time step. An implementation of the PHD filter, which was proposed to handle data obtained from extended targets, is presented. An approximation is proposed in order to limit the number of hypotheses. Further, a framework to track the size and shape of a target is introduced. The method is based on measurement generating points on the surface of the target, which are modeled by an RFS. Finally, an efficient and novel Bayesian method is proposed for approximating the tire radii of a vehicle based on particle filters and the marginalization concept. This is done under the assumption that a change in the tire radius is caused by a change in tire pressure, thus obtaining an indirect tire pressure monitoring system. The approaches presented in this thesis have all been evaluated on real data from both freeways and rural roads in Sweden. / SEFS -- IVSS / VR - ETT

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The main aim of this dissertation was to develop a computational tool capable of evaluating the influence of aerodynamics on the handling of a vehicle. The methodology it uses is based on the simulation of driving manoeuvres with a single-track model of a vehicle, which was composed with an emphasis on minimizing the amount of necessary input parameters. This simple model, which allows the assessment of the influence of aerodynamics on vehicle dynamic and static driveability, therefore doesn’t require large amount of input data, which makes the acquirement of relevant values easier. The computational model was validated by extensive measurements of two driving manoeuvres defined by ISO norms (step steer input and steady state cornering). As a consequence of unsatisfactory initial validation results, the differences between measurements and simulations were analysed, which led to gradual enhancements of the model with additional inputs to achieve better accuracy of simulations. The final part of the thesis deals with the comparison of influences of individual aerodynamic parameters on vehicle handling and the assessment of overall significance of aerodynamics compared to other factors which were taken into account (tires, mass properties, steering etc.). This thesis was realized in close cooperation with Škoda-Auto.

The use of global positioning systems, or GPS, as a means of logistical organization for fleet vehicles has become more widespread in recent years. The system has the ability to track vehicle location, report on diagnostic trouble codes, and keep tabs on maintenance schedules. This helps to improve the safety and productivity of the vehicles and their operators. Additionally, the increasing use of yaw and roll stability control in commercial trucks has contributed to an increased level of safety for truck drivers. However, these systems require the vehicle to begin a yaw or roll event before they assist in maintaining control. This thesis presents a new method for utilizing the GPS signal in conjunction with a new fuzzy logic-based stability index, the Total Safety Margin (TSM), to create a superior active safety system. This thesis consists of four main components: An overview of GPS technology is presented with coverage of several automotive-based applications. The proposed implementation of GPS in the new Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) driving simulator under development at the Virginia Tech Center for Vehicle Systems and Safety (CVeSS) is presented. The three degree-of-freedom (3DOF), linear, single track equation set used in the Matlab simulations is derived from first principles. Matlab and TruckSim 7® simulations are performed for five vehicle masses and three forward velocities in a ramp-steer maneuver. Using fuzzy logic to develop the control rules for the Total Safety Margin (TSM), TSM matrices are built for both the Matlab and TruckSim 7® results based on these testing conditions. By comparing these TSM matrices it is shown that the two simulation methods yield similar results. A discussion of the development and implementation of the aforementioned HIL driving simulator is presented, specifically the steering subsystem. Using Matlab/Simulink, dSPACE ControlDesk, and CarSim RT® software it is shown that the steering module is capable of steering the CarSim RT® simulation vehicle accurately within the physical range of the steering sensor used. / Master of Science

The goal of this thesis work is to evaluate and quantify the advantages and disadvantages of Active Rear Steering (ARS). The evaluation is carried out through Multi-Body System (MBS) simulations. An analytical model has been developed to better understand the basic dynamics of vehicles equipped with rear steering. In parallel, a high fidelity MBS model is developed in Simpack. This model includes suspension kinematics and compliance, allowing for detailed analyses of steering hardware performance. Next, different control strategies aiming at improving manoeuvrability, stability and agility are implemented in Simulink. In order to assess their effectiveness, the high fidelity model is utilised by running co-simulation with Simulink. Manoeuvrability is assessed through constant steer, constant radius and ramp steer manoeuvres. Stability is assessed through transient manoeuvres such as step steer and sine with dwell. Agility is assessed through step steer and frequency response. Ultimately, also a subjective assessment is carried out by means of Volvo Cars' dynamic driving simulator. The conclusion from the assessment is that the drivers feel the all wheel steered vehicle more stable during evasive manoeuvres. It is concluded that for manoeuvrability the minimum turning radius is reduced by 19 % at low velocity; this implies that the steering angle request is reduced at low velocity, while it is increased at high velocity. A slightly higher steering angle request at high velocity might be beneficial since the driver would be able to control the vehicle in a wider range of steering wheel angles. For agility the results are contradicting: on the one hand, according to the step steer rise time difference between lateral acceleration and yaw rate, the controlled vehicles are performing worse than the passive vehicle; on the other hand, according to the frequency response analysis, both the delays between steering input and yaw rate and between lateral acceleration and yaw rate are reduced up to respectively 75 % and 46 % for the considered frequency range. Finally, for stability, the yaw rate overshoot from a step steer can be reduced up to 65 % at high velocity and the sideslip angle can always be reduced. The vehicle equipped with ARS outperforms the passive vehicle in the sine with dwell manoeuvre. / Målet med detta examensarbete är att utvärdera och kvantifiera fördelarna och nackdelarna med Active Rear Steer (ARS) för Volvo Cars. Utvärderingen utförs genom Multi-Body System (MBS) simuleringar. En analytisk modell har utvecklats för att bättre förstå den grundläggande dynamiken i fordon utrustade med bakhjulsstyrning. Parallelt utvecklades en MBS-modell med hög precision i Simpack. Denna modell inkluderar hjulupphängningens kinematik och eftergivlighet, vilket möjliggör detaljerade analyser av styrhårdvarans prestanda. Därefter implementeras olika kontrollstrategier som syftar till att förbättra manövrerbarhet, stabilitet och agilitet i Simulink. För att bedöma deras effektivitet används MBS-modellen för att köra co-simulering med Simulink.Manövrerbarhet bedöms genom konstant styrning, konstant radie och rampstyrning. Stabilitet bedöms genom transienta manövrar som stegstyrning och sinus med fördröjning. Agilitet bedöms genom stegstyrning och frekvensrespons. Slutligen görs också en subjektiv bedömning med hjälp av Volvo Cars dynamiska körsimulator. Slutsatsen från bedömningen är att förarna anser att fordonet upplevs vara mycket stabilare vid undanmanövrar. Vidare är slutsatsen att för manövrerbarhet minskar den minsta svängradien med 19 % vid mycket låg hastighet; detta innebär att styrvinkel reduceras vid låg hastighet, medan den ökar vid hög hastighet. En något högre styrvinkeln kan vara fördelaktig eftersom föraren skulle kunna styra fordonet i ett större rattvinkelområde. För agilitet är resultaten motsägelsefulla: å ena sidan, enligt stegstyrningstidsskillnaden mellan lateral acceleration och girhastighet, fungerar de aktiva fordonen sämre än det passiva fordonet; å andra sidan, enligt frekvensresponsanalysen, reduceras både fördröjningarna mellan girhastighet och styrvinkel och mellan lateral acceleration och girhastighet upp till ungefär 30 %. Slutligen, för stabilitet, kan girhastighetens översläng från en stegstyrning minskas upp till 65 % vid hög hastighet och avdriftsvinkeln kan alltid minskas. Fordonet som är utrustat med ARS överträffar det passiva fordonet i manövern sinus med fördröjning.

Tato diplomová práce nastiňuje teoretické základy potřebné pro návrh algoritmu rekurzivní metody nejmenších čtverců a následně jeho aplikaci na experimentální data naměřená při testovacím manévru uskutečněném v roce 2001. Analyzována byla příčná dynamika jednostopého rovinného modelu vozidla. Práce také obsahuje srovnání výsledků získaných jednak rekurzivním algoritmem a dále i algoritmem Kalmanova filtru.

The Integrated Vehicle Dynamics Control (IVDC) concept can influence the vehicle behaviour both longitudinally and laterally with just one upper level control concept and further lower level controllers. This demands for state estimation of the vehicle which also includes estimating parameters of interest for the vehicle dynamicist. The approach to this research is firstly in developing a robust unscented Kalman filter (UKF) estimator for the vehicle side slip tracking and also for cornering stiffness estimation which is then fed to the existing model predictive control allocation (MPCA) controller to enhance the lateral stability of the vehicle for the different manoeuvres studied. Based on these developments, two types of filters are created. One with adaption of distance between center of gravity (COG) and roll center height and another without adaption. The key factor in the estimator development is the time adaptive process covariance matrix for the cornering stiffnesses, with which only the initial values have to be parameterised. Combining this research encompasses effective and adaptive method for a better quality of estimation with a kinematic vehicle model which behaves like a real world vehicle, at least virtually.This study is carried out with the understanding of various optimal estimators, parametric sensitivity analysis and statistical inferences, facilitating a base for robust estimation. Keywords: kalametric, state estimation, design matrix, aliasing, kalman filter, projection algorithm, resolution / Konceptet Integrated Vehicle Dynamics Control (IVDC) kan påverka fordonets beteende både longitudinellt och lateralt med bara ett regler koncept iett övre lager och ytterligare regulatorer på lägre nivåer. Detta kräver tillståndsuppskattning av fordonet som också inkluderar uppskattning av parametrar av intresse för en fordonsdynamiker. Tillvägagångssättet för denna studie är för det första att utveckla en robust tillståndsestimering med hjälp av ett Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) för att uppskatta ett fordons avdriftsvinkel och även för uppskattning av ett däcks sidkraftskoefficient, vilket sedan används i den befintliga modell-prediktiva regleralgoritmen (MPCA) för att förbättra lateralstabiliteten hos fordonet för de olika studerade manövrarna. Baserat på denna utveckling skapades två typer av filter, ett med anpassning av avståndet mellan tyngdpunkten (COG) och krängcentrumhöjden och ett annat utan anpassning. Nyckelfaktorn i estimeringsutvecklingen är den tidsberoende adaptiva inställningenav processkovariansmatrisen för sidkraftskoefficienterna, med vilken endast de initiala värdena behöver parametriseras. Efter filterutvecklingen identifieras parametrar baserade på en förväntad kundanvändning och en statistisk variansanalys (ANOVA) utförs för att bestämma de mest inflytelserika faktorerna i gruppen. En parameteroptimering utförs för att förbättra uppskattningskvaliteten. Kombinationen av detta arbete omfattar en effektiv och anpassningsbar metod för en bättre uppskattningskvalitet med en kinematisk fordonsmodell som har en fordonsrespons som ett verkligt fordon, åtminstone praktiskt taget. Denna studie har genomförts med förståelse för olika optimala estimatorer, parametrisk känslighetsanalys och statistiska slutsatser, vilket underlättaren bas för robust uppskattning. Nyckelord: kalametric, tillståndsestimering, designmatris, vikningsdistorsion, kalmanfilter,projection algorithm, upplösning

Durch den zunehmenden Einsatz fahrdynamischer Regelsysteme und der Fahrzeugauslegung im Grenzbereich gewinnt die Modellierung des Reifenübertragungsverhaltens bei transienten und extremen Fahrmanövern signifikant an Bedeutung. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit neu entwickelten Messverfahren zur Analyse und Charakterisierung des transienten Reifenseitenkraftverhaltens zeigen, dass die bisher gewählten Verzögerungsansätze erster Ordnung, beschrieben durch die Einlauflänge, keine ausreichende Abbildungsgenauigkeit liefern. Folglich wird ein neuer Verzögerungsansatz zweiter Ordnung eingeführt und durch den Parameter Einlaufdämpfung zweckmäßig beschrieben. Weiterhin wird nachgewiesen, dass die allgemein gebräuchliche Schätzung der Einlauflänge aus Schräglaufsteifigkeit und Lateralsteifigkeit vor allem bei hohen Radlasten deutlich zu geringe Werte liefert. Zur Abdeckung eines möglichst breiten Anwendungsbereichs werden die Parametereinflüsse Radlast, Fülldruck, Sturz, Vorspur und Geschwindigkeit messtechnisch ermittelt und im neuen Modellansatz berücksichtigt. Auch für die quasistatische Schräglaufsteifigkeit wird ein neues Bestimmungsverfahren mit entsprechenden Einflussanalysen vorgestellt. Bei extremen Fahrmanövern spielt die Fahrzeugstabilität, welche hochsensitiv auf das Reifenverhalten unter Extrembelastungen reagiert, eine entscheidende Rolle. Auch für diesen Anwendungsfall werden neue Mess‐ und Parametrisierungsverfahren eingeführt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Arbeiten wird auf den gesamten Entstehungsprozess von Reifenmodelldatensätzen eingegangen. Dieser besteht im Wesentlichen aus Reifenmessung, Signalverarbeitung, Auswahl charakteristischer Kennlinien, methodischer Reifenmodellauswahl, automatischer Parameteridentifikation und qualitativem sowie quantitativem Nachweis der Abbildungsgüte des entstandenen Datensatzes. In diesem Prozess werden Schwachstellen aufgezeigt und durch neue Methoden beseitigt. Die drei Reifenmodelle MF-Tyre, FTire und TM-Easy werden analysiert, parametrisiert und unter transienten und extremen Randbedingungen in Kombination mit MKS-Modellen validiert und getestet. Somit kann die Qualität der erzielten Ergebnisse im Verhältnis zum Parametrisierungsaufwand und der Prozesssicherheit für eine Einsatzempfehlung der verschiedenen Reifenmodelle herangeführt werden. Die Qualität der neuen Reifenmodelldatensätze in Verbindung mit der Radaufhängung wird anhand eines neu entwickelten hochdynamischen Achsprüfstandes durch den Vergleich von Messung und MKS-Simulation validiert. Dazu werden sowohl transiente als auch extreme Manöver mit deren realistischen Belastungssituationen nachgestellt. Auch der Einfluss auf die Gesamtfahrzeugsimulation wird anhand entsprechender Manöver nachgewiesen. Darüber hinaus erfolgt die Herleitung eines linearen Einspurmodells mit transientem Reifenseitenkraftverhalten im Zustandsraum, anhand dessen der dominante Reifeneinfluss auf die Gierreaktion von Fahrzeugen nachgewiesen wird. / Due to the growing influence of vehicle dynamic control systems and suspension dimensioning in stability regions, transient and extreme tyre transfer behaviour gains importance significantly. Two new measurement procedures are introduced to analyze and characterize this tyre behaviour. The results show that the commonly used estimation of the relaxation length by the quotient of cornering and lateral stiffness yields far too small values and that the first order transfer model is insufficient to describe the transient tyre lateral force behaviour. Consequently, a new second order approach is introduced and described by the new parameter relaxation damping. The performed parameter study regarding wheel load, inflation pressure, camber angle, toe angle and driving velocity covers a wide application range of tyres. Moreover, the quasi‐static cornering stiffness is measured and evaluated in an extended range with reduced temperature and wear influences. Extreme manoeuvres are utilized to examine the stability of vehicles, which is dominated by the tyre transfer behaviour under extreme conditions. A new measurement and parameter identification procedure for those conditions is portrayed, as well. This thesis depicts the entire process to obtain a tyre model dataset, namely tyre measurements, signal processing, selection of characteristic curves, methodical selection of a tyre model, automatic parameter identification and qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the final dataset. The tyre models MF‐Tyre, FTire, and TM‐Easy are analysed, parameterized and validated under transient and extreme conditions. A comparison of the results in relation to the complexity of the parameter identification and the process stability leads to global recommendations of applications for different tyre models. The quality of the created tyre model datasets in combination with a vehicle suspension is assessed by a comparison of measurements from the newly developed highly dynamical suspension test rig and equivalent multi‐body simulations. That is, transient and extreme manoeuvres are performed and analysed. Additionally, a linear single‐track model with transient tyre behaviour is been derived, that shows the dominant tyre influence on the vehicle’s yaw behaviour. Finally, the influence of the created tyre model datasets and the additional lateral transfer behaviour on full‐vehicle simulations is verified.