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Court intervention in arbitral proceedings in countries adopting the uncitral model law on international commercial arbitration : an impact of legal culture on reception (case studies of Canada, Hong Kong and Russia)Biukovic, Ljiljana 05 1900 (has links)
This thesis explores problems regarding the reception the UNCITRAL Model Law on
International Commercial Arbitration (ML) in Canada, Hong Kong and Russia. Focusing on the
relationship between national courts and arbitrators, it argues that the ML fosters gradual
harmonization of law on international arbitration, while accommodating the particular needs of
the legal cultures and traditions of Canada, Hong Kong and Russia. The importance of this study
derives from the fact that the experience of these three countries has been, and it still is, a guide
for a number of other countries considering the adoption of the ML and modification of their
arbitration laws.
First, the thesis explores the implementation of the ML at the national level, in each of
the countries of adoption in order determine, the legal changes, if any, brought about by the
adoption. The hypothesis is that legal borrowing can lead to different results in countries with
different legal traditions, different levels of economic development and different political
structures. At this level the analysis focuses on statutory frameworks and judicial practice in
these countries. Second, the thesis compares the results from the study at the national level in
order to explore the ways in which the same pattern (that is, the ML) has been modified to reflect
the socio-economic environment and principles of old systems, and to determine changes to the
original model. The hypothesis is that arbitral tribunals are promoters of a new
"internationalized" legal culture and that national judges and courts, in comparison, are more
likely to reflect local or national legal cultures.
The thesis concludes that variations in the application and interpretation of the M L in
the three countries does not mean that the ML cannot bring about the harmonization of laws.
However, the ML is not a transplantation or duplication of foreign law, but a project of
reception. In that way, the ML serves as a basis for creativity, rather than representing the
imposition of a new, and perhaps, inappropriate; legal culture.
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Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South AfricaKengni, Bernard January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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The standard of review under the North American free trade agreement chapter 19 : a comparative study with particular emphasis on the law of MexicoLaporta, José Luis. January 1999 (has links)
On January 1, 1994, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into by and between Mexico, Canada and the United States, came into force. Chapter 19 of NAFTA addresses the Review and Dispute Settlement in Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Matters. Furthermore, article 1904 of NAFTA, addresses issues related to the Review of Final Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Determinations. The said article stipulates that an involved Party may request that a panel review, based on the administrative record, a final antidumping or countervailing duty determination of a competent investigating authority of an importing Party. The object of such review is to determine whether the determination was in accordance with the antidumping or countervailing duty law of the importing Party. In order to review such determination, the panel shall apply the standard of review set out in Annex 1911 of NAFTA, and the general legal principles that a court of the importing Party otherwise would apply to review a determination of the competent investigating authority. / Since these kinds of regulations are quite new in the Mexican legal system, the interpretation of the standard of review, has raised a lot of discussion among several panelists, governmental authorities and authors. Therefore, this paper will focus on the application and interpretation of the standard of review under NAFTA chapter 19, mainly by Mexican authorities.
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Les limites de l'uniformisation matérielle du droit de la vente internationale : mise en oeuvre de la Convention des Nations Unies du 11 avril 1980 sur la vente internationale de marchandises dans le contexte juridique suisse /Marchand, Sylvain. January 1994 (has links)
Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Genève, 1994. / Material type: Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 305-323) and index.
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Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South AfricaKengni, Bernard January 2012 (has links)
Doctor Legum - LLD
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Relação entre normalização técnica e propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional / Relationship between technical standards and intelectual property in international trade lawFabíola Wüst Zibetti 11 May 2012 (has links)
Nas últimas décadas, a importância da normalização técnica para comércio internacional aumentou consideravelmente. Segundo dados da OCDE, estima-se que um total de 80% do comércio global na atualidade seja afetado por normas e regulamentos técnicos. Esse cenário justifica a preocupação dos Membros da OMC em incentivar o estabelecimento de padrões tecnológicos comuns nos diversos países, como um instrumento para evitar o incremento das barreiras técnicas e promover a facilitação do fluxo internacional de bens, serviços, investimentos e tecnologias. Contudo, o crescente envolvimento de direitos de propriedade intelectual nas normas técnicas internacionais tem preocupado algumas nações, principalmente em decorrência dos elevados custos, tensões e conflitos que resultam dessa situação, impactando de forma negativa o comércio. Sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, o conflito revela-se no conjunto de obrigações que os Membros assumem no âmbito da OMC. Se os países devem obrigatoriamente utilizar como base as normas técnicas internacionais para estabelecer suas normas e regulamentos domésticos, e aquelas se encontram revestidas de direitos exclusivos privados, sua efetiva aplicação no plano doméstico depende da licença dos titulares desses direitos, nos termos e condições por eles impostos. No entanto, uma vez que eles não estejam dispostos a conceder licenças em termos razoáveis e não discriminatórios, ou se recusem a conferir a autorização, os países encontram dificuldades ou, ainda, ficam impossibilitados de implementar de forma plena as obrigações assumidas na OMC. A partir dessa hipótese, o presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar como se encontra regulada a relação entre a normalização técnica e a propriedade intelectual no ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional. Esta tese confirma que as tensões inerentes à relação entre propriedade intelectual e normalização técnica alimentam um conflito sob a perspectiva do ordenamento jurídico do comércio internacional, que não possui regras específicas para regular a questão. Este conflito se traduz na dificuldade que os países têm na implementação plena das obrigações assumidas na OMC. Para a mitigação dos problemas que emergem desse conflito, observa-se que se destacam duas tendências seguidas pelos Membros da Organização. Uma delas consiste em incrementar as flexibilidades do Acordo TRIPS, como se verifica nos Estados Unidos, União Europeia e Índia. Outra opção observada é o afastamento das normas técnicas internacionais em prol da adoção de normas e regulamentos técnicos domésticos baseados em tecnologias nacionais ou não proprietárias com fundamento nas flexibilidades dos acordos TBT, SPS e GATS. Casos nesse sentido são identificados em países como China. Em certas circunstâncias, a preferência pelo estabelecimento de normas e regulamentos técnicos baseados essencialmente em tecnologias nacionais protegidas por direitos de propriedade intelectual pode robustecer as barreiras técnicas ao comércio. Diante disso, com o propósito de assegurar a efetividade dos acordos multilaterais de comércio e garantir segurança jurídica, entende-se necessário a adoção de medidas claras e adequadas, que busquem eliminar ou reduzir as tensões e conflito, e garantir a previsibilidade do Sistema Multilateral de Comércio. Importa, ainda, que tais medidas sejam estabelecidas de forma a facilitar o comércio internacional e promover a concorrência leal, a inovação, a transferência da tecnologia e o desenvolvimento das nações. / In recents decades, the importance of technical standards for international trade has increased substantially. According to OECD data, it is estimated that around 80% of global trade is affected by standards and technical regulations. This scenario justifies the concerns of WTO Members to encourage the settlement of common technological standards in different countries, as a tool to prevent the rise of technical barriers and promote the facilitation of the international flow of goods, services, investment and technology. However, the increasing involvement of intellectual property rights in international standards has concerned some nations, mainly due to high costs, tensions and conflicts that result from this situation, adversely impacting trade. From the perspective of international trade law, the conflict is revealed in the set of obligations that States assumed in the WTO. If countries must use international standards as a basis to establish technical regulations and norms, and those are covered by private exclusive rights, its effective implementation at the domestic level depends on the approval of rights holders, according the terms and conditions imposed by them. However, since the rights holders are not willing to grant licenses on reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions, or refuse to grant the licenses, countries may find difficult or even remain unable to fully implement their obligations in the WTO. From this hypothesis, this study aims to analyze as it is regulated the relationship between technical standards and intellectual property in international trade law. This thesis confirms that the tensions inherent in the relationship between intellectual property and technical standardization feed a conflict from the perspective of international trade law, which has no specific rules to regulate this question. This conflict is reflected in the difficulty countries have in the full implementation of the obligations assumed in WTO. In order to mitigate the problems that emerge from this conflict, it is observed that there are two trends followed by the Members of the Organization. One is to enhance the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement, as is the case in the United States, European Union and India. Another option is the deviation of international standards in favor of domestic standards and technical regulations based on national or non proprietary technologies founded on the flexibilities of TBT, SPS and GATS. Such cases are identified in countries like China. In some circumstances, the preference for the creation of standards and technical regulations based mainly on national technologies protected by intellectual property rights can strengthen the technical barriers to trade. Therefore, in order to ensure the effectiveness of multilateral trade agreements, it is necessary to establish clear and appropriate measures, which seek to eliminate or reduce tensions and conflict, and ensure the predictability of the multilateral trading system. It is also important that such measures are established to facilitate international trade and promote fair competition, innovation, technology transfer and development of nations.
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Modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no sistema de comércio inteligente (ICS) considerando a lei modelo sobre comércio eletrônico / MODELING OF THE ELECTRONIC CONTRACT AGENT IN THE PHASE OF CONTRACT FORMATION IN THE SYSTEM OF INTELLIGENT COMMERCE (ICS) CONSIDERING THE LAW MODEL ON ELECTRONIC COMMERCETrinta, Valeska Rogéria Vieira 22 June 2007 (has links)
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Valeska Trinta.pdf: 905357 bytes, checksum: f3c91470c3f5586469d4ecfac4057fdc (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2007-06-22 / The present work treats the real concerns on the law model about electronic
commerce UNCITRAL and its impact in the modeling of the electronic contract agent
in the phase of contract formation in the System of Intelligent Commerce (ICS). It is
presented as object of study the ICS inside the context of the phase of contract
formation. The literature revision approaches innumerable aspects related to the
modeling of the electronic contract agent in the phase of contract formation in the ICS
considering the law model on electronic commerce. It has as objective generality to
present the modeling of the electronic contract agent in the phase of contract
formation in the ICS. It approaches the question on contracts in its liberal
interpretation, law appraised, describes the requirements of the contract and what it
comes to be contract formation. It deals with electronic contracts, it presents its
concept, as well as, it describes the question of the validity of electronic contracts. It
describes the ICS, detaches the multiagent boarding, it approaches the question on
the communication between agents and describes the cycle of life of the electronic
commerce in the ICS. It describes the contract agent, discourses on the ontologies.
Finally, the modeling of the contract agent of the ICS, with the cases of use and
diagrams that had been defined from the purchase modalities that they had been
specified that they are electronic proclamation or auction reverse and a purchase
standard in the B2B environment. As well as, it describes the contributions and the
quarrel of the results of the research. / O presente trabalho parte das preocupações reais sobre a lei modelo sobre
comércio eletrônico UNCITRAL e o seu impacto na modelagem do agente de
contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no sistema de comércio
inteligente ICS. Apresenta-se como objeto de estudo o Sistema de Comércio
Inteligente ICS (ICS) dentro do contexto da fase de formação de contratos. A revisão
de literatura aborda aspectos relacionados à modelagem do agente de contrato
eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no ICS considerando a lei modelo sobre
comércio eletrônico. Tem como objetivo geral apresentar a modelagem do agente de
contrato eletrônico na fase de formação de contratos no ICS. Aborda a questão
sobre contratos em seu sentido lato, juridicamente conceituado, descreve os
requisitos do contrato e o que vem a ser formação de contrato. Trata dos contratos
eletrônicos, apresenta seu conceito, assim como, descreve a questão da validade
dos contratos eletrônicos. Descreve o ICS, destaca a abordagem multiagente,
aborda a questão sobre a comunicação entre agentes e descreve o ciclo de vida do
comércio eletrônico no ICS. Descreve o agente de contrato eletrônico, discorre sobre
as ontologias. Trata da modelagem do agente de contrato eletrônico do ICS, com os
casos de uso e diagramas que foram definidos a partir das modalidades de compra
que foram especificadas que são pregão eletrônico ou leilão reverso e uma compra
padrão no ambiente B2B. Por fim, apresenta as contribuições e a discussão dos
resultados da pesquisa.
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An analysis of the impact of the European Union's policy of export subsidies has on South Africa's Agricultural sectorCarolissen, Lee-David January 2007 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / In this thesis, the study examines the factors that are believed to be instrumental in this trade imbalance between the European Union and the developing world in the agricultural sector. The study focuses on the main reason for the existence of this imbalance which is the continued use of export subsidies by the European Union. The discussion attempts to highlight the inadequacies which exist in the current trade relationship between the European Union and developing nations , in particular South Africa with regard to agricultural produce. / South Africa
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Trade and environment: the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector in South AfricaKengni, Bernard January 2012 (has links)
Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa
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Court intervention in arbitral proceedings in countries adopting the uncitral model law on international commercial arbitration : an impact of legal culture on reception (case studies of Canada, Hong Kong and Russia)Biukovic, Ljiljana 05 1900 (has links)
This thesis explores problems regarding the reception the UNCITRAL Model Law on
International Commercial Arbitration (ML) in Canada, Hong Kong and Russia. Focusing on the
relationship between national courts and arbitrators, it argues that the ML fosters gradual
harmonization of law on international arbitration, while accommodating the particular needs of
the legal cultures and traditions of Canada, Hong Kong and Russia. The importance of this study
derives from the fact that the experience of these three countries has been, and it still is, a guide
for a number of other countries considering the adoption of the ML and modification of their
arbitration laws.
First, the thesis explores the implementation of the ML at the national level, in each of
the countries of adoption in order determine, the legal changes, if any, brought about by the
adoption. The hypothesis is that legal borrowing can lead to different results in countries with
different legal traditions, different levels of economic development and different political
structures. At this level the analysis focuses on statutory frameworks and judicial practice in
these countries. Second, the thesis compares the results from the study at the national level in
order to explore the ways in which the same pattern (that is, the ML) has been modified to reflect
the socio-economic environment and principles of old systems, and to determine changes to the
original model. The hypothesis is that arbitral tribunals are promoters of a new
"internationalized" legal culture and that national judges and courts, in comparison, are more
likely to reflect local or national legal cultures.
The thesis concludes that variations in the application and interpretation of the M L in
the three countries does not mean that the ML cannot bring about the harmonization of laws.
However, the ML is not a transplantation or duplication of foreign law, but a project of
reception. In that way, the ML serves as a basis for creativity, rather than representing the
imposition of a new, and perhaps, inappropriate; legal culture. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate
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