Inaugural-Dissertation (doctoral)--Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin, 1880. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Thesis advisor: Robert G. Murphy / This paper examines the impact of the fixed exchange rate policy and the undervaluation of the Chinese currency (Renminbi) on the U.S.-China bilateral trade balance. Due to China's fixed exchange rate policy during the last decade, many have suspected that the Renminbi has been undervalued, and that this undervaluation has contributed to the expansion of the U.S. trade deficit. Based on previous studies, the first part of this paper explores Chinese economic policy and the possible consequences of the fixed exchange rate and the undervaluation of the Renminbi. The second part of the paper examines the following through empirical analysis: (1) the misalignment of the Renminbi through the behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach, (2) the relationship between the real exchange rate of the Renminbi and the U.S.-China bilateral trade balance and (3) the relationship between the undervaluation and the US bilateral trade deficit with China. The results indicate that the undervaluation of the Renminbi is neither substantial nor permanent. Moreover, the devalued Renminbi does not significantly increase China's trade surplus with the United States. The U.S. bilateral trade deficit with China is not permanently adversely affected by Renminbi undervaluation. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: International Studies. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1986. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 229-234).

Tapus Europos Sąjungos nare, Lietuvoje pasikeitė kai kurie ekonominiai ir teisiniai aspektai, reguliuojantys tarptautinę prekybą. Todėl yra svarbu susipažinti su galiojančiais reglamentais bei kitais veiksniais (muitinės), kurie nustato reikalavimus tarptautinei prekybai. Taip pat svarbu sekti pokyčius prekyboje, siekiant išnaudoti atsiradusias galimybes įstojus į ES. Darbo objektas yra tarptautinės prekybos režimo pasikeitimai, Lietuvai įstojus į ES. Darbo tikslas yra išanalizuoti tarptautinės prekybos pokyčius Lietuvai įstojus į ES. Šiam tikslui pasiekti yra numatyti tokie uždaviniai: apibūdinti tarptautinės prekybos ir protekcionizmo sampratą; apžvelgti Lietuvos tarptautinės prekybos politikos raidą; apibūdinti tarptautinės prekybos Lietuvoje teisinį reglamentavimą; išanalizuoti ES bendrosios prekybos politiką; išanalizuoti Lietuvos muitinių veiklos pokyčius; išanalizuoti užsienio prekybos struktūrą. Darbe naudojami tokie metodai, tai yra, mokslinės literatūros apžvalga, publikacijų analizė, teisinių dokumentų bei lyginamoji analizė. Darbe pateikiama tarptautinės prekybos bei protekcionizmo samprata, teorijos, užsienio prekyboje taikomos priemonės. Analizuojama bendra prekybos politika (bendri išorės muitai, vienodos prekybos reguliavimo priemonės visose ES valstybėse, sudaromi bendri prekybos susitarimai su trečiosiomis šalimis), kuri yra taikoma Lietuvai įstojus į ES. Taip pat analizuojami muitinių veiklos bei užsienio prekybos struktūros pokyčiai. Taigi ES viduje... [to full text] / With the newly acquired membership in the European Union, certain economical and legal aspects regulating international trade have undergone changes in Lithuania. Thus, with a host of norms regulating trade between member states, the work in the new legal environment has become one of the major challenges facing Lithuania’s companies. Monitoring of trade-related changes with a view of benefiting from the new opportunities that have emerged with the country’s accession to the EU is not less important. The subject of this paper relates to changes in the international trade regime upon Lithuania’s accession to the EU. The objective of the work is to make analysis of changes in international trade upon Lithuania’s accession to the EU. To achieve this objective the following goals have been set: to define the concept of international trade and protectionism; to review the evolution of Lithuania’s international trade policy; to define the country’s legal regulation of international trade; to analyze the EU common trade policies; to analyze changes in Lithuania’s customs activities; to analyze the foreign trade structure. The methods used for this work are: review of research literature, analysis of publications, analysis of legal documents as well as comparative analysis. The work describes the concepts of international trade and protectionism, the underlying theoretical background, tools and remedies applied in international trade. The general trade policy as applicable for... [to full text]

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 269-288).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of South Carolina, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 304-316).

Despite it being a global phenomenon, there is no formal process to guide governments’ offer of incentives to industry. Specific to South Africa, the offer of incentives to the automotive industry to support its competitiveness has had mixed results. Industry trade deficit has consistently increased and investment in R&D has remained minimal. The purpose of the study was to develop a formal model to determine the effect of changes in the value and basis of the Productive Asset Allowance (PAA) incentive on industry competitiveness and on industry trade balance. An overview of the South African automotive industry, automotive policy and industry performance under the country’s Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP) was done. This was followed by literature review on investment, investment incentives, R&D and competitiveness. Quantitative and qualitative data was collected through observer participation in the study situation and expert opinion interviews. A formal modelling process of the PAA based on the system dynamics modelling protocol followed. The PAA model had to be extended to incorporate the Import-Export Complementation (IEC) incentive structure because of the intertwined nature of the effect of PAA and IEC on industry dynamics. The study findings as per the specific study objectives were as follows: • The prospect of the PAA to support the competitiveness objective was dependent on the extent to which the incentive would motivate technological innovation in the automotive industry. • The often-assumed positive relationship between investment and investment incentives was not universal. Each case of industry incentive offer has to be judged on its own merit. • The PAA had a significant and positive effect on industry investment, but limited ability to support long-term industry competitiveness though R&D and innovative activities. • The IEC rather than the PAA incentive was the major contributor to the industry trade balance trend. • The PAA-IEC incentive model exhibited time-bound constraints. The model demonstrated saturation as benefits awarded to industry tended towards the domestic market size over time. • The PAA-IEC incentive model had no specific policy lever to direct investment into R&D and innovative activities. By this measure the model was not a strong policy framework for supporting long-term industry competitiveness. For the South African automotive industry, the study introduced and showed the usefulness of applying system dynamics modelling in understanding causes of unintended consequences of government incentives to the industry. For countries in which offer of incentives is part of the national industrial policy, the study provided scientific means through which the question of how to structure incentives can be objectively investigated as a means of improving policy decisions on such industry intervention. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Graduate School of Technology Management (GSTM) / unrestricted

This study examines the relationship between the real exchange rate and the trade flows of Sweden in the presence of so-called structural breaks. The purpose is rooted in the hypothesis that the real exchange rate has been disconnected from global trade flows in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) in 2008. Using both aggregated and bilateral trade data from Sweden’s six major trading partners from the period 2004 to 2018, significant breaks are detected in 10 out of 14 cases by the Bai and Perron (1998) approach, indicating that the effect of the exchange rate has changed. However, the breaks are widespread and the coefficient estimates show no clear pattern and hence unequivocal evidence for the hypothesis of a disconnect. Despite the ambiguous evidence, the cointegration tests suggests that there is a long-run relationship between the real exchange rate and trade flows of Sweden.

This thesis examines the relationship between the real exchange rate and trade balance in eight countries with different level of development for the period 1991- 2012. Using merely exchange rate to improve the trade balance refers to price- competitiveness and relies on the satisfaction of Marshall-Lerner condition. Additionally, we articulate the influence of other underlying factors, defined as "non- price competitiveness", proxied with capital stock variable. A Vector Error Correction Model, based on Johansen's Methodology was implemented in our two econometric specifications. The key findings of the classical trade model indicate that M-L condition is met in five countries and devaluation of domestic currency would improve their trade balance in long run. VECM results from second model, which extended the traditional imperfect substitutes framework to include non-price competitiveness factor, shows pronounced influence of product quality on trade balance, capital stock variable being significant in most of the cases. The results show that trade balance reacts to both changes in relative prices and product differentiation, thus non-price competitiveness factors must not be neglected by policy makers. Our findings also indicate the existence of J-curve pattern, as reflected by short-run...