O modelo de criação das unidades de conservação (UCs) de proteção integral sobrepostas a territórios ocupados por comunidades tradicionais no Brasil tem gerado vários conflitos socioambientais relacionados, sobretudo, a visões dicotômicas sobre o entendimento e manejo dessas áreas protegidas. Destacase o preservacionismo, como corrente histórica hegemônica, que considera o manejo dessas áreas sem a presença de moradores tradicionais e em que as atividades humanas estão associadas exclusivamente ao uso público e pesquisa; e o socioambientalismo, que entende a permanência desses moradores considerando serem eles também responsáveis pela conservação da área protegida. Embora haja vários estudos sobre ambas, bem como as possibilidades de relações entre elas, ainda há lacunas no que diz respeito à sistematização de instrumentos de planejamento e diplomas legais que contemplem essas correntes e apontem caminhos para resolução ou manejo dos conflitos ambientais nas UCs de proteção integral. A partir de base teórica de perspectiva interdisciplinar, relacionando categorias do Direito, Antropologia e Geografia, esta pesquisa analisou o caso da idealização e estruturação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação da Juréia-Itatins como instrumento de gestão dos conflitos socioambientais, de forma a avaliar como essa experiência pode fornecer subsídios para o encaminhamento de situações semelhantes em outras áreas. Foram analisados documentos normativos, jurídicos, judiciais e técnicos, assim como entrevistas com atores que possuem interesses diversos sobre o território. Os resultados apontam que a legislação inclui os conceitos socioambientais nos atos normativos, que anteriormente estavam mais fundamentados em bases preservacionistas. Indicam, também, que a desconsideração da situação de fato do território e a falta de uma visão mais integrada da legislação em vigência resultaram na formatação de um mosaico que não resolveu completamente os conflitos existentes. Por fim, identifica-se que os conflitos atuais no território estão relacionados aos aspectos fundiários ainda pendentes e nas deficiências da gestão e do mosaico como proposta de integrar as visões de conservação e as categorias de manejo das unidades de conservação / The model for creating integral protected areas overlapping territories occupied by traditional communities in Brazil has created many socio-environmental conflicts, related, above all, to dichotomous views on the understanding and handling of these protected areas. Two of these highlighted views are the preservationism, as a hegemonic historical strand, which considers the administration of these areas disregarding the presence of traditional inhabitants, and in which human activities are solely related to public use and research; and the socio-environmentalism, which understands these inhabitants presence, considering them as also responsible for preserving the protected area. Although there are many studies on both strands of thought, as well as the possibility of relating them, there are still gaps concerning the systematization of planning tools and legal certificates that may cover these strands and point out paths for solving or handling environmental conflicts inside integral protected areas. Based on an interdisciplinary theoretical basis, relating categories of Law, Anthropology, and Geography, this research has analyzed the case of the design and organization of the Juréia-Itatins Protected Areas Mosaic as a tool for managing socio-environmental conflicts, so to assess how can this experience provide bases for handling similar situations in other areas. Regulatory, legal, judicial and technical documents were analyzed, as well as interviews with actors who present multiple interests on the territory. The results point out that the legislation includes socio-environmental concepts in normative rules, which were previously more anchored on preservationist bases. They also indicate that disregarding the territorys actual situation and the lack of a more integrated view in the current legislation have resulted on creating a mosaic that has not completely solved the existing conflicts. Lastly, it was identified that current conflicts in the territory are related to unsolved land aspects and to flaws in the administration and in the mosaic as a proposal for integrating preservation views and the handling categories in protected areas

O modelo de criação das unidades de conservação (UCs) de proteção integral sobrepostas a territórios ocupados por comunidades tradicionais no Brasil tem gerado vários conflitos socioambientais relacionados, sobretudo, a visões dicotômicas sobre o entendimento e manejo dessas áreas protegidas. Destacase o preservacionismo, como corrente histórica hegemônica, que considera o manejo dessas áreas sem a presença de moradores tradicionais e em que as atividades humanas estão associadas exclusivamente ao uso público e pesquisa; e o socioambientalismo, que entende a permanência desses moradores considerando serem eles também responsáveis pela conservação da área protegida. Embora haja vários estudos sobre ambas, bem como as possibilidades de relações entre elas, ainda há lacunas no que diz respeito à sistematização de instrumentos de planejamento e diplomas legais que contemplem essas correntes e apontem caminhos para resolução ou manejo dos conflitos ambientais nas UCs de proteção integral. A partir de base teórica de perspectiva interdisciplinar, relacionando categorias do Direito, Antropologia e Geografia, esta pesquisa analisou o caso da idealização e estruturação do Mosaico de Unidades de Conservação da Juréia-Itatins como instrumento de gestão dos conflitos socioambientais, de forma a avaliar como essa experiência pode fornecer subsídios para o encaminhamento de situações semelhantes em outras áreas. Foram analisados documentos normativos, jurídicos, judiciais e técnicos, assim como entrevistas com atores que possuem interesses diversos sobre o território. Os resultados apontam que a legislação inclui os conceitos socioambientais nos atos normativos, que anteriormente estavam mais fundamentados em bases preservacionistas. Indicam, também, que a desconsideração da situação de fato do território e a falta de uma visão mais integrada da legislação em vigência resultaram na formatação de um mosaico que não resolveu completamente os conflitos existentes. Por fim, identifica-se que os conflitos atuais no território estão relacionados aos aspectos fundiários ainda pendentes e nas deficiências da gestão e do mosaico como proposta de integrar as visões de conservação e as categorias de manejo das unidades de conservação / The model for creating integral protected areas overlapping territories occupied by traditional communities in Brazil has created many socio-environmental conflicts, related, above all, to dichotomous views on the understanding and handling of these protected areas. Two of these highlighted views are the preservationism, as a hegemonic historical strand, which considers the administration of these areas disregarding the presence of traditional inhabitants, and in which human activities are solely related to public use and research; and the socio-environmentalism, which understands these inhabitants presence, considering them as also responsible for preserving the protected area. Although there are many studies on both strands of thought, as well as the possibility of relating them, there are still gaps concerning the systematization of planning tools and legal certificates that may cover these strands and point out paths for solving or handling environmental conflicts inside integral protected areas. Based on an interdisciplinary theoretical basis, relating categories of Law, Anthropology, and Geography, this research has analyzed the case of the design and organization of the Juréia-Itatins Protected Areas Mosaic as a tool for managing socio-environmental conflicts, so to assess how can this experience provide bases for handling similar situations in other areas. Regulatory, legal, judicial and technical documents were analyzed, as well as interviews with actors who present multiple interests on the territory. The results point out that the legislation includes socio-environmental concepts in normative rules, which were previously more anchored on preservationist bases. They also indicate that disregarding the territorys actual situation and the lack of a more integrated view in the current legislation have resulted on creating a mosaic that has not completely solved the existing conflicts. Lastly, it was identified that current conflicts in the territory are related to unsolved land aspects and to flaws in the administration and in the mosaic as a proposal for integrating preservation views and the handling categories in protected areas

Climate change will pose increasing challenges to forest managers working to achieve sustainable forest management in the boreal forest. A logical starting point for climate change adaptation is to proactively identify management practices and policies that have a higher likelihood of achieving management objectives across a wide range of potential climate futures. This research implemented an approach to identifying such measures by tapping into the experiential knowledge base of local forest practitioners. The assessment was organized according to a structured decision-making (SDM) approach. Northern forest practitioners consider the goals of climate change adaptation to be synonymous with those of sustainable forest management indicating that the criteria for the conservation and sustainable management of boreal forests as defined by the Montréal Process are suitable objectives against which the performance of alternative adaptation options can be assessed. The case study area for this research was the Champagne and Aishihik Traditional Territory of southwest Yukon where a climatically-driven, large-scale spruce bark beetle disturbance has been driving forest management planning yet climate change considerations have not been directly addressed in the planning process. Twenty-four adaptation options were identified as being important to implement in forest development areas to achieve regional goals and objectives of forest management across three scenarios of climate change. In addition, the performance of alternative strategies to re-establish forests was assessed. Results indicate that the applicability of alternative forest renewal adaptation strategies is strongly related to the objectives of forest management which differed across the forest management planning area. However, since none of the strategies were judged to perform highly across any of the scenarios of climate change, additional work is needed to explore whether a threshold of acceptability can be met even with the adoption of adjustments to forest management policies and practices. If not, management objectives themselves may need to be revised. An extensive list of research and monitoring needs were also identified, an indication that climate change is providing the imperative for a more comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the sustainable management of forest resources in this region. The next steps in a SDM approach are to implement adaptation options and strategies deemed appropriate and to monitor their performance in achieving management objectives within an adaptive management context.

Climate change will pose increasing challenges to forest managers working to achieve sustainable forest management in the boreal forest. A logical starting point for climate change adaptation is to proactively identify management practices and policies that have a higher likelihood of achieving management objectives across a wide range of potential climate futures. This research implemented an approach to identifying such measures by tapping into the experiential knowledge base of local forest practitioners. The assessment was organized according to a structured decision-making (SDM) approach. Northern forest practitioners consider the goals of climate change adaptation to be synonymous with those of sustainable forest management indicating that the criteria for the conservation and sustainable management of boreal forests as defined by the Montréal Process are suitable objectives against which the performance of alternative adaptation options can be assessed. The case study area for this research was the Champagne and Aishihik Traditional Territory of southwest Yukon where a climatically-driven, large-scale spruce bark beetle disturbance has been driving forest management planning yet climate change considerations have not been directly addressed in the planning process. Twenty-four adaptation options were identified as being important to implement in forest development areas to achieve regional goals and objectives of forest management across three scenarios of climate change. In addition, the performance of alternative strategies to re-establish forests was assessed. Results indicate that the applicability of alternative forest renewal adaptation strategies is strongly related to the objectives of forest management which differed across the forest management planning area. However, since none of the strategies were judged to perform highly across any of the scenarios of climate change, additional work is needed to explore whether a threshold of acceptability can be met even with the adoption of adjustments to forest management policies and practices. If not, management objectives themselves may need to be revised. An extensive list of research and monitoring needs were also identified, an indication that climate change is providing the imperative for a more comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the sustainable management of forest resources in this region. The next steps in a SDM approach are to implement adaptation options and strategies deemed appropriate and to monitor their performance in achieving management objectives within an adaptive management context.

Climate change will pose increasing challenges to forest managers working to achieve sustainable forest management in the boreal forest. A logical starting point for climate change adaptation is to proactively identify management practices and policies that have a higher likelihood of achieving management objectives across a wide range of potential climate futures. This research implemented an approach to identifying such measures by tapping into the experiential knowledge base of local forest practitioners. The assessment was organized according to a structured decision-making (SDM) approach. Northern forest practitioners consider the goals of climate change adaptation to be synonymous with those of sustainable forest management indicating that the criteria for the conservation and sustainable management of boreal forests as defined by the Montréal Process are suitable objectives against which the performance of alternative adaptation options can be assessed. The case study area for this research was the Champagne and Aishihik Traditional Territory of southwest Yukon where a climatically-driven, large-scale spruce bark beetle disturbance has been driving forest management planning yet climate change considerations have not been directly addressed in the planning process. Twenty-four adaptation options were identified as being important to implement in forest development areas to achieve regional goals and objectives of forest management across three scenarios of climate change. In addition, the performance of alternative strategies to re-establish forests was assessed. Results indicate that the applicability of alternative forest renewal adaptation strategies is strongly related to the objectives of forest management which differed across the forest management planning area. However, since none of the strategies were judged to perform highly across any of the scenarios of climate change, additional work is needed to explore whether a threshold of acceptability can be met even with the adoption of adjustments to forest management policies and practices. If not, management objectives themselves may need to be revised. An extensive list of research and monitoring needs were also identified, an indication that climate change is providing the imperative for a more comprehensive research and monitoring program to support the sustainable management of forest resources in this region. The next steps in a SDM approach are to implement adaptation options and strategies deemed appropriate and to monitor their performance in achieving management objectives within an adaptive management context. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the identification of appropriate forest tenure and governance designs that are in congruence with Aboriginal values, interests and rights. The research is highly relevant to current societal deliberations on sustainable forest management as well as to the future of the forest sector in Canada. First Nations culture and ways of life are intimately and inextricably tied to the land. Some eighty percent of Canada’s First Nations communities are situated in productive forest regions (NAFA 2003). Even so, First Nations have been largely excluded from forest development and planning activities. Furthermore, the provincial policy emphasis on industrial timber production may not be consistent with Aboriginal forest values. This community-based research takes a participatory approach to forest policy analysis. The work is conducted in partnership with the Stellat’en First Nation and Carrier Sekani Tribal Council in central British Columbia. Stellat’en criteria for forest tenure and governance are identified in a series of workshops and interviews. These criteria are then applied in the analysis of four alternative models: the Community Ecosystem Trust, the Gitanyow joint land use planning model, BC Community Forest Agreements and Aboriginal reservations in the United States. The results indicated that Stellat’en have three main goals regarding forest tenure and governance: protect the traditional territory for future generations, protect Stellat’en culture and support Stellat’en economic self-determination. Implementation of the Stellat’en vision calls for a greater emphasis on ecological and cultural values in forest management, devolution of decision making authority to First Nations, reallocation of harvesting rights and redistribution of wealth generated by forest activities. The Stellat’en perspective emphasizes co-existence and stewardship. Evaluation of the four alternative models provided useful insights for progressive tenure and governance design. All four models had positive aspects to contribute, as well as shortcomings. The models are not mutually exclusive. Since each model addresses different management and institutional functions, they could be combined into a new system for the future.

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the identification of appropriate forest tenure and governance designs that are in congruence with Aboriginal values, interests and rights. The research is highly relevant to current societal deliberations on sustainable forest management as well as to the future of the forest sector in Canada. First Nations culture and ways of life are intimately and inextricably tied to the land. Some eighty percent of Canada’s First Nations communities are situated in productive forest regions (NAFA 2003). Even so, First Nations have been largely excluded from forest development and planning activities. Furthermore, the provincial policy emphasis on industrial timber production may not be consistent with Aboriginal forest values. This community-based research takes a participatory approach to forest policy analysis. The work is conducted in partnership with the Stellat’en First Nation and Carrier Sekani Tribal Council in central British Columbia. Stellat’en criteria for forest tenure and governance are identified in a series of workshops and interviews. These criteria are then applied in the analysis of four alternative models: the Community Ecosystem Trust, the Gitanyow joint land use planning model, BC Community Forest Agreements and Aboriginal reservations in the United States. The results indicated that Stellat’en have three main goals regarding forest tenure and governance: protect the traditional territory for future generations, protect Stellat’en culture and support Stellat’en economic self-determination. Implementation of the Stellat’en vision calls for a greater emphasis on ecological and cultural values in forest management, devolution of decision making authority to First Nations, reallocation of harvesting rights and redistribution of wealth generated by forest activities. The Stellat’en perspective emphasizes co-existence and stewardship. Evaluation of the four alternative models provided useful insights for progressive tenure and governance design. All four models had positive aspects to contribute, as well as shortcomings. The models are not mutually exclusive. Since each model addresses different management and institutional functions, they could be combined into a new system for the future.

The purpose of this research is to contribute to the identification of appropriate forest tenure and governance designs that are in congruence with Aboriginal values, interests and rights. The research is highly relevant to current societal deliberations on sustainable forest management as well as to the future of the forest sector in Canada. First Nations culture and ways of life are intimately and inextricably tied to the land. Some eighty percent of Canada’s First Nations communities are situated in productive forest regions (NAFA 2003). Even so, First Nations have been largely excluded from forest development and planning activities. Furthermore, the provincial policy emphasis on industrial timber production may not be consistent with Aboriginal forest values. This community-based research takes a participatory approach to forest policy analysis. The work is conducted in partnership with the Stellat’en First Nation and Carrier Sekani Tribal Council in central British Columbia. Stellat’en criteria for forest tenure and governance are identified in a series of workshops and interviews. These criteria are then applied in the analysis of four alternative models: the Community Ecosystem Trust, the Gitanyow joint land use planning model, BC Community Forest Agreements and Aboriginal reservations in the United States. The results indicated that Stellat’en have three main goals regarding forest tenure and governance: protect the traditional territory for future generations, protect Stellat’en culture and support Stellat’en economic self-determination. Implementation of the Stellat’en vision calls for a greater emphasis on ecological and cultural values in forest management, devolution of decision making authority to First Nations, reallocation of harvesting rights and redistribution of wealth generated by forest activities. The Stellat’en perspective emphasizes co-existence and stewardship. Evaluation of the four alternative models provided useful insights for progressive tenure and governance design. All four models had positive aspects to contribute, as well as shortcomings. The models are not mutually exclusive. Since each model addresses different management and institutional functions, they could be combined into a new system for the future. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

長久以來，台灣原住民族的土地及領域權利始終受到忽視和剝削，原住民族的傳統領域與其知識逐漸式微。為了重新爭取原住民族的土地權利及保存珍貴的傳統生態智慧，恢復傳統領域和傳統領域知識即為首要任務。 近一、二十年來，隨著國際上主張生物多樣性和多元文化的思維潮流，我國也開始提倡對原住民文化及其自然關係的尊重，從早期的部落地圖運動到傳統領域土地調查計畫，透過調查與部落地圖的繪製可將隱藏在生活中的歌唱、舞蹈、傳說故事…等傳統領域知識記錄、保存下來；而這些田野調查工作有許多不同的方式，如參與觀察、個案研究、深度訪談、工作坊…等，並常搭配不同的參與式製圖為其工具，如：心智圖、參與式立體模型（Participatory 3D Modelling, P3DM）、地理資訊系統（Geographic Information System, GIS）…等。 本研究參與觀察並分析比較各項參與式製圖法，將觀察到的成果結合文獻整理之設計準則，納入至原住民族傳統領域WebGIS地圖平台與其他網頁之設計規劃。建置一以原住民族傳統領域為主題，蒐集劃設傳統領域知識和範圍並傳遞資訊的參與式平台，達到參與式製圖之目的。並至平台啟用後使用網頁分析工具和使用者深度訪談，追蹤分析其後續之公眾參與成效，藉此改善平台功效並提出方案以促進公眾參與及使用率。

Os estuários são áreas de alta produtividade biológica. O estuário da Lagoa dos Patos constitui a área de criação, reprodução e alimentação de grande parte dos peixes que ocorrem no litoral sul do Brasil. A maior enseada rasa da zona estuarina é o Saco do Arraial, com hidrodinâmica singular, e palco de atuação pré-histórica de populações tradicionais na pesca. Atualmente, diversas comunidades de pesca atuam nesta enseada com explotação de peixe-rei (Odontesthes argentinensis), de siri (Callinectes sapidus), de tainha (Mugil sp) e, sobretudo, de camarão (Farfantepenaeus paulensis). Entre estas comunidades está a Coréia, situada na Ilha dos Marinheiros, segundo Distrito da cidade de Rio Grande. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever o território de uma comunidade de pesca, a Coréia (Ilha dos Marinheiros RS), através de uma perspectiva etnooceanográfica. A perspectiva do território como conhecimento, não apenas o espaço, mas também o tempo é passível de ser apropriado constituindo os sinais de memória. Para atingir tais objetivos, um aparato metodológico, advindo das etnociências, foi utilizado: mapas cognitivo e vernacular, entrevistas abertas e semi-estruturadas, a técnica da turnê e a observação participante. As técnicas de coletas de dados foram utilizadas de forma a descrever o conhecimento das principais forçantes ambientais que conduzem a apropriação territorial em duas escalas: o território grupal e os pesqueiros. Os dados obtidos evidenciaram que as fronteiras territoriais são também limites do conhecimento ecológico tradicional e que três cenários ecológicos interanuais de tomadas de decisão, mediadas pelas técnicas de pesca, são construídos com base na interface de três principais forçantes ambientais percebidas: as chuvas, os ventos e o ciclo migratório das espécies. A partir da dinâmica estuarino-biológica construída (cenários), funda-se ou abole-se pesqueiros, bem como as relações sociais que deles emergem, o que confere flexibilidade às fronteiras do território grupal. / Estuaries are high biological productivity areas. The Patos Lagoon Estuary is the growth, reproduction and feeding area of the most of fish in southern coastline of Brazil. The biggest shallow cove in the estuary zone is Saco do Arraial, it has a particular hydrodynamic, besides, it has been a pre-historical setting of traditional fishing population. Nowadays, various fishing communities work in this cove exploting fishes (Odontesthes argentinensis and Mugil sp), the blue-crab (Callinectes sapidus) mainly the pink-shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis). Among these communities is the Coréia, in Sailors Island, the second district of Rio Grande City. This paper aims to describe a fishing territory, the Coréia, from an ethnooceanographyc perspective. From the perspective of the territory as knowledge, not only space, but also time is apropriated; the later constituting memory signs. For these aims mental maps, open-ended and in-depth semi-structured interviewing, tour technique and participative research have been used. The data collection techniques were used in order to describe the knowledge from environmental forcings that defines territorial appropriation in two levels: communitarian and pesqueiros. The data showed that territorial lines are the limits of traditional ecological knowledge. Besides this, three inter annual ecological decision-making settings (decisions concerning fishing technique management) are built according to three environmental forcings (rains, winds and migratory cycle of fish) in relation to fishing technique management. From estuary-biological dynamic built (settings), reconstruct fishing places (pesqueiros) are established ou dismantled, as well as the social relations which arise from them. As a result, the borders of the group territory become flexible.