Please read the abstract in the dissertation Copyright 2002, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Rakuambo, NC 2002, The traditional use of medicinal plants to treat erectile dysfunction and the isolation of their bioactive compounds, MSc dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03122012-172112 / > E12/4/140/gm / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Plant Science / unrestricted

GEMMOTHERAPY AND ITS USE IN PRACTISE Student: Škodová Adriana Tutor: PharmDr. Jitka Pokladníková, Ph.D. Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Introduction: Gemmotherapy or budding medicine is an herbal healing method, whose roots go back to the Middle Ages and folk healing. It uses germ-shaped parts of plants (especially buds) for the production of liqueur glycerin macerates, which are proven to contain larger quantities of some important substances with healing properties than adult parts of plants. Objectives: The aim of this work was to summarize basic information about gemmotherapy from available literature; to summarize the description of the traditional use of selected plants and gemmotherapeutics prepared therefrom; to provide a summary of studies based on evidence-based literature, especially with regard to content and confirmatory medicinal properties, adverse effects, drug interactions and contraindications. Methods: General information about gemmotherapy was mainly drawn from books available in the Czech language. Data collection took place from October 2016 to August 2017, and researches based on literature were mainly based on the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library,...

The tropical forests of South and Southeast Asia hold the highest gliding squirrel diversity but our knowledge of species diversity, ecology and major threats is limited. The present study was undertaken in Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India between June 2011 and March 2015 to address the paucity of data available on gliding squirrels. Based on field and literature surveys, 14 species of gliding squirrels were detected in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. However, species such as Biswamoyopterus biswasi, which is reported as endemic to Namdapha National Park, were not detected. The high gliding squirrel diversity in this region could be related to a diversity of forest types and its location between the Himalayas and the Indomalayan region. Encounter rates with four different species revealed that Petaurista petaurista was most frequently detected in Namdapha National Park. Major threats include hunting for traditional medicine, cultural purposes or bushmeat, and habitat loss due to forest degradation caused by shifting cultivation. In addition, more intensive studies on population, ecology and conservation status are needed in order to design species and site specific conservation action plans in this region which represents the highest diversity of gliding squirrels globally.

Ethiopia is one of the sub-Saharan Africa countries whose energy depends on traditional use of biomass such as wood, charcoal, agricultural residues and animal dung. The traditional use of biomass mainly wood and charcoal leads the country to massive deforestation and forest degradation. Negative environmental impacts from poorly managed municipal solid waste are also serious problems in the country. Moreover, there is a wide range of fossil fuels demand in the country fully covered by importing which results to a significant expenditure from the country’s budget. This study investigates the long-term shifts in bioenergy use of the country and evaluates the expected social, environmental and economical implications. For this purpose, three scenarios are formulated within a timeframe that goes from 2013 to 2030. The baseline scenario assumes the existing energy practices of the country would undergo no significant change in the future while the moderate shift and high shift scenarios consider the long-term shifts in bioenergy use with and without considering constraints respectively. In this context, long-term shifts means: transition from traditional use of biomass to efficient and modern in the household sector, biofuels deployment in the transport sector, introduction of agricultural residues as a fuel for cement production, and electricity generation from bagasse and municipal solid waste. To model and analyze the scenarios, the long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP) software tool is used. Taking the results of high shift scenario by 2030, the use of improved wood stoves and fuel switch stoves could save 65 million tons of wood. The foreign currency saving from using biofuels and agricultural residues as fossil fuels substitute would reach to 674 million USD. The greenhouse gas emissions reduction is equivalent to 46 million tons of CO2e which is about 18.4% of the CO2e abatement target of the country for 2030. The corresponding revenue from carbon trading schemes would reach to 231 million USD. Electricity generation from bagasse and municipal solid waste would be 3,672 GWh that is around 3.7% of the total electricity generation target for 2030.

La phytothérapie consiste en l’utilisation thérapeutique de plantes ou de médicaments à base de plantes, sous forme de spécialités pharmaceutiques, de préparations (magistrales ou officinales) ou de produits officinaux divisés. On entend par médicament à base de plantes (MABP) « tout médicament dont les substances actives sont exclusivement une ou plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ou une association d’une ou de plusieurs substances végétales ou préparations à base de plantes ». Il s’agit donc de médicaments à part entière qui sont ainsi soumis aux mêmes exigences de qualité que celles requises pour tout autre médicament. La directive 2004/24/CE, permet toutefois quelques assouplissements autorisant à fournir des données toxicologiques et cliniques purement bibliographiques, lorsque les conditions requises pour pouvoir bénéficier d'un tel "enregistrement de l'usage traditionnel" sont remplies. Quant aux médicaments dont l'usage médical est "bien établi", ils peuvent également faire l'objet d'une dispense d'essais cliniques, mais les données toxicologiques les concernant doivent néanmoins être fournies. Cette législation européenne vise à garantir au patient la qualité, la sécurité et l'efficacité des remèdes qu'il consomme, à permettre le libre choix thérapeutique, la libre circulation des médicaments au sein de l’Union Européenne ainsi que la préservation des ressources naturelles végétales et le respect de la propriété intellectuelle et pourrait inspirer d'autres pays du monde qui ne disposent pas à ce jour des outils législatifs nécessaires à la réglementation de leurs remèdes traditionnels, en particulier les pays africains. / Herbal medicine consists in therapeutical use of plants or herbal medicinal products, in the form of patent medicines, magistral or pharmaceutical preparations or divided pharmaceutical products. It is meant by herbal medicinal product “any medicine the active substances of which are exclusively one or several herbal preparations or an association of one or several herbal substances or herbal preparations”. Herbal medicine are therefore full medicines and as such, they are submitted to the same quality requirements than those required for any other medicine. The directive 2004/24/EC of the European Parliament and ofthe Council of 31 March 2004 amending, as regards traditional herbal medicinal products, the directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relative to medicinal products for human use, however permits some relaxings allowing to supply purely bibliographical toxicological and clinical data when the conditions required to be able to enjoy such a “traditional useregistration” are fulfilled. As regards herbal medicines the medicinal use of which have been proved as “well-established”, they are able to enjoy an exemption of clinical studies too, but toxicological data concerning these ones should nevertheless be produced. This European legislation aims to guarantee for the patient quality, safety and efficacy of the remedies he consumes, to permit free therapeutic choice and free movement of herbal medicines within the European Union, as well as preservation of natural vegetal resources (vegetal biodiversity) and respect of intellectual property of the traditional knowledges holders. It could be applicated in other countries like African countries, too.