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Source apportionment of urban atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsLaurie, Elizabeth Helen January 2002 (has links)
No description available.
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An investigation of noise produced by unsteady gas flow through silencer elementsMawhinney, Graeme Hugh January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Emergent techno-environmental phenomenaHadfield, Linda January 1997 (has links)
Environmental problems, and human attempts to manage them, can be conceptualised as evolutionary complex systems, involving interlinked processes of physical, knowledge, technological, institutional, perceptual and behavioural change. Issues such as traffic pollution and asthma may be viewed as emergent systems, embedded within overlapping hierarchical systems. A distinction may be made beween changes in physical systems (“physical emergence”), changes in human knowledge about those systems (“knowledge emergence”) and changes in human perceptions (“perceptual emergence”). While processes of physical and knowledge emergence are important, it is through perceptual emergence that a phenomenon comes to be regarded as a “problem” or “issue”, potentially leading to changes in policy, institutional arrangements or behaviour. Physical changes may have impacts on human beings, which may be measurable and predictable in the mass. However, the outcome of such an impact, from the point of view of a particular individual, is mediated by that individual’s perception, which is dictated by his or her personal experience, understanding and interests (“appreciative system”). These perceptions in turn will determine the individual’s behaviour, which may feed back into the collective appreciative system, policy system, and the base physical system. The distinction between policy based on measurement and control of impacts and individual perceptions and behaviour dependent on outcomes leads to incongruity between the “institutional” and “individual” views of an issue. The thesis investigates this incongruity in the case of the “traffic pollution and asthma” emergent system. The perceptions of “institutional” and “individual” actors involved in the system were elicited by means of unstructured and semi-structured interviews, and analysed in terms of a number of key concepts (perceptions of measurement, risk and spatiality) across a number of dimensions (different actors in the same location, the same hierarchical position in different locations, and between a specific institution and individuals). The empirical investigation demonstrates differences between multiple institutions managing different aspects of the problem and a lack of understanding and communication between institutions and individuals, despite the fact that an expressed aim of policy in this area is directed at communicating with individuals with the intention of changing individual behaviour.
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Chemical characterisation and source apportionment study of PM10 in the atmosphere of LondonZhou, Jinpeng January 1997 (has links)
No description available.
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Traffic-Related Metals in Soil and Sediment in Mauritius / Trafikrelaterade metaller i jord och sediment på MauritiusPetersson, Liselott January 2005 (has links)
<p>Trafik utgör en stor föroreningskälla av tungmetaller i vägnära jordar och särskilt är det koppar (Cu), bly (Pb) och zink (Zn) som associeras med fordonstrafik. I ett historiskt perspektiv härrör blyutsläpp främst från bränsleförbränning, medan kopparemissioner (i första hand från slitage av bromsbelägg) och zinkutsläpp (från däck) från trafik står för så mycket som hälften av det urbana utsläppet av koppar och zink till omgivningen.</p><p>Koppar-, bly- och zinkkoncentrationer i vägnära jord och sediment undersöktes inom avrinningsområdet för Grand River North West i Mauritius. Eftersom totalmetall utgör en dålig indikator på den mängd metall som finns potentiellt tillgänglig för biota användes extraktion med hjälp av 0.5 M HCl tillsammans med totalkoncentrationer.</p><p>Den rumsliga variationen längsmed transekt vinkelrätt mot vägar undersöktes liksom variationen med djupet. Observerade kopparkoncentrationer var jämförbara med bakgrundsnivåer. Till skillnad från Cu var koncentrationer av Pb och Zn förhöjda i den omedelbara närheten till vägar med relativt stor trafikintensitet, men halterna minskade snabbt med avståndet. Resultat från platserna för jordreferenser visar på storskalig förorening av Pb på ön. Uppmätta kopparkoncentrationer kunde inte knytas till trafikens påverkan.</p><p>Vid regn kan metaller som finns i förorenat vägdamm och förorenad jord övergå till löslig form, eller sköljas bort i partikulär form, och transporteras till närliggande vattendrag. I Mauritius är det här av speciell vikt eftersom flodsediment till slut kommer att deponeras i de känsliga kustområdena som omger ön. Dock tyder inte resultaten på förhöjda metallhalter i sediment nära de studerade vägarna.</p><p>Även om erhållna resultat av Cu inte visar på någon förhöjning och zonen med hög förorening av Pb och Zn är relativt smal, är det angeläget att följa utvecklingen eftersom antalet fordon växer snabbt i Mauritius, vilket kan förändra dagens situation och ge upphov till större miljöpåverkan. För att undvika eventuella ekologiska skador är det därför av stor vikt att i fortsättningen övervaka situationen längs landets vägar.</p> / <p>Traffic has been identified as a significant heavy metal polluter of roadside soils, and copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in particular are associated with road travel. In a historic perspective, the Pb contribution from anthropogenic sources to nature has predominantly been a result of fuel combustion. There are indications that Cu (mainly through braking system) and Zn (emissions from tires) released from traffic give rise to as much as half of the total urban contribution of copper and zinc to the environment.</p><p>Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in roadside soils and sediment have been determined at selected roads within the Grand River North West watershed in Mauritius. As total metal concentrations are not a suitable indicator of the metal concentrations that are potentially available to biota, metals extractable in 0.5 M HCl have been determined along with total concentrations. The spatial variation in metal concentration along soil transects perpendicular to roads were investigated, as was the variation with depth.</p><p>Observed Pb and Zn concentrations exhibited elevated levels in topsoil in the immediate vicinity of roads with relatively large traffic densities, but the decrease in concentration with distance was rapid. Results from soil reference sites pointed to a large scale Pb pollution on the island. In comparison, observed Cu concentrations could not be assigned any influence from traffic at the selected study sites.</p><p>In the event of rain, metals contained in polluted road dust and soil may be released into soluble form, or flushed from roadways as particulate matter, and transported to nearby water courses. In Mauritius, this is of particular importance as sediment in rivers eventually may be deposited in the sensitive coastal areas of the island. However, results do not indicate that there were any elevated levels of heavy metals in sediment close to roads that were investigated in this study.</p><p>Although Cu concentrations in roadside soils did not show any enrichment and the zone of elevated Pb and Zn concentrations was not wide, there is a concern that the continuing rapid increase in the number of vehicles in Mauritius will change the situation, possibly resulting in greater impact on the surrounding environment. Hence, in order to avoid any ecological damage, it is desirable to continue monitoring the situation along highways in the country.</p>
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Traffic-Related Metals in Soil and Sediment in Mauritius / Trafikrelaterade metaller i jord och sediment på MauritiusPetersson, Liselott January 2005 (has links)
Trafik utgör en stor föroreningskälla av tungmetaller i vägnära jordar och särskilt är det koppar (Cu), bly (Pb) och zink (Zn) som associeras med fordonstrafik. I ett historiskt perspektiv härrör blyutsläpp främst från bränsleförbränning, medan kopparemissioner (i första hand från slitage av bromsbelägg) och zinkutsläpp (från däck) från trafik står för så mycket som hälften av det urbana utsläppet av koppar och zink till omgivningen. Koppar-, bly- och zinkkoncentrationer i vägnära jord och sediment undersöktes inom avrinningsområdet för Grand River North West i Mauritius. Eftersom totalmetall utgör en dålig indikator på den mängd metall som finns potentiellt tillgänglig för biota användes extraktion med hjälp av 0.5 M HCl tillsammans med totalkoncentrationer. Den rumsliga variationen längsmed transekt vinkelrätt mot vägar undersöktes liksom variationen med djupet. Observerade kopparkoncentrationer var jämförbara med bakgrundsnivåer. Till skillnad från Cu var koncentrationer av Pb och Zn förhöjda i den omedelbara närheten till vägar med relativt stor trafikintensitet, men halterna minskade snabbt med avståndet. Resultat från platserna för jordreferenser visar på storskalig förorening av Pb på ön. Uppmätta kopparkoncentrationer kunde inte knytas till trafikens påverkan. Vid regn kan metaller som finns i förorenat vägdamm och förorenad jord övergå till löslig form, eller sköljas bort i partikulär form, och transporteras till närliggande vattendrag. I Mauritius är det här av speciell vikt eftersom flodsediment till slut kommer att deponeras i de känsliga kustområdena som omger ön. Dock tyder inte resultaten på förhöjda metallhalter i sediment nära de studerade vägarna. Även om erhållna resultat av Cu inte visar på någon förhöjning och zonen med hög förorening av Pb och Zn är relativt smal, är det angeläget att följa utvecklingen eftersom antalet fordon växer snabbt i Mauritius, vilket kan förändra dagens situation och ge upphov till större miljöpåverkan. För att undvika eventuella ekologiska skador är det därför av stor vikt att i fortsättningen övervaka situationen längs landets vägar. / Traffic has been identified as a significant heavy metal polluter of roadside soils, and copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in particular are associated with road travel. In a historic perspective, the Pb contribution from anthropogenic sources to nature has predominantly been a result of fuel combustion. There are indications that Cu (mainly through braking system) and Zn (emissions from tires) released from traffic give rise to as much as half of the total urban contribution of copper and zinc to the environment. Concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in roadside soils and sediment have been determined at selected roads within the Grand River North West watershed in Mauritius. As total metal concentrations are not a suitable indicator of the metal concentrations that are potentially available to biota, metals extractable in 0.5 M HCl have been determined along with total concentrations. The spatial variation in metal concentration along soil transects perpendicular to roads were investigated, as was the variation with depth. Observed Pb and Zn concentrations exhibited elevated levels in topsoil in the immediate vicinity of roads with relatively large traffic densities, but the decrease in concentration with distance was rapid. Results from soil reference sites pointed to a large scale Pb pollution on the island. In comparison, observed Cu concentrations could not be assigned any influence from traffic at the selected study sites. In the event of rain, metals contained in polluted road dust and soil may be released into soluble form, or flushed from roadways as particulate matter, and transported to nearby water courses. In Mauritius, this is of particular importance as sediment in rivers eventually may be deposited in the sensitive coastal areas of the island. However, results do not indicate that there were any elevated levels of heavy metals in sediment close to roads that were investigated in this study. Although Cu concentrations in roadside soils did not show any enrichment and the zone of elevated Pb and Zn concentrations was not wide, there is a concern that the continuing rapid increase in the number of vehicles in Mauritius will change the situation, possibly resulting in greater impact on the surrounding environment. Hence, in order to avoid any ecological damage, it is desirable to continue monitoring the situation along highways in the country.
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Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Biological Aerosols: Effect on the Respiratory Microbiome and a Comparison of Measurement MethodsNiemeier-Walsh, Christine 16 June 2020 (has links)
No description available.
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Investigating the Mechanisms involved in Traffic-Generated Air Pollution: Mediated Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier in a Wild Type Mouse Model using a Pharmaceutical Intervention ApproachSuwannasual, Usa 08 1900 (has links)
This study investigated whether oxLDL and/or angiotensin (Ang) II signaling pathways mediate traffic-generated air pollution- exposure induced alterations in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and permeability in a healthy wild type (C57Bl/6) mouse model; additionally, whether these outcomes are exacerbated by a high fat-diet investigated. An environmentally relevant concentration of a mixture of vehicle engine exhaust (MVE) was used. To investigate the hypotheses, 12 wk old male C57Bl/6 mice on either a high fat (HF) or low fat (LF) diet were randomly assigned to inhalational exposure of either filtered-air (FA) or 30 µg PM/m3 diesel exhaust + 70 µg PM/m3 gasoline exhaust (MVE) for 6 hr/day for 30 days. Additionally, we examined mechanisms involved in MVE-mediated alterations BBB integrity using a novel BBB co-culture in vitro model, consisting of mouse primary cerebral vascular endothelial cells on an apical transwell and astrocytes in the basal compartment, which was treated with plasma from the mice on our exposure study. Our in vivo exposure study results showed that MVE inhalation resulted in increased circulating plasma oxLDL and Ang II, compared to FA controls. Additionally, we observed increased cerebral microvascular expression of oxLDL receptors, LOX-1 and CD-36, and Ang II receptor subtype 1 (AT1) in MVE-exposed C57Bl/6 mice, which was further exacerbated with consumption of an HF diet. Increased signaling of both Ang II and oxLDL was associated with decreased BBB integrity, as evidenced by the concurrent reduction in expression of tight junction (TJ) protein claudin-5 and increased permeability of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) from the blood into the cerebral parenchyma. Our results suggest that possible mechanisms involved in oxLDL and/or Ang II-mediated alterations in BBB integrity include oxidative stress and upregulated expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which is associated with degradation of TJ proteins in the BBB. Our in vitro BBB co-culture results confirm our in vivo findings, as we observe increased BBB permeability (TEER) and decreased integrity (decreased expression of TJ proteins) in the endothelial (apical) layer when treated with plasma from MVE-exposed mice, which was further exacerbated when treated with plasma from MVE-exposed mice on an HF diet. Pre-treatment of the endothelial cells with the AT1 receptor antagonist, Losartan, prior to applying plasma, resulted in attenuation of the alterations observed in endothelial integrity in the BBB co-culture treated with plasma from either MVE+LF or MVE+HF animals. These results suggest Ang II – AT1 signaling mediate, at least in part, the alterations in the BBB integrity observed after exposure to MVE. Moreover, we observed that treatment of the endothelial (apical) layer with plasma from MVE-exposed animals resulted in increased production of inflammatory mediators interleukin-6 (IL-6) and transforming growth factor-β in the astrocyte media (basal compartment). Additionally, these same astrocytes also displayed increased production of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and also AT1 receptor mRNA expression, while showing decreased expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Collectively, these results suggest that exposure to the ubiquitous environmental air pollutant, vehicle engine emissions, results in increased oxLDL and Ang II signaling in the cerebral microvasculature, which is associated with decreased vessel integrity and increased oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in the CNS. The observed detrimental outcomes are even further exacerbated when coupled with the consumption of an HF diet.
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An urban traffic management framework integrating pollution criteriaPadrón Pérez, José Daniel 17 January 2025 (has links)
[ES] La contaminación atmosférica urbana, generada en gran medida por las emisiones vehiculares en ciudades densamente pobladas, representa una amenaza significativa para la salud pública y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Las estrategias tradicionales de gestión del tráfico se han centrado históricamente en reducir la congestión, desatendiendo los impactos ambientales del tráfico vehicular. Esta tesis aborda este problema mediante el desarrollo de un marco de gestión del tráfico urbano que integra criterios de contaminación, particularmente a través de la incorporación innovadora de datos en tiempo real sobre la calidad del aire en las decisiones de reencaminamiento del tráfico. Utilizando la ciudad de Valencia como estudio de caso, el marco combina la modelización realista del tráfico, el análisis de emisiones y nuevas estrategias de reencaminamiento estático y dinámico basadas en criterios medioambientales.
Nuestro recorrido comienza con el innovador desafío de generar datos de demanda de tráfico precisos, sin comprometer la privacidad. Aprovechando los datos de detectores de bucles de inducción, proponemos un enfoque que se aprovecha del uso de la ingeniería inversa para crear un modelo de demanda de tráfico realista. Este método mejora significativamente la precisión en la representación del volumen de tráfico, la distribución espacial de los puntos de origen, y la longitud de las rutas en comparación con las soluciones actuales, proporcionando una base más fiable para análisis posteriores.
Sobre esta base, empleamos la herramienta SUMO, junto con el modelo de emisiones HBEFA, para simular el flujo de tráfico y las emisiones de los vehículos. SUMO proporciona capacidades detalladas de simulación de tráfico, mientras que HBEFA ofrece factores de emisión completos para el transporte por carretera, lo que los hace ideales para nuestras necesidades de modelización. A continuación desarrollamos SUMO2GRAL, una herramienta personalizada que integra los resultados de SUMO con GRAL para realizar un modelado detallado de la dispersión de contaminantes, y traducir estas emisiones expresadas en masa a concentración. Esta integración tiene en cuenta factores como la orografía urbana y las condiciones meteorológicas, mejorando así la precisión de las evaluaciones de la calidad del aire en entornos urbanos.
A continuación, exploramos estrategias de reencaminamiento del tráfico dirigidas a mitigar la contaminación del aire. Primero, presentamos un enfoque de reencaminamiento estático que ajusta los pesos del tráfico en segmentos de calles según parámetros ambientales fijos. Al aplicar este método en Valencia, demostramos su efectividad en la reducción de las concentraciones de contaminantes, especialmente en áreas críticas como espacios verdes o parques, proporcionando implicaciones prácticas para la política y planificación urbanas.
Reconociendo las limitaciones de los métodos estáticos para adaptarse a condiciones dinámicas, desarrollamos un algoritmo dinámico de reencaminamiento del tráfico que ajusta las rutas de los vehículos basándose en los datos de calidad del aire de las calles, y en los perfiles específicos de emisiones de los vehículos. Al introducir un factor de sensibilidad de emisiones, nuestro algoritmo modula las decisiones de encaminamiento en respuesta a las condiciones ambientales. Las simulaciones de situaciones de crisis ambiental, como incendios de edificios, y episodios de niebla producida por la contaminación (smog), revelan que el enfoque dinámico reduce significativamente las concentraciones de contaminantes en las áreas afectadas sin afectar gravemente la eficiencia del tráfico, equilibrando eficazmente los niveles de calidad del aire y de movilidad. Esto proporciona valiosas ideas para urbanistas y responsables políticos en el diseño de sistemas de gestión del tráfico que prioricen la salud pública.[...] / [CA] La contaminació atmosfèrica urbana, generada en gran part per les emissions de vehicles en ciutats densament poblades, representa una amenaça significativa per a la salut pública i la sostenibilitat ambiental. Les estratègies tradicionals de gestió del trànsit s'han centrat històricament en reduir la congestió, deixant de costat els impactes ambientals del trànsit vehicular. Esta tesi aborda este problema a través del desenroll d'un marc de gestió del trànsit urbà que integra criteris de contaminació, particularment mitjançant la incorporació innovadora de dades en temps real sobre la qualitat de l'aire en les decisions de reencaminament del trànsit. Utilisant la ciutat de Valéncia com a cas d'estudi, el marc combina la modelació realista del trànsit, l'anàlisi d'emissions i noves estratègies de reencaminament estàtic i dinàmic basades en criteris mediambientals.
El nostre recorregut comença amb el repte innovador de generar dades de demanda de trànsit precises sense comprometre la privacitat. Aprovisionant-se de les dades de detectors de bucles d'inducció, proponem un enfocament que es beneficia de l'ingenieria inversa per a crear un model de demanda de trànsit realista. Este métode millora significativament la precisió en la representació del volum de trànsit, la distribució espacial dels punts d'orige i la longitud de les rutes en comparació en les solucions actuals, proporcionant una base més fiable per a anàlisis posteriors.
Sobre esta base, usem l'eina SUMO, junt en el model d'emissions HBEFA, per a simular el flux de trànsit i les emissions dels vehicles. SUMO oferix capacitats detallades de simulació de trànsit, mentres que HBEFA proporciona factors d'emissió complets per al transport per carretera, lo que els fa ideals per a les nostres necessitats de modelació. A continuació, desenrollem SUMO2GRAL, una ferramenta personalisada que integra els resultats de SUMO en GRAL per a realisar una modelació detallada de la dispersió de contaminants, i traduir estes emissions expressades en massa a concentració. Esta integració té en compte factors com l'orografia urbana i les condicions meteorològiques, millorant així la precisió de les evaluacions de la qualitat de l'aire en entorns urbans.
A continuació, explorem estratègies de reencaminament del trànsit dirigides a mitigar la contaminació de l'aire. Primer, presentem un enfocament de reencaminament estàtic que ajusta els pesos del trànsit en segments de carrers segons paràmetres ambientals fixos. En aplicar este métode en Valéncia, demostrem la seua efectivitat en la reducció de les concentracions de contaminants, especialment en àrees crítiques com espais verds o parcs, proporcionant implicacions pràctiques per a la política i la planificació urbana.
Reconeguent les limitacions dels métodes estàtics per a adaptar-se a condicions dinàmiques, desenrollem un algoritme dinàmic de reencaminament del trànsit que ajusta les rutes dels vehicles basant-se en les dades de qualitat de l'aire dels carrers i en els perfils específics d'emissions dels vehicles. Al introduir un factor de sensibilitat d'emissions, el nostre algoritme modula les decisions d'encaminament en resposta a les condicions ambientals. Les simulacions de situacions de crisi ambiental, com incendis d'edificis i episodis de boira produïda per la contaminació (smog), revelen que l'enfocament dinàmic reduïx significativament les concentracions de contaminants en les àrees afectades sense afectar greument l'eficiència del trànsit, equilibrant eficaçment els nivells de qualitat de l'aire i de mobilitat. Això proporciona valuoses idees per a urbanistes i responsables polítics en el disseny de sistemes de gestió del trànsit que prioritzen la salut pública.
Finalment, ampliem el nostre anàlisi a escenaris futurs de trànsit urbà examinant l'evolució esperada del parc vehicular de Valéncia, en particular l'augment en l'adopció de vehicles elèctrics.[...] / [EN] Urban air pollution, primarily generated by vehicular emissions in densely populated cities, poses a significant threat to public health and environmental sustainability. Traditional traffic management strategies have historically focused on reducing congestion, neglecting the environmental impacts of vehicular traffic. This thesis addresses this issue by developing a framework for urban traffic management that integrates pollution criteria, particularly by incorporating real-time air quality data into traffic re-routing decisions. Using the city of Valencia as a case study, the framework combines realistic traffic modelling, emissions analysis, and new static and dynamic re-routing strategies based on environmental criteria.
Our journey begins with the innovative challenge of generating accurate traffic demand data without compromising privacy. Leveraging data from induction loop detectors, we propose an approach that utilises reverse engineering to create a realistic traffic demand model. This method significantly improves the accuracy in representing traffic volume, the spatial distribution of origin points, and route lengths compared to current solutions, providing a more reliable foundation for further analysis.
Building on this foundation, we use the SUMO tool and the HBEFA emissions model to simulate vehicle traffic flow and emissions. SUMO provides detailed traffic simulation capabilities, while HBEFA offers comprehensive emission factors for road transport, making them ideal for our modelling needs. We then develop SUMO2GRAL, a custom tool that integrates SUMO results with the GRAL to perform detailed pollutant dispersion modelling and translate emissions expressed in mass into concentration. This integration considers factors such as urban orography and meteorological conditions, thereby improving the accuracy of air quality assessments in urban environments.
Next, we explore traffic re-routing strategies aimed at mitigating air pollution. First, we present a static re-routing approach that adjusts traffic weights on street segments based on fixed environmental parameters. By applying this method in Valencia, we demonstrate its effectiveness in reducing pollutant concentrations, especially in critical areas such as green spaces or parks, providing practical implications for urban policy and planning.
Recognising the limitations of static methods in adapting to dynamic conditions, we develop a novel dynamic traffic re-routing algorithm that adjusts vehicle routes based on street-level air quality data and specific vehicle emissions profiles. By introducing an emission sensitivity factor, our algorithm modulates routing decisions in response to environmental conditions. Simulations in Valencia of environmental crises, such as building fires and smog episodes, reveal that the dynamic approach significantly reduces pollutant concentrations in affected areas without severely impacting traffic efficiency, effectively balancing air quality and mobility levels. This provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers in designing responsive traffic management systems prioritising public health.
Finally, we extend our analysis to future urban traffic scenarios by examining the expected evolution of the vehicle fleet in Valencia, particularly the increase in electric vehicle adoption. Based on vehicle fleet evolution models from similar European cities, we simulate scenarios that consider technological advancements and social trends. Our findings suggest that a gradual transition to electric vehicles can substantially improve air quality over time, highlighting the importance of promoting cleaner technologies alongside effective traffic management.[...] / Padrón Pérez, JD. (2024). An urban traffic management framework integrating pollution criteria [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/214027
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