In recent years, English has become a compulsory subject in schools and many tertiary institutions of Vietnam. The need to train teachers of English is greater than ever before. However, in the Hanoi Foreign Languages Teachers Training College (HFLTTC), English language teaching in general and the teaching of oral skills in particular leave much room for improvement. The students' oral proficiency is far from satisfactory. This problem has inspired the writing of this study report as an attempt to search for an appropriate method to improve the students' communicative competence. The study consists of four chapters. Chapter one will overview some English Language Teaching (ELT) methods in relation to teaching spoken English and their application in Vietnam. Chapter two will consider the context of the HFLTTC where teaching and learning are carried out with a view to identifying an appropriate approach to the problem. Chapter three will outline communicative competence as an objective of the ELT and discuss principles of the communicative approach to attain the objective, and suggest teaching material through which the principles can be applied. Chapter four will recommend the classroom techniques which may improve the students' oral proficiency. This study report should be regarded as an attempt to apply the communicative approach to teaching oral skills to students in the context of Vietnam.

Orientadores: Aci Taveira Meyer, José Roberto Zan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:01:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_JoseFortunato_D.pdf: 2123273 bytes, checksum: 4269e601af54f21b2ed69aaa1aa020e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho procura abordar os problemas relacionados à educação musical de adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa. Ele se propõe a ser um estudo de caso que analisa o processo de ensino e aprendizagem em aulas de canto coral ministradas dentro de uma instituição correcional. Ele tem como objetivo relatar essa experiência e auxiliar a formação do educador musical que pretende trabalhar com esse público. Como metodologia se utilizou a pesquisa bibliográfica nas áreas de conhecimento da educação musical - que já compreende as áreas de educação e música -, da sociologia e da psicologia. Após a pesquisa bibliográfica, se fez um trabalho de campo por meio de aulas de canto coral dentro de uma Unidade da Fundação CASA no interior do Estado de São Paulo durante o período de agosto a dezembro de 2010. Como resultado deste trabalho, se pode perceber os elementos que diferenciam a educação musical aplicada aos adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa da aplicada aos que não estão em conflito com a lei. Identificou-se fatores socioculturais inerentes aos adolescentes que devem ser do conhecimento do educador musical para que o processo de ensino e aprendizagem seja eficaz. Percebeu-se que credibilidade com os adolescentes somente seria conseguida por meio de uma relação dialógica e com o estabelecimento de um vínculo afetivo, que nesse caso não se conseguiu devido ao pouco tempo de convívio entre educador e educandos. Tentou-se a abordagem de um repertório musical eclético que favorecesse o crescimento musical concomitantemente com letras que levariam à formação de um bom caráter, como também o desenvolvimento de conteúdos musicais, mas a não solidificação do vínculo afetivo não permitiu que tais objetivos fossem alcançados. Durante o processo pedagógico utilizou-se estratégias de ensino para minimizar os problemas comportamentais que se apresentaram durante as aulas como também para a resolução de problemas da execução musical, especialmente aos relacionados à técnica vocal. Conclui-se que os conhecimentos extramusicais relacionados às áreas de conhecimento da sociologia e da psicologia são imprescindíveis para o sucesso do desenvolvimento da educação musical de adolescentes em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa através do canto coral / Abstract: This work seeks to approach problems related to musical education of adolescents who are serving a socio-educational sentence. It intends to be a case study that analyses the teaching process and learning choir singing in classes given in a correctional institution. It aims to tell this experience and to assist the formation of the music teacher who intends to work with this population. The methodology used carried out bibliographic research in the areas of knowledge of music education - which already includes the areas of education and music -, sociology and psychology. Following the bibliographic research, some fieldwork was carried out through choir singing lessons in one of the units of Fundação CASA in the interior of the State of São Paulo from August to December 2010. As a result of this work, we can see the elements that differentiate musical education applied to adolescents who are serving a socio-educational sentence from that given to adolescents who do not have conflicts with the law. We identified sociocultural factors inherent in adolescents that should be known by the music educator so that the process of teaching and learning is effective. It was felt that credibility with the adolescents would only be obtained through a relationship of dialogue and the establishment of an emotional bond, which in this case was not achieved due to the short time of interaction between teacher and students. The approach of an eclectic musical repertoire was attempted as this favored not only musical development but, at the same time, it was hoped that the message of the lyrics would help build character, and develop musical content; however, as a firm affective bonding was not established it was not possible to achieve these goals. During the teaching process, teaching strategies were used to minimize behavioral problems that were manifested during the classes and also for solving problems of musical performance, especially those related to vocal techniques. The conclusion reached is that extramusical knowledge related to fields of sociology and psychology are essential to the successful development of musical education through choir singing of adolescents serving sentences in correctional institutions / Doutorado / Fundamentos Teoricos / Doutor em Música

This was an exploratory study of some of the relationships between a Community Work and Training Program and the family functioning of certain participants in that program. The CWT projects studied were those operated by the Public Welfare Departments of Clackamas and Marion Counties, Oregon during the three –year span between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1967. Participants' names were randomly selected from the records of the two welfare offices and the respondents interviewed during the summer of 1968. A questionnaire was developed which consisted of twenty primarily open-ended questions and this was administered to a total of sixty couples. The questions focused on changes in parental, child, financial, marital and social functioning which occurred during the time the husband participated in the work training project. To identify these changes a list was drawn up of fourteen indices of family functioning and these indices were later categorized under two general headings, external and internal to the family. The basic hypothesis was that the CWT Program contributed to positive family functioning. This was expanded into a guiding hypothesis which stated that family functioning is improved through participation in the CWT Program and that this improvement is associated with the program, work itself and the social work services provided by the welfare departments. To determine the validity of these hypotheses a number of null hypotheses were then advanced and tested. The findings of the study were as follows. Internal family functioning was improved during participation on CWT and this improvement affected the total family unit. External functioning, however, deteriorated and this was attributed to the reduced income resulting from the families’ dependence for support upon Public Welfare. The improved internal functioning was associated with the social work services provided and with the work itself. This improvement was evident despite the reported failure of the program to meet the two most important expectations of the participants, namely material benefits and vocational training. The most important limitations noted in the research were two. The first was the lapse of time which occurred between the interviews and the period when many of the participants actually worked on the program. Inevitably, such lapse of time had some effect on respondents’ recall. Second in importance in considering the possible application of the findings was the fact that some 15.58% of the respondents from Marion County were Spanish-Americans. This minority group would conceivably not be representative of another area. Among the program’s negative features mentioned by participants was the lack of choice available in job assignment and the inadequate compensation for performance on the job. Despite these, however, the overall conclusion reached by the research group was that participants in the CWT projects saw the program as beneficial in helping to maintain family life.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 josericardooliveiradutra.pdf: 988572 bytes, checksum: b193cc81be52f753ca2676a9016520ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-13 / Este trabalho de pesquisa dispõe-se a discorrer sobre a utilização dos Recursos Tecnológicos Digitais em uma escola da rede pública estadual do Amazonas, a partir da perspectiva de que a educação deve em seus objetivos, constantemente, buscar entender as mudanças que ocorrem na sociedade e como estas transformações influenciam diretamente a organização do ensino, a gestão escolar, a prática docente e como não poderia deixar de ser, o perfil do aluno que se coloca diante da ação educacional. O caso de gestão, portanto, pretende discutir o processo de formação docente e como a utilização dos Recursos Tecnológicos, enquanto possibilidade didática, está sendo conduzida pelos professores em suas ações didático-pedagógicas, além procurar compreender, a partir de uma imersão na realidade escolar, até que ponto esta utilização é reflexo das condições estruturais (laboratório e insumos) existentes, e das capacitações realizadas tanto no âmbito escolar, quanto naquelas disponibilizadas pela Secretaria de Estado da Educação do Amazonas (SEDUC-AM). Para que pudéssemos compreender melhor esta realidade, houve um processo de investigação, através da realização de uma pesquisa que envolveu os principais atores da realidade escolar, que se somou aos estudos dos escritos de Libâneo (2009), Petto (1999; 2013), Pretto e Pinto (2006), Cysneiros (1999), e Lévy (1999; 2008), autores de relevância na literatura científica educacional que tratam da temática, e que puderam expandir nossa visão sobre a temática “tecnologia, sociedade e educação”. Como resultado de nossa investigação, ficou nítido que as políticas desenvolvidas para que a inserção dos Recursos Tecnológicos na prática docente ocorra, não têm dado atenção para as condições estruturais das instalações, assim como não há uma preocupação com aspectos ligados à quantidade e qualidade dos instrumentais e com o serviço de manutenção e assistência técnica dos recursos. Outro aspecto que ficou evidente foi que as formações promovidas pelo SEDUC-AM não se colocam capazes de atender às demandas surgidas, já que as vagas para educação continuada são limitadas, e não acontecem durante a carga horária de trabalho do professor. Diante desses importantes achados, o trabalho ao propor um plano de ação educacional, se põe como ponto de reflexão crítica e ampliação das indicações, mesmo porque, sendo um trabalho desenvolvido em uma escola pública da cidade de Manaus, ao tempo em que possui características semelhantes à grande maioria das outras escolas, compreende que essas semelhanças não significam ser igual, o que abre espaço para características particulares de cada uma, e esse elemento especificador é o que traz uma carga de reflexão individual para cada realidade. Sendo assim, nosso desejo maior é de que o trabalho se torne instrumento que colabore com o aperfeiçoamento da prática educacional dos professores. / This research will present the reality of the use of Technological Resources in a school of public state of Amazonas, from the perspective that education must on your goals, constantly seeking to understand the changes that occur in society and how these changes influence directly the organization of teaching, school management, teaching practice and how it could not be, the profile of the student who puts forth the educational action. The case management therefore aims to discuss how the use of Technological Resources, while didactic possibility is being conducted by teachers in their teaching actions, and seek to understand to what extent this use is a reflection of the structural conditions (laboratory and inputs) existing and the training conducted both in the school, as those made available by the State of Amazonas Education (SEDUC-AM). So that we could better understand this reality, there was an investigation by conducting a survey involving the main actors of school reality, which added to the study of the writings of Libâneo (2009), Pretto (1999; 2013), Pretto e Pinto (2006), Cysneiros (1999), and Lévy (1999, 2008), authors of relevance in educational scientific literature on the subject, and that could expand our vision on the theme "technology, society and education." As a result of our investigation, it became clear that the policies developed for the integration of Technological Resources in teaching practice takes place, has not given attention to the structural conditions of the facilities, and there is a concern with aspects of quantity and quality of instrumental and the maintenance service and technical support resources. Another aspect that became clear was that the training promoted by SEDUC-AM, do not arise able to meet the demands that have arisen since the vacancies for continuing education are limited, and do not take place during the hours of teacher's work. Given these important findings work by proposing an educational action plan sets as a point of critical reflection and expansion of indications, if only because, being a work in a public school in the city of Manaus, the time that has similar features to most of the other schools, comprises those similarities do not mean to be equal, which makes room for peculiarities and characteristics of each, and that specifier is the element that provides a single reflection load for each situation. therefore our greatest wish is that the work becomes a tool to work with the improvement of educational practice.

Bakgrund: För att bibehålla ett liv med en hög livskvalité är det viktigt att ha en tillräcklig muskelstyrka för att klara av vardagen och minska skador. Styrketräning kan utveckla skelettmuskulaturen och anses vara ett populärt träningssätt. Användningen av icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel (NSAID) har ökat inom idrotten. Forskningsläget var sparsamt bland den yngre befolkningen, men mer forskning fanns inom området på den äldre befolkningen. Dock saknades forskning kring påverkan av olika doser under en längre användningsperiod. Syfte: Litteraturöversiktens syfte var att granska användandet av preparaten (NSAID) och tydliggöra vilken effekt dessa hade på styrkeutveckling, skelettmuskeltillväxt och signaler i skelettmuskulaturen i samband med styrketräning. Metod: Den systematiska litteraturöversikten skapades med publikationer från databaserna Pubmed och SPORT Discus där 86 studier identifierades. För att kunna besvara frågeställningen resulterade det i nio studier totalt. De valda studiernas validitet bedömdes och samtliga var av god kvalité. Resultat: Äldre runt 65 år undersöktes i fem av nio studier då alla förutom en inte påvisade någon skillnad i skelettmuskulaturen medan en påvisade en signifikant positiv effekt i muskelmassa vid intag av icke-steroida antiinflammatoriska läkemedel i jämförelse med placebo. De resterande fyra studierna var gjorda på yngre individer runt 25 år och spretade åt olika håll. Där de visade på att ingen skillnad fanns i att det blev en minskad styrkeutveckling och skelettmuskeltillväxt och att det hämmar signaler men att individerna även orkar utföra ett större arbete med läkemedlen. Slutsats: För yngre individer visade preparaten ha en hämmande effekt på muskeltillväxten men för äldre individer verkade inte muskeltillväxten påverkas. / Background: To maintain a life with a high quality of life, it is important to have sufficient muscle strength to cope with everyday life and reduce injuries. Strength training can develop skeletal muscle and is considered a popular exercise method. The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has increased in sports. The research situation was sparse among the younger population, but more research was found in the field of the older population. However, there was no research on the effect of different doses over a longer period of use. Purpose: The purpose of the literature review was to examine the use of the preparations (NSAIDs) and to clarify their effect on strength development, skeletal muscle growth and signals in the skeletal muscle in connection with strength training. Method: The systematic literature review was created with publications from the Pubmed and SPORT Discus databases, where 86 studies were identified. In order to answer the question, it resulted in nine studies in total. The validity of the selected studies was assessed, and all were of good quality. Results: Elderly people around the age of 65 were examined in five of nine studies, all except one showing no difference in skeletal muscle, while one showed a significant positive effect in muscle mass when taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared to placebo. The remaining four studies were done on younger individuals around 25 years of age and spread in different directions. Where they showed that there was no difference in the fact that there was a decrease in strength development and skeletal muscle growth and that it inhibited signals but that the individuals also can do a greater work on the drugs. Conclusion: For younger individuals, the preparations were shown to have an inhibitory effect on muscle growth, but for older individuals, muscle growth did not appear to be affected.