Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Infection after trauma complicates the patients clinical course. Infection leads to longer critical care and hospital stays, has been associated with increased mortality rates and places considerable cost pressures on health economies. The predictors of infection after severe injury are not known, and the effects on outcomes other than mortality are under-reported. The overall objective of this research was to characterise factors predictive of infection in severely injured patients admitted to critical care. A prospective cohort study of 271 patients investigated admission factors predictive of the development of infection. A second study of 280 patients evaluated post-injury immune cell changes and the association with infection. Thirdly the relationship between early coagulopathy and infections was investigated in 158 patients. Finally a study of 385 patients examined the use of Tranexamic Acid (TXA) and its association with infection and other outcomes. Infection was a significant burden for severely injured patients. Admission hypoperfusion was the only early characteristic associated with the development of infection, and a dose dependent relationship was observed between severity of shock and increased percentage of infection (p<0.01). Lymphopenia prolonged to day four post injury was strongly predictive infection (OR 0.10, CI 0.02-0.48, p<0.01). At 24 hours, the anticoagulant Protein C was lower in those with infection (Infection: 70.2 iu/dL vs. No infection: 83.3 iu/dL p=0.02), and increased fibrinolysis was also associated with infectious complications (Infection: 6156 μg/L vs. No infection: 3324 μg/L p=0.03). There was a trend to a beneficial relationship between TXA and infection, and it was independently associated with reduced organ failure (OR 0.27, CI: 0.10 – 0.73, p=0.01) and mortality (OR 0.16 CI 0.03 - 0.86, p=0.03). In severely injured patients, admission shock, prolonged lymphopenia and early coagulation dysfunction post severe injury were independent predictors of infection. Timely modulation of these responses after trauma may help to reduce the burden of infection.

A pressão sanguínea é responsável pela manutenção de importantes funções corpóreas. Uma perda de sangue que leve à queda brusca dessa pressão resulta em ineficiente perfusão tecidual e, consequentemente, em déficit de oxigênio e acúmulo de metabólitos. Quando em excesso, a perda sanguínea pode levar o paciente ao choque e a complicações anestésicas e cirúrgicas. O uso de um fármaco antifibrinolítico, como o ácido tranexâmico, pode minimizar o sangramento transoperatório, e é preferível à transfusão sanguínea. Este composto já é amplamente utilizado em cirurgias ortopédicas humanas, que apresentam alto grau de sangramento e geralmente requerem a transfusão sanguínea. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia da utilização do ácido tranexâmico em cães submetidos a cirurgias com grande potencial de perda sanguínea. Foram incluídos 21 cães com ruptura de ligamento ou luxação de patela, com necessidade de osteotomia corretiva, distribuídos em 2 grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu ácido tranexâmico em bolus, no momento da indução, na dose de 10 mg/kg seguido de infusão contínua na taxa de 1 mg/kg/hora já o segundo recebeu solução salina 0,9% no volume correspondente ao volume do fármaco. A estimativa da perda sanguínea foi feita através da pesagem dos campos cirúrgicos, compressas e gases quando secos e, posteriormente, quando embebidos em sangue, além disso foram dosadas a concentração sérica de lactato, tempos de coagulação, hemograma e hemogasometria, nos dados momentos: TB (basal), T1 (1 hora após a indução anestésica) e T2 (imediatamente ao final do procedimento cirúrgico). Utilizou-se análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguido pelos testes de Tukey e t-Student, valores de p<0,05 expressam diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados exceto as idades dos animais que foram significativamente mais velhos no grupo GSF quando comparados ao grupo GAT, também não houve diferença em relação à quantidade de sangue perdida nos diferentes grupos. Sendo assim, o ácido tranexâmico não foi eficaz em diminuir a perda sanguínea em cães submetidos a osteotomias corretivas. / Blood pressure is responsible for the maintenance of important body functions. A blood loss leading to low blood pressure results in ineffective tissue perfusion, oxygen deficit and accumulation of metabolites. When in excess, blood loss can lead to hypovolemic shock and surgical and anesthetic complications. The use of an antifibrinolytic drug, such as tranexamic acid, can minimize bleeding during surgery, and it is preferable to blood transfusion. This drug is widely used in human orthopedic surgery, with a high degree of bleeding wich often requires blood transfusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of tranexamic acid in dogs undergoing surgery with great potential of blood loss. 21 animals with ruptured cruciate ligament or patellar luxation, undergoing corrective osteotomy, were divided in 2 groups. The first group received tranexamic acid as a bolus, at the time of induction, at a dose of 10mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at the rate of 1mg/kg/hour. The second group, received saline solution 0.9% in volume corresponding to the volume of the drug. The estimation of blood loss was made by weighing the surgical drapes and gauzes when dry and then when soaked in blood, besides was dosed in addition serum lactate, coagulation times, blood count and blood gas analysis at three specific moments during the procedure: TB (baseline), T1 (1 hour after anesthesia induction) and T2 (immediatly before the end of procedure. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA for repeated measurements, followed by Tukey and t-Students test, values with p<0,05 were considered significant. There were no statistical difference between the groups regarding any of the parameters except the ages of the animals that were significantly older at the GSF group when compared to the GAT group. Regarding the blood loss, there were no difference as well. Therefore the tranexamic acid was not effective in reducing blood loss in dogs undergoing corrective osteotomies.

A pressão sanguínea é responsável pela manutenção de importantes funções corpóreas. Uma perda de sangue que leve à queda brusca dessa pressão resulta em ineficiente perfusão tecidual e, consequentemente, em déficit de oxigênio e acúmulo de metabólitos. Quando em excesso, a perda sanguínea pode levar o paciente ao choque e a complicações anestésicas e cirúrgicas. O uso de um fármaco antifibrinolítico, como o ácido tranexâmico, pode minimizar o sangramento transoperatório, e é preferível à transfusão sanguínea. Este composto já é amplamente utilizado em cirurgias ortopédicas humanas, que apresentam alto grau de sangramento e geralmente requerem a transfusão sanguínea. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia da utilização do ácido tranexâmico em cães submetidos a cirurgias com grande potencial de perda sanguínea. Foram incluídos 21 cães com ruptura de ligamento ou luxação de patela, com necessidade de osteotomia corretiva, distribuídos em 2 grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu ácido tranexâmico em bolus, no momento da indução, na dose de 10 mg/kg seguido de infusão contínua na taxa de 1 mg/kg/hora já o segundo recebeu solução salina 0,9% no volume correspondente ao volume do fármaco. A estimativa da perda sanguínea foi feita através da pesagem dos campos cirúrgicos, compressas e gases quando secos e, posteriormente, quando embebidos em sangue, além disso foram dosadas a concentração sérica de lactato, tempos de coagulação, hemograma e hemogasometria, nos dados momentos: TB (basal), T1 (1 hora após a indução anestésica) e T2 (imediatamente ao final do procedimento cirúrgico). Utilizou-se análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguido pelos testes de Tukey e t-Student, valores de p<0,05 expressam diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados exceto as idades dos animais que foram significativamente mais velhos no grupo GSF quando comparados ao grupo GAT, também não houve diferença em relação à quantidade de sangue perdida nos diferentes grupos. Sendo assim, o ácido tranexâmico não foi eficaz em diminuir a perda sanguínea em cães submetidos a osteotomias corretivas. / Blood pressure is responsible for the maintenance of important body functions. A blood loss leading to low blood pressure results in ineffective tissue perfusion, oxygen deficit and accumulation of metabolites. When in excess, blood loss can lead to hypovolemic shock and surgical and anesthetic complications. The use of an antifibrinolytic drug, such as tranexamic acid, can minimize bleeding during surgery, and it is preferable to blood transfusion. This drug is widely used in human orthopedic surgery, with a high degree of bleeding wich often requires blood transfusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of tranexamic acid in dogs undergoing surgery with great potential of blood loss. 21 animals with ruptured cruciate ligament or patellar luxation, undergoing corrective osteotomy, were divided in 2 groups. The first group received tranexamic acid as a bolus, at the time of induction, at a dose of 10mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at the rate of 1mg/kg/hour. The second group, received saline solution 0.9% in volume corresponding to the volume of the drug. The estimation of blood loss was made by weighing the surgical drapes and gauzes when dry and then when soaked in blood, besides was dosed in addition serum lactate, coagulation times, blood count and blood gas analysis at three specific moments during the procedure: TB (baseline), T1 (1 hour after anesthesia induction) and T2 (immediatly before the end of procedure. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA for repeated measurements, followed by Tukey and t-Students test, values with p<0,05 were considered significant. There were no statistical difference between the groups regarding any of the parameters except the ages of the animals that were significantly older at the GSF group when compared to the GAT group. Regarding the blood loss, there were no difference as well. Therefore the tranexamic acid was not effective in reducing blood loss in dogs undergoing corrective osteotomies.

Haemorrhage is a leading cause of trauma morbidity and mortality, with many deaths potentially preventable. Hyperfibrinolysis is a central characteristic of trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) which develops rapidly and is associated with poor outcomes. Tranexamic acid (TXA) improves survival in trauma haemorrhage but its uptake worldwide remains variable, in part because its effects on the coagulation system during trauma haemorrhage have not been described. Further uncertainty regarding patient selection for TXA therapy has emerged following the description of an early viscoelastic haemostatic assay (VHA) diagnosed hypofibrinolytic phenotype in whom TXA may potentiate thrombotic complications. The patient characteristics and mechanisms leading to this apparent hypofibrinolytic phenotype are poorly understood. Over 900 trauma patients prospectively recruited to a multicentre observational cohort study had blood drawn within 2-hours of injury for VHA and fibrinolysis plasma protein analysis. Patients were categorised according to VHA maximum lysis (ML) and D-dimer (DD) levels. Patients with MLLOW exhibited heterogeneity in clinical and injury characteristics and outcomes. Those who died were severely injured, with a high incidence of traumatic brain injury and a 7-fold higher D-dimer. Patients with MLLOW+DDHIGH had a hyperfibrinolytic biomarker profile, with the fibrinolytic mediator S100A10 identified as a potential driver of fibrinolysis, which can ex-vivo artificially reduce ML. Empiric TXA could benefit this occult hyperfibrinolytic phenotype. Over two subsequent observational studies, the effects of TXA on the coagulation system during trauma haemorrhage and the effect of TXA infusion and timing of treatment on thrombotic events were investigated. Early empiric TXA avoided VHA-hyperfibrinolysis and provided a degree of protection from TIC. Whilst univariate analysis suggested increased thromboses with later TXA treatment in patients receiving TXA bolus+infusion, neither the TXA infusion nor time to bolus were associated with thrombotic events after multivariate analysis. A single TXA bolus may provide a lower effective therapeutic dose with reduced complications.

BACKGROUND: Tranexamic acid (TXA) has become highly utilized in total joint arthroplasties for its anti-fibrinolytic effect. Recently, intra-articular application of TXA has become popular for its avoidance of systemic distribution within the body. With a more direct application to the surgical site, there is interest to see if topical application will provide hemostasis without increasing rates of venous or arterial thrombotic events and infections. In particular, there is lack of published data describing the safety of TXA in patients who have a significant disposition towards thromboembolic events. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart-review (RCR) to assess the safety and efficacy of intra-articular TXA (IA-TXA) in total knee and hip arthroplasty patients. IA-TXA 2g/50mL NS was administered to patients who were contraindicated for IV-TXA usage based on our hospital’s guidelines (history of VTE events, mitral or aortic valve replacement with additional risk factors for stroke, active cancer, genetic or acquired thrombophilia, significant cardiac disease, serum creatinine > 2.8 mg/dL). Primary efficacy outcomes were total blood loss on post-operative day 1 (POD1), overall perioperative blood loss, and changes in hemoglobin/hematocrit values over the hospital stay. Primary safety outcomes were the incidence of arterial or venous thrombosis and wound infections. The study compared patients who received IA-TXA (study group) to patients who did not receive TXA (control group). The study included TKA patients=156 (Control=72 Study=83), anterior THA patients=57 (Control=20 Study=37), and posterior THA patients=59 (Control=27 Study=32). RESULTS: TKA patients administered IA-TXA showed a significant decrease in POD1 blood loss compared to the control group [305.84 mL, p = 0.004]. Additionally, the control patients showed significantly lower levels of overall hematocrit than those who had received IA-TXA [0.9 units, p = 0.041]. However, IA-TXA did not cause a reduction in blood loss in either the anterior or posterior THA patients. No statistically significant differences existed between treatment and control groups for transfusion rates or post-operative complications (VTE events and infections). CONCLUSION: IA-TXA 2g/50mL is effective in reducing blood loss in TKA patients; however, further research is needed regarding IA-TXA use in THA patients. The lack of efficacy in THA may have been related to the dosage used, the volume instilled, the timing of administration, or technique of administration.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

No description available.

<p>Uvod Napredak hirur&scaron;kih i anesteziolo&scaron;kih tehnika učinio je hirur&scaron;ku intervenciju ugradnje totalne proteze kolena uspe&scaron;nom i bezbednom. Međutim, po&scaron;to spada u opsežne ortopedske intervencije, praćena je značajnim gubicima krvnog volumena, kao i značajnom potro&scaron;njom krvi i krvnih derivata. Trendovi u savremenoj medicini idu u pravcu restrikcije upotrebe krvi i krvnih derivata i čine se veliki napori u istraživanju i razvijanju metoda i tehnika koje mogu biti alternative alogenoj transfuziji krvi. Traneksamična kiselina koja ima antifibrinolitičko dejstvo, može dovesti do značajnog smanjenja perioperativnog krvarenja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili utvrđivanje uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativno krvarenje kod operacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena, kao i utvrđivanje postojanja uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativnu upotrebu alogene krvi kod operaacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena. Matrijal i metode u studiju je bilo uključeno 96 bolesnika oba pola, starijih od 18 godina, kojima je bila ugrađivana primarna elektivna totalna proteza kolena. Oni su bili podeljeni u dve grupe, 48 u ispitivanoj grupi kod kojih je primenjivana traneksamična kiselina i 48 bolesnika koji su bili kontrolna grupa. Svi bolesnici su bili u spinalnoj anesteziji i primenjivana je pneumatska poveska na ekstremitetu koji se operisao. Ispitivana grupa je dobijala traneksamičnu kiselinu u dva navrata u dozi od 15 mg /kg i 10 mg/kg u vidu kontinuirane i.v. infuzije u trajanju od 15 minuta. Prvo davanje leka je bilo neposredno nakon uvoda u anesteziju. Drugo davanje leka je bilo 15 minuta pre otpu&scaron;tanja pneumatske poveske. Kontrolna grupa je dobijala istu količinu 0.9% fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora koji je primenjivan na isti način. Intraoperativni gubitak krvi je beležen i meren kao gubitak u aspiratoru i gubitak na gazama. Postoperativn gubitak krvi se merio nakon 6, 12 sati i nakon 24 sata, kao gubitak na drenove Beležio se i broj primenjenih jedinica krvi i broj ukupno dobijenih mililitara krvi i ostalih krvnih produkata, kao i vreme njihove primene. Rezultati Postoji statistički značajna razlika u prosečnom intraoperativnom krvarenju između grupa (Z = -7,281; p = 000). Prosečno intraoperativno krvarenje u ispitivanoj grupi je bilo 100 &plusmn; 92,690 ml, a u kontrolnoj 447 &plusmn; 299,282 ml. U kontrolnoj grupi bolesnici imaju statistički značajno veće ukupno postoperativno krvarenje od bolesnika iz ispitivane grupe (T test, t=4,024, p&lt;0,01) ( ispitivana grupa 309,78&plusmn; 143,612 ml, kontrolna grupa 455,42 &plusmn; 201,177 ml). Razlika je bila statistički značajna nakon 6 sati (p &lt; 001) i nakon 12 sati u korist ispitivane grupe (p&lt;0,05). Postji statistički značajna razlika u ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju među grupama i traneksamična kiselina je statistički značajno (p&lt;0,000) smanjila ukupno krvarenje од 919,36 ml (95%IP 822,083-1016,640) na 405, 32 ml (95% IP 353, 407-457, 231). Ukupno perioperativno krvarenje je u proseku iznosilo 662, 34 ml i kretalo se u intervalu od 100 do 1700 ml. U ispitivanoj grupi je samo 5 (10,4%) ispitanika primilo transfuziju, dok je u kontrolnoj grupi 39 (81,3%), &scaron;to je statistički značajna razlika (2=45,692; p=0,000). Prosečna količina date alogene krvi u ispitivanoj grupi je 33,33 &plusmn; 99,2 ml, dok je prosečna količina date alogene krvi u kontrolnoj grupi bila skoro deset puta veća i iznosila je 319,2 &plusmn; 230 ml, &scaron;to je statistički značajno veće (Z = -6,625; p = 000). Postoperativne vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita bile su statistički značajno veće u isptivanoj grupi. Bolesnici iz ispitivane grupe su statistički značajno ranije postoperativno uzimali prvi obrok, sedeli i ustajali od bolesnika u kontrolnoj grupi. Zaključci Iz dobijenih rezultata o intraoperativnom, postoperativnom i ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju može se zaključiti da je traneksamična kiselina veoma efikasan lek i da statistički značajno smanjuje krvarenje vezano za ugradnju totalne proteze kolena i da smanjuje upotrebu transfuzije alogene krvi za 66,7%. Traneksamična kiselina je uticajem na smanjenje perioperativnog krvarenja dovela do očuvanja vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita. Bolesnici koji su dobijali traneksamičnu kiselinu su takođe imali brži i kvalitetniji neposredni postoperativni oporavak.</p> / <p>Uvod Napredak hirur&scaron;kih i anesteziolo&scaron;kih tehnika učinio je hirur&scaron;ku intervenciju ugradnje totalne proteze kolena uspe&scaron;nom i bezbednom. Međutim, po&scaron;to spada u opsežne ortopedske intervencije, praćena je značajnim gubicima krvnog volumena, kao i značajnom potro&scaron;njom krvi i krvnih derivata. Trendovi u savremenoj medicini idu u pravcu restrikcije upotrebe krvi i krvnih derivata i čine se veliki napori u istraživanju i razvijanju metoda i tehnika koje mogu biti alternative alogenoj transfuziji krvi. Traneksamična kiselina koja ima antifibrinolitičko dejstvo, može dovesti do značajnog smanjenja perioperativnog krvarenja. Ciljevi istraživanja su bili utvrđivanje uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativno krvarenje kod operacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena, kao i utvrđivanje postojanja uticaja traneksamične kiseline na perioperativnu upotrebu alogene krvi kod operaacija ugradnje totalne proteze kolena. Matrijal i metode u studiju je bilo uključeno 96 bolesnika oba pola, starijih od 18 godina, kojima je bila ugrađivana primarna elektivna totalna proteza kolena. Oni su bili podeljeni u dve grupe, 48 u ispitivanoj grupi kod kojih je primenjivana traneksamična kiselina i 48 bolesnika koji su bili kontrolna grupa. Svi bolesnici su bili u spinalnoj anesteziji i primenjivana je pneumatska poveska na ekstremitetu koji se operisao. Ispitivana grupa je dobijala traneksamičnu kiselinu u dva navrata u dozi od 15 mg /kg i 10 mg/kg u vidu kontinuirane i.v. infuzije u trajanju od 15 minuta. Prvo davanje leka je bilo neposredno nakon uvoda u anesteziju. Drugo davanje leka je bilo 15 minuta pre otpu&scaron;tanja pneumatske poveske. Kontrolna grupa je dobijala istu količinu 0.9% fiziolo&scaron;kog rastvora koji je primenjivan na isti način. Intraoperativni gubitak krvi je beležen i meren kao gubitak u aspiratoru i gubitak na gazama. Postoperativn gubitak krvi se merio nakon 6, 12 sati i nakon 24 sata, kao gubitak na drenove Beležio se i broj primenjenih jedinica krvi i broj ukupno dobijenih mililitara krvi i ostalih krvnih produkata, kao i vreme njihove primene. Rezultati Postoji statistički značajna razlika u prosečnom intraoperativnom krvarenju između grupa (Z = -7,281; p = 000). Prosečno intraoperativno krvarenje u ispitivanoj grupi je bilo 100 &plusmn; 92,690 ml, a u kontrolnoj 447 &plusmn; 299,282 ml. U kontrolnoj grupi bolesnici imaju statistički značajno veće ukupno postoperativno krvarenje od bolesnika iz ispitivane grupe (T test, t=4,024, p&lt;0,01) ( ispitivana grupa 309,78&plusmn; 143,612 ml, kontrolna grupa 455,42 &plusmn; 201,177 ml). Razlika je bila statistički značajna nakon 6 sati (p &lt; 001) i nakon 12 sati u korist ispitivane grupe (p&lt;0,05). Postji statistički značajna razlika u ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju među grupama i traneksamična kiselina je statistički značajno (p&lt;0,000) smanjila ukupno krvarenje od 919,36 ml (95%IP 822,083-1016,640) na 405, 32 ml (95% IP 353, 407-457, 231). Ukupno perioperativno krvarenje je u proseku iznosilo 662, 34 ml i kretalo se u intervalu od 100 do 1700 ml. U ispitivanoj grupi je samo 5 (10,4%) ispitanika primilo transfuziju, dok je u kontrolnoj grupi 39 (81,3%), &scaron;to je statistički značajna razlika (2=45,692; p=0,000). Prosečna količina date alogene krvi u ispitivanoj grupi je 33,33 &plusmn; 99,2 ml, dok je prosečna količina date alogene krvi u kontrolnoj grupi bila skoro deset puta veća i iznosila je 319,2 &plusmn; 230 ml, &scaron;to je statistički značajno veće (Z = -6,625; p = 000). Postoperativne vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita bile su statistički značajno veće u isptivanoj grupi. Bolesnici iz ispitivane grupe su statistički značajno ranije postoperativno uzimali prvi obrok, sedeli i ustajali od bolesnika u kontrolnoj grupi. Zaključci Iz dobijenih rezultata o intraoperativnom, postoperativnom i ukupnom perioperativnom krvarenju može se zaključiti da je traneksamična kiselina veoma efikasan lek i da statistički značajno smanjuje krvarenje vezano za ugradnju totalne proteze kolena i da smanjuje upotrebu transfuzije alogene krvi za 66,7%. Traneksamična kiselina je uticajem na smanjenje perioperativnog krvarenja dovela do očuvanja vrednosti hemoglobina, hematokrita i trombocita. Bolesnici koji su dobijali traneksamičnu kiselinu su takođe imali brži i kvalitetniji neposredni postoperativni oporavak.</p> / <p>Introduction: Total knee arthroplasty today is efficient and safe surgical procedure. Being extensive orthopaedic surgical procedure poses a risk from substantial perioperative bleeding and consecutive usage of blood products.&nbsp; Trends in modern medicine and surgery are in favor of restrictive usage of blood products and there are paramount efforts in researching and developing new techniques and methods of allogenic blood transfusion alternatives. Tranexamic acid as fibrinolytic agent is good example of substance that can be used to reduce preoperative bleeding in orthopaedic surgery. Aims of the study: We wanted to explore effects of tranexamic acid on perioperative bleeding reduction in total knee arthroplasty, and it&rsquo;s effect on reduction of blood product usage in this surgical population. Маterial and methods: We conducted double blind, randomized controlled trial with 96 adult patient (older than 18 years) in the study, 48 in two groups. All patients had elective, unilateral total knee arthroplasty. First group got tranexamic acid(TA), and second (control) group got normal saline. Surgery was performed in spinal anaesthesia with usage of pneumatic tourniquet in all patients. First group got tranexamic acid 15mg /kg/ bw и 10 mg/kg/bw as continuous intravenous infusion in duration of 15 min. Control group got same amount of normal saline. First dose of TA was given at the beginning of the operation and second dose 15 min before release of the tourniquet. Control group got normal saline at the same way. Intraoperative blood loss was measured as blood loss in suction bottle and blood loss on the surgical sponges. Postoperative blood loss was measured as blood loss in surgical wound drains after 6, 12, and 24 hours. Number of blood units and total amount of blood and blood products in milliliters were also recorded. Results There are statistically significant difference in average intraoperative bleeding between groups in favor tranexamic acid group (Z = -7,281; p = 000).Average intraoperative bleeding in TA group is 100 &plusmn; 92,690 mil, vs 447 &plusmn; 299,282 mil in control group. Patient in TA group has statistically significant less total postoperative bleeding (T test, t=4,024, p&lt;0,01)( TA group 309,78&plusmn; 143,612 mil vs,420 &plusmn; 201,177 mil). Blood loss was statistically significant less after 6 (p &lt; 001) and 12 hrs (p &lt;0,05). in TA group. Total perioperative bleeding was statistically significant less (p&lt; 0,000) in TA group and TA decreased total blood loss from 919,36 ml (95%IP 822,083-1016,640) to 405,32 ml (95%IP 353,407-457,231).Average total blood loss was 662,34 ml with interval from 100 to 1700 ml. In TA group only 5 (10,4%) patients received vs control group where 39 (81,3%) patients received allogenic blood transfusion and that is statistically significant (2=45,692; p=0,000).Average blood usage in TA group was 33,33 &plusmn; 99,2 ml vs 319,2 &plusmn; 230 ml in the control group (Z = -6,625; p = 000). Postoperative hemoglobin, haematocrit and platelets count values were statistically significant less in control group. Patient in TA group had earlier first postoperative meal, sitting and standing earlier than patient in the control group. Concliusions Data from this study clearly shows that intraoperative, postoperative and total perioperative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty are reduced with usage of tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid is effective in reducing perioperative blood loss and usage of allogenic blood transfusion, which dropped for 66,7%.This reduced blood loss led to higher postoperative hemoglobin levels. Patients from TA group showed faster postoperative functional recover.</p>

Trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC) is a recently described condition which traditionally has been diagnosed by the common coagulation tests (CCTs) such as prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), platelet count, and fibrinogen levels. The varying sensitivity and specificity of these CCTs have led trauma coagulation researchers and clinicians to use Viscoelastic Tests (VET) such as Thromboelastography (TEG) to provide Targeted Thromboelastographic Hemostatic and Adjunctive Therapy (TTHAT) in a goal directed fashion to those trauma patients in need of hemostatic resuscitation. This review describes the utility of VETs, in particular, TEG, to provide TTHAT in trauma and acquired non-trauma-induced coagulopathy.