Quais os determinantes da escolha do arranjo contratual nas transações entre produtores e processadores de carne bovina no Uruguai? A pergunta problema se insere no estudo dos mecanismos de coordenação associados ao problema do controle da produção para dar respostas às novas preocupações e demandas dos consumidores. A coordenação do sistema agroindustrial (SAG) da carne bovina uruguaia adquire maior relevância, não apenas para dar garantias de produtos seguros e com atributos específicos de qualidade aos consumidores, mas também para reagir rapidamente frente a mudanças e para explorar as oportunidades que o acesso a mercados de alto valor oferece (exporta-se 75% da produção). Coexistem diversos arranjos contratuais, dentre os quais o arranjo direto e via intermediário são os dominantes. Abordagem teórica: Economia dos Custos de Transação que focaliza a compreensão dos motivos que explicam a emergência e adaptação de arranjos contratuais em resposta aos desafios de ganhos de eficiência ?economizando? nos custos de realização das transações entre os agentes econômicos. Método: Foram analisadas as mudanças no ambiente institucional e organizacional nos mercados finais e no Uruguai; as novas oportunidades e estratégias no SAG da carne bovina; e o SAG uruguaio desde o consumo à produção. De modo particular, analisou-se a transação produtor-processador no que se refere aos arranjos contratuais existentes e às dimensões da transação (especificidade dos ativos físicos e humanos envolvidos na produção e processamento, locacional, freqüência e incerteza). Foram identificados os determinantes da escolha dos arranjos contratuais dominantes (direto e via intermediário). Por último realizou-se um teste estatístico das relações causais identificadas com painel de dados do total das transações realizadas no Uruguai (77.000 transações, 2004/2005). Resultados: Encontrou-se relação estatisticamente significativa entre a escolha do arranjo contratual na transação produtor-processador e os determinantes identificados. Uma transação tem maior probabilidade de se alinhar com o arranjo contratual direto (mais coordenado) quanto maior o grau de especificidade dos ativos envolvidos na produção e processamento do produto transacionado (ex.: novilhos precoces), quanto menor a distância entre o produtor e o processador, e quanto maior a freqüência das transações entre as partes envolvidas. O arranjo contratual direto facilita a coordenação das transações que envolvem produtos com atributos de maior qualidade. Os intermediários apresentam vantagens em transações de produtos genéricos (menor grau de ativos específicos) e com baixa freqüência de transação entre o produtor e processador envolvido. A busca por qualidade envolve investimentos específicos na produção e processamento e, em conseqüência, maior dependência bilateral entre os agentes dessas atividades. A dinâmica do SAG e o negócio da carne bovina dependem de dois conjuntos de produtos -baixa e alta qualidade- ligados a mercados diferentes. O subsistema que orienta as estratégias na busca de produtos de maior qualidade envolve arranjos mais coordenados. Do presente trabalho decorrem implicações para os atores do SAG e para as políticas públicas setoriais em torno a uma ?estratégia país? com foco em produtos cárnicos de alta qualidade e valor. / What are the determinants of the contractual arrangement choice in the beef producersprocessors transactions in Uruguay? The question refers to the coordination and production control problem. Changes in consumer?s awareness of specific attributes in food products demand information and better coordinated systems. Coordination becomes more important to Uruguay not only to assure quality attributes of products but also to explore market access opportunities and fast adaptation to international and local environmental changes (exports 75% of the beef production). There are different contractual arrangements in the producerprocessor transaction mainly direct channel and through intermediate agent. Theory approach: Transaction Cost Economics offers helpful insights to understand the reason for the development and adaptations of different contractual arrangement moved by transaction cost economizing perspective. Method: empirical analysis focused on the Uruguayan beef agro-industrial system. Analysis integrates (i) institutional and organizational environmental changes on final markets and in Uruguay; identification of new opportunities and strategies in the beef system; analysis of the Uruguayan system from consumption to production. (ii) Analysis of the producer-processor transaction in relation to the contractual arrangement and the dimension of the transaction (asset specificity in the production and processing of the product being transacted, location, frequency of transaction and uncertainty). Identification of the determinants of the main contractual arrangement choice (direct and trough intermediate agent). Finally, an econometric analysis of the causal relation identified (determinants). Data sources: panel data with producers-processors transaction from Uruguayan Agricultural Bureau (77,000 transactions, 2004/05). Results: Statistical significance between the contractual arrangement choice in the beef producer-processors transaction and the determinants identified. The probability of a transaction being aligned with the direct contractual arrangement (more coordinated) increases in transactions with higher asset specificity (e.g.: young steer), lower distance between producer and processor, and with higher frequency of transaction between these agents. The direct contractual arrangement is helpful for the coordination of higher quality products. The intermediate agent presents advantages for generic products transactions (lower asset specificity) and with low frequency of transaction between the producer and processor involved. Seeking for quality involves specific investments by producers and processors and, hence, higher bilateral dependency between these agents. The beef system depends on two sets of products ?higher and lower quality- oriented to markets with different characteristics. The subsystem oriented to higher quality products involves higher coordinated arrangements. The results of this research were extended to implication for the organizations of the beef system and public policies in relation to a ?country strategy? focused on higher quality and value beef products.

<p>Background: Many companies have outsourced their IT-operations and their expectations of what this IT-outsourcing will contribute to the business are high. Cost cuts are not always a natural outcome of IT-outsourcing. Many companies that have outsourced their IT-operations consider it to be problematic and complex to exercise management control and reach cost control which was the purpose of the IT-outsourcing.</p><p> Purpose: To describe and analyze what affect IT-outsourcing has on a company’s management control system and a company’s possibility to exercise cost control. We will also make a suggestion on how a company can arrange their IT- outsourcing to facilitate management control. </p><p>Method: We have through a case study like approach interviewed IT-managers, IT- controllers and IT-maintenance personnel in five large corporations in Sweden. </p><p>Results: It’s common that a company that decides to outsource their IT- operations underestimates the difficulties that occur when the company transforms their operations from producing IT-services in house to ordering from a supplier. After a while the company often realizes that it lacks sufficient competence to order IT-services. There is also a great risk that the company becomes very dependent on its IT-supplier. For the company to reach the optimum order volume of IT-services from the IT-supplier it’s very important to create a competent procurement department for IT-services. A key factor in reaching a successful IT-outsourcing with good competence to order IT-services is to keep the architectural role within the company. Furthermore is the design of the IT-contract one of the most important tools in creating a solution for IT-outsourcing that facilitates management control. Examples of important ingredients in a good IT-contract are rules how to conduct benchmarking and how the company can put competitive pressure on the IT-supplier.</p> / <p>Bakgrund: Det är många företag somhar outsourcat sin IT-verksamhet och förhoppningarna om vad IT-outsourcing ska medföra för verksamheten är höga. Kostnadsinbesparingar och effektiviseringar är dock inte en självklar följd av IT-outsourcing. Många företag som har outsourcat sin IT-verksamhet uppfattar det som problematiskt och komplext att utöva ekonomisk styrning och uppnå den kostnadskontroll som eftersträvades när IT-verksamheten outsourcades. </p><p>Syfte: Att beskriva och analysera hur ett företags ekonomiska styrning och möjligheter till kostnadskontroll påverkas av att IT-verksamheten outsourcas. Vidare vill vi utarbeta ett förslag på hur ett beställarföretag kan konstruera sin IT-outsourcing för att underlätta utövandet av ekonomisk styrning och kostnadskontroll. </p><p>Metod: Vi har i en fallstudieliknande studie intervjuat IT-chefer, IT- controllers och förvaltningsansvariga på fem stora bolag i Sverige som har outsourcat sin IT-verksamhet. </p><p>Resultat: Det är vanligt att beställarföretaget underskattar svårigheterna med omställningen att gå från att ha varit utförare till att bli beställare och efter ett tag upptäcker att det saknas tillräcklig beställarkompetens. Risken är också stor att beställarföretaget hamnar i en mycket stark beroendeställning till sin IT-leverantör. För att beställarföretaget ska hitta den optimala volymen av IT-tjänster är det viktigt att beställarföretaget bygger upp en kompetent beställarorganisation. En nyckelfaktor för att uppnå en framgångsrik outsourcing där beställarkompetensen är god är att behålla arkitekturrollen inom företaget. Vidare är utformningen av kontraktet ett av de viktigaste verktygen för att skapa en outsourcinglösning som underlättar utövandet av ekonomisk styrning. Exempel på viktiga beståndsdelar i ett bra kontrakt är klausuler som reglerar hur benchmarking och en konkurrensutsättning ska gå till samt hur effektiviseringsvinster ska fördelas mellan parterna.</p>

The prime objective of a client in a building project is to attain a successful project, a project that has been properly planned, designed and constructed in accordance with plans and specifications, and completed within time and cost originally anticipated. However the success of a building project depends on a number of variables one of them is the way the building team approach conflicts facing the project. This study examines the causes and management approaches of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania. The main objective of the study is to identify issues/areas on which conflicts occur, factors causing them and how conflicts are managed in building projects in Tanzania. As a means to achieve the above objective, the study was structured into two main parts; the first part aimed at mapping up the nature of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania by establishing critical symptoms of conflicts, factors causing them and the approaches used in resolving the conflicts. This was done through literature review, interviews and questionnaire survey. The second part aimed at in-depth study of conflicts from their root cause, how they develop/progress and how they are managed in a real building project setting. Four case studies of building projects were studied for this part. The study found that factors causing conflicts are in several forms. There are those related to the nature of contracts, where the contracts are unclear and ambiguous they give room for contracting parties to develop opportunistic behaviour when post adjustments are needed. There are those factors which are related to role functions when the parties fail to perform as expected. As such the study confirmed that contractual incompleteness and consequent post contract adjustments and opportunistic behaviour of some project participants are root causes of conflicts in building projects in Tanzania. However, the study established that there are sufficient mechanisms to deal with conflicts in the standard forms of building contracts used and when the provisions are against the interests of the parties, the parties resort to amicable resolution approaches. Notwithstanding the availability of mechanisms in the standard forms of contracts to deal with conflicts, the study proposes the framework as a strategy that could reduce effectively the occurrences of conflicts in building projects. / QC 20110223

Background: Many companies have outsourced their IT-operations and their expectations of what this IT-outsourcing will contribute to the business are high. Cost cuts are not always a natural outcome of IT-outsourcing. Many companies that have outsourced their IT-operations consider it to be problematic and complex to exercise management control and reach cost control which was the purpose of the IT-outsourcing. Purpose: To describe and analyze what affect IT-outsourcing has on a company’s management control system and a company’s possibility to exercise cost control. We will also make a suggestion on how a company can arrange their IT- outsourcing to facilitate management control. Method: We have through a case study like approach interviewed IT-managers, IT- controllers and IT-maintenance personnel in five large corporations in Sweden. Results: It’s common that a company that decides to outsource their IT- operations underestimates the difficulties that occur when the company transforms their operations from producing IT-services in house to ordering from a supplier. After a while the company often realizes that it lacks sufficient competence to order IT-services. There is also a great risk that the company becomes very dependent on its IT-supplier. For the company to reach the optimum order volume of IT-services from the IT-supplier it’s very important to create a competent procurement department for IT-services. A key factor in reaching a successful IT-outsourcing with good competence to order IT-services is to keep the architectural role within the company. Furthermore is the design of the IT-contract one of the most important tools in creating a solution for IT-outsourcing that facilitates management control. Examples of important ingredients in a good IT-contract are rules how to conduct benchmarking and how the company can put competitive pressure on the IT-supplier. / Bakgrund: Det är många företag somhar outsourcat sin IT-verksamhet och förhoppningarna om vad IT-outsourcing ska medföra för verksamheten är höga. Kostnadsinbesparingar och effektiviseringar är dock inte en självklar följd av IT-outsourcing. Många företag som har outsourcat sin IT-verksamhet uppfattar det som problematiskt och komplext att utöva ekonomisk styrning och uppnå den kostnadskontroll som eftersträvades när IT-verksamheten outsourcades. Syfte: Att beskriva och analysera hur ett företags ekonomiska styrning och möjligheter till kostnadskontroll påverkas av att IT-verksamheten outsourcas. Vidare vill vi utarbeta ett förslag på hur ett beställarföretag kan konstruera sin IT-outsourcing för att underlätta utövandet av ekonomisk styrning och kostnadskontroll. Metod: Vi har i en fallstudieliknande studie intervjuat IT-chefer, IT- controllers och förvaltningsansvariga på fem stora bolag i Sverige som har outsourcat sin IT-verksamhet. Resultat: Det är vanligt att beställarföretaget underskattar svårigheterna med omställningen att gå från att ha varit utförare till att bli beställare och efter ett tag upptäcker att det saknas tillräcklig beställarkompetens. Risken är också stor att beställarföretaget hamnar i en mycket stark beroendeställning till sin IT-leverantör. För att beställarföretaget ska hitta den optimala volymen av IT-tjänster är det viktigt att beställarföretaget bygger upp en kompetent beställarorganisation. En nyckelfaktor för att uppnå en framgångsrik outsourcing där beställarkompetensen är god är att behålla arkitekturrollen inom företaget. Vidare är utformningen av kontraktet ett av de viktigaste verktygen för att skapa en outsourcinglösning som underlättar utövandet av ekonomisk styrning. Exempel på viktiga beståndsdelar i ett bra kontrakt är klausuler som reglerar hur benchmarking och en konkurrensutsättning ska gå till samt hur effektiviseringsvinster ska fördelas mellan parterna.

Allt fler företag har med tiden sett outsourcing som en lösning för att bli mer konkurrenskraftiga. Företag kan välja att outsourca kärnverksamheten och därmed ställs höga krav på leverantörerna och samarbetet. De frågor som uppsatsen söker svar på är: Vilken betydelse har förtroende vid outsourcing av produktutveckling? Hur uppstår förtroendet? Undersökningen avser att analysera hur förtroendet för leverantören påverkar outsourcingen av produktutveckling. Genom att diskutera förhållandet mellan förtroende och transaktionskostnader kommer dessa faktorers betydelse för samarbetet mellan kund och leverantör att presenteras. Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en förståelse för hur ett företag arbetar med förtroende mot leverantörer då kärnverksamheten utkontrakteras. Studien har genomförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie. Fem personer intervjuades, dessa innehade roller som, inköpare, outsourcing managers, patentansvarig, samt kvalitetsansvarig. Intervjuerna var semistrukturerade med öppna, strukturerade, frågor. För att analysera svaren användes en modell som föreslagits för analys av förtroende mellan parter av Greenberg et al. (2008). Enligt denna modell beror förtroende mellan parter på tre faktorer integritet, välvilja och förmåga. Alla aktiviteter som uppstår vid outsourcingen kan ses som transaktionskostnader vilka har delats in i, kontaktkostnader, kontraktkostnader och kontrollkostnader. Resultatet visar på en tydlig koppling mellan förtroende och reducerade transaktionskostnader. Förtroendet uppkommer genom kontinuitet och god kommunikation. Resultatet visar också att förtroende till en del är formaliserat och till en del icke-formaliserat. Av dessa är det formaliserade förtroendet mest betydelsefullt. Detta formaliserade förtroende var beroende av kontroll för att kunna utvecklas. Praktiskt visar studien att förtroende är en viktig faktor inom outsourcing av produktutveckling och att förtroendet uppfattas som betydelsefullt av flera typer av experter som är inblandade i outsourcing. Att studera balansen mellan formaliserat och icke-formaliserat förtroende och inom outsourcing av komplexa kärnverksamheter och denna balans betydelse för transaktionskostnader kan vara ett intressant ämne för framtida forskning. / Over time more and more companies have started to look at outsourcing as an opportunity for improved competiveness. A company may choose to outsource its core business and this will be challenging for the suppliers and for the collaboration. This thesis is trying to answer the following questions: What is the importance of trust in outsourcing of product development? How is the trust formed? The investigation intends to analyze how trust in the supplier is affecting outsourcing of product development. The relationship between trust and transaction costs is discussed as well as the effect of these factors on the collaboration with the supplier. The objective is to reach an understanding of how a company uses trust in outsourcing of core business activities. The investigation was performed as a qualitative case study. Five respondents with roles as purchaser, outsourcing manager, patent attorney and quality assurance professional, were interviewed. The interviews were semi structured with open structured questions. A model, suggested by Greenberg et al. (2008), for analysis of trust between parties was used to analyze the responses. According to this model, trust can be related to three factors: integrity, benevolence and competence and different activities can be attributed to contact costs, contract costs and control costs. The result shows a clear relationship between trust and reduced transaction costs. The trust is developed through continuity and good communication. The result also shows that the trust is partly formalized and partly non-formalized and that the formalized trust is most important of the two. The development of formalized trust is dependent on control. Practical implication of the study is that trust is important in outsourcing of product development and the importance of trust is acknowledged by different experts involved in outsourcing. The balance between formalized and non-formalized trust in outsourcing of complex core business activities and the impact of this balance on transactions costs may be an interesting topic for future studies.

Problem: The developing business market and the pressure it puts on business gives rise to new fields of business within SCM and logistics. Third party logistics (TPL) services have grown rapidly in importance as an alternative to vertical business integration. The emergence of TPL has brought about interest in the topic by academia, but recent literature reviews express a need for research on TPL relationships where both buyer and provider perspectives are viewed simultaneously, since a majority of previous research has been conducted more from a single organisational viewpoint. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how providers and buyers in TPL relationships adapt and cooperate to develop mutually beneficial and long-term relationships, as well as investigating their willingness and attitudes in this concern. Method: The thesis combines an explanatory and exploratory classification, and performs a qualitative, mono method study of viewpoints on TPL relationships from Swedish and Norwegian providers and buyers that currently are in a TPL relationship. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with four providers and three buyers. The findings are analysed and interpreted in light of a theoretical framework developed from the literature review, which in the analysis is applied in a TPL context to extend the understanding of TPL relationships. Conclusions: Willingness to adapt and cooperate in TPL relationships is connected with the parties’ perceived potential for economic gain and also with being able to trust the other party. Buyers emphasise the need for providers to have knowledge about the buyers’ business. Providers emphasise the need for buyers to be knowledgeable about their own business and for the buyer to fits their solutions. Attitudes: Both parties emphasise communication as crucial for the development of mutual benefits. Buyers adapt to providers’ standards as far as possible. Providers seem to want buyers to adapt to their solutions to gain economies of scale, and therefore appear reluctant to make relationship-specific investments. The use of contracts in the TPL context appears to contradict literature in that contracts work as a foundation for building trust, as well as for reducing opportunistic and operational risk. In practice, both providers and buyers highlight the use of integrated IT-solutions as a means of adapting to each other. Regular operational meetings are emphasised as part of the practical cooperation to develop the relationship’s future and to discuss day-to-day issues.

Groupon is a popular group-buying website offering daily deals and has experiencedfast growth. It has attracted amounts of imitators and they sprang up all over the world.We treat this phenomenon by taking Groupon as an intermediary executing coordinationbetween merchants and customers in the group-buying activities. To see the particularpractices of Groupon in operating transactional and relational coordination mechanisms,we collect diverse group-buying forms from the earliest buying club since 1860s tillnow and make comparison among various involved intermediaries. After that, five maindifferences are identified including the nature of initiator, product and service selection,pricing mechanism, frequency of deals, network and relations, which either contributesto reduction of transaction cost or maintaining the interactive relationships. Throughthese collection, comparison and analysis, we have new insights into the features ofGroupon’s group-buying coordination and accordingly implications for future electronicintermediaries.

Leading up to the time just before the economic and global meltdown of 2008, economist and theorist forecasted as early as 2005 about and impending financial crisis that would affect every sector of the business and financial community. As we discover in more dramatic detail that family firms are occupying a big percentage in small to medium size enterprises, we wondered how they would be affected by such a high degree of uncertainty and volatility in the financial markets during the economic crisis. With these factors in mind, we would like to see it in a more day–to–day, practical application within family firms. In the supply chain or procurement life-cycle, firms need to receive products and services from the supplier and the supplier will in turn offer those same services to the customer. The firm will tend to structure this tradeoff with a contractual structure to guarantee achievement of mutual benefit and economic objectives of the firm. On the other hand, family firms are famous for being distinguish from non-family firms in their non-economic objective they persuade along their businesses. Considering these two different logics that affects the decision of the firm in structuring contractual governance with the exchanging party. We ask the following questions in our purpose.

Taiwan¡¦s e-commerce market value continued to grow, the scale is about NT$ 430 billion in 2011, as compared to 2010 growing 20 percent. Which B2C e-commerce market reached NT$ 250 billion in 2011 accounted for about 6.4% of the overall retail market revenue, the scale compared to 2010 growing 22%. The relatively low entry barriers lead to a lot of companies to establish. However, each year about 60 percent of E-commerce Company out of the market in such a competitive situation. It is important that E-commerce Company must have a successful business model. Past research of value creation for e-commerce only take single theory such as transaction cost theory, Resource-Based View, Value Chain, Network Theory and Schumpeter Innovation, however, that failed to fully explain to the e-commerce company's value creation. Therefore, this study will according to five theoretical, and based on secondary data and literature for the case study company PChome, Books, and Mayuki to identify the business model of e-commerce company in Taiwan. Through this research found Taiwan¡¦s e-commerce companies are gradually expand from a small niche market to mass market, in addition, " cheap is not the most important, but to provide free activities for consumers that feeling add value. "

Summary Taiwan¡¦s petroleum market has been deregulated in the wake of the passing of the Petroleum Administration Law. The market structure should have been shifted to monopolistic competition from the monopoly and the price backed to the so-called equilibrium one. Observing its historical data, we can find the effect of the price decrease is not obvious. In this article, we try to explore the reasons for that using the interest group theory in the public choice school. Every interest group demanding regulation decides how much political resource they would provide in light of their own cost benefit analysis. On the other hand, the administration department supplying regulation will be influenced by some variables such as ideology, institutional constraint, and political variance. Finally the political equilibrium price, i.e. output of regulation, will be reached through adjusting both sides each other.