Submitted by Rafael Silva Santos (rafael.silva.sts@gmail.com) on 2018-04-19T01:03:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Rafael Silva Santos - vDeposito.pdf: 42155755 bytes, checksum: fb36b8d70ad22da512d7f23dc3a13691 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-04-19T14:25:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rs_me_sjrp.pdf: 42155755 bytes, checksum: fb36b8d70ad22da512d7f23dc3a13691 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-19T14:25:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_rs_me_sjrp.pdf: 42155755 bytes, checksum: fb36b8d70ad22da512d7f23dc3a13691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Funções de transferência (FTs) são uma parte crucial do processo de exploração volumétrica em Visualização Direta de Volumes. Nesse processo, FTs desempenham duas tarefas principais: a classificação de materiais e o mapeamento de informações presentes nos dados para propriedades visuais. A busca por uma solução que lide com ambas as tarefas envolve uma série de fatores que, em conjunto, são um dos maiores desafios de visualização volumétrica. Neste trabalho, propomos uma abordagem de exploração que tem por objetivo envolver todo escopo e simplificar tanto a definição de FTs multidimensionais quanto a manipulação de datasets. A abordagem se organiza em três componentes: uma heurística baseada em entropia e correlação que guia a seleção de atributos para formação do espaço de entrada; um método de classificação que emprega a técnica de redução de dimensionalidade FastMap e a técnica de agrupamento DBSCAN para proporcionar a descoberta semiautomática de características volumétricas; e uma interface simplificada que, atrelada ao método de classificação, produz um gráfico de dispersão 2D de características para a exploração do volume. Inicialmente, o usuário deve analisar o ranking de atributos para formar um espaço multidimensional. Depois, deve escolher parâmetros para gerar o gráfico de características. Finalmente, deve navegar por esse gráfico a fim de identificar materiais ou estruturas relevantes. Nos experimentos realizados para avaliar a abordagem, os mecanismos disponibilizados permitiram encontrar e isolar de forma efetiva características inseridas em todos os datasets investigados. Aponta-se ainda como contribuição o baixo custo computacional, na prática, a complexidade de tempo do método de classificação é de O (n log n). O tempo de execução foi inferior a 11 segundos, mesmo quando datasets formados por cerca de 10 milhões de instâncias e com mais de 10 dimensões são utilizados. / Transfer functions (TFs) are a crucial part of the volume exploration process in Direct Volume Rendering. In this process, TFs perform two main tasks: material classification and mapping of information to visual properties. The search for a solution that copes with both tasks involves a number of factors that, together, is one of the greatest challenges of volume visualization. In this work, we propose an exploration approach that aims to involve the entire scope and a simplify both the definition of multidimensional TFs and the manipulation of datasets. The approach is organized into three components: a heuristic based on entropy and correlation that guides the selection of attributes to conceive the input space; a classification method, which uses the dimensionality reduction technique FastMap and the clustering technique DBSCAN to provide a semiautomatic features finding; and a simplified interface that, linked to the previous method, provide a 2D scatter plot of features for volume exploration. Initially, the user must analyze at the ranking of attributes to form a multidimensional space. Afterwards, it must choice parameters to generate the scatter plot. Finally, it must navigate through this chart in order to reveal relevant materials and features. In the experiments performed to evaluate the approach, the available mechanisms allow to effectively find and isolate features inserted in all investigated datasets. It is also pointed out as contribution a low computational cost, in practice the time complexity of the classification method is O(n log n). The runtime was less than 11 seconds, even when datasets formed by about 10 million instances and with more than 10 dimensions are used.

No description available.

Cataract is a condition in the eye that if left untreated, could lead to blindness. One of the effective ways to treat cataract is the removal of the cataractous natural crystalline lens and implantation of an artificial lens called an intraocular lens(IOL). The designs of the IOLs have shown improvements over the years to further imitate natural human vision. A need for an objective testing and analysis tool for the latest IOLs grow with the advancements of the IOLs.In this dissertation, I present a system capable of objective test and analysis of the advanced IOLs. The system consists of-Model eye into which an IOL can be inserted to mimic conditions of the human eye.-Modulation Transfer Function measurement setup capable of through-focus test for depth of field studies and polychromatic test for study of effects of chromatization.-Use of Defocus Transfer Function to simulate depth of field characteristic of rotationally symmetric multifocal designs and extension of the function to polychromatic conditions.-Several target imaging experiments for comparison of stray light artifacts and simulation using a non-sequential ray trace package.

La compréhension de la formation du Système Solaire et de son Evolution est profondément connectée aux connaissances que nous pouvons avoir sur les structures internes des planètes. Des études sismiques in-situ sont donc cruciales pour sonder la structure (répartition et Épaisseur des couches) et la composition interne des planètes telluriques. L'instrument SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) se posera sur Mars en 2018 (mission InSight de la NASA). Il contient deux types de capteurs sismiques: les VBB (Very Broad Band) et SP (Short Period), montés sur le LVL (système de nivellement mécanique) qui a un double objectif: assurer le placement horizontal des capteurs sur le sol de Mars dans des conditions locales inconnues et fournir le couplage mécanique des sismomètres au sol. Dans cette thèse, un modèle analytique simple du LVL est développé afin de reproduire son comportement mécanique grâce au calcul de ses résonnances et de sa fonction de transfert. Ce modèle permettra d'étudier l'effet du LVL sur les données sismiques des VBB et SP enregistrées sur Mars. Celui-ci est d'abord implémenté numériquement puis sa validation est garantie grâce ˆ l'observation de grandes similitudes entre nos résultats et ceux des expériences réalisées en laboratoire avec le modèle de vol. Ces comparaisons prouvent ainsi la fidélité du modèle ˆ la réalité. Après quelques simulations, on remarque également une influence importante du couplage mécanique entre les pieds du LVL et le sol dans les résonnances trouvées. Une étude d'inversion est alors réalisée afin d'observer si le modèle pourrait permettre d'estimer les propriétés du sol au niveau du site d'atterrissage InSight. Un autre travail consiste ˆ modéliser les 6 capteurs VBB et SP sur le LVL et observer la réponse de l'instrument global en translation et en rotation. En effet, des effets de rotation du LVL ˆ courte période peuvent perturber les mesures sismiques. Cette étude peut aussi permettre d'estimer les performances en rotation de SEIS, qui peut être une information clé pour déterminer la vitesse de phase des ondes sismiques de surface, fortement dépendante de la composition du sol. Cette vitesse sera calculée sur Mars en réalisant une expérience sismique active grâce ˆ l'autre instrument principal d'InSight: HP3. Aujourd'hui, de nouveaux projets sont étudiés pour un retour sismique sur la Lune. En effet, les sismomètres Apollo bien qu'ayant une bonne résolution en terme de déplacement du sol étaient cependant incapables de détecter le bruit sismique du sol lunaire, appelé "meteoritic hum". Ce bruit, du aux chutes continues de micrométéorites, a une amplitude estimée ˆ 1/100e de la résolution des sismomètres Apollo ˆ une certaine fréquence. Les phases sismiques du noyau, même si estimées grâce au "stacking" des données, n'ont pas non plus été directement enregistrées. Une nouvelle génération de sismomètres, 100 ˆ 1000 fois plus sensibles que ceux d'Apollo, est donc désirée pour atteindre le plancher du bruit sismique lunaire. Cette sensibilité pourrait permettre de tirer bénéfice de l'intégralité des ondes sismiques générées par l'activité sismique lunaire. La structure d'un tel sismomètre serait un capteur de déplacement, toujours lié ˆ une masse d'épreuve, mais présentant de grosses améliorations en termes de performance, linéarité, et niveau de bruit. Pendant cette thèse, un prototype de système de lecture optique du déplacement de la future masse d'épreuve de ce sismomètre lunaire ultra-sensible est développé, basé sur l'utilisation de la technologie des détecteurs d'ondes gravitationnelles. En effet, ceux-ci sont une référence en termes de mesures interférométriques ˆ basse fréquence et très bas niveau de bruit. Le prototype construit est ainsi basé sur la technique de stabilisation laser appelée "Pound-Drever-Hall". / The understanding of the Solar System formation and its evolution is deeply connected to the knowledge on the planet interior structures. In situ studies with seismometers are therefore crucial to probe the internal structure (distribution and thickness of layers) and composition of the telluric planets. Indeed, SEIS (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) will land on Mars in 2018 (NASA InSight mission). Both types of sensors of the SEIS instrument, the VBB (Very Broad Band) and SP (Short Period), are mounted on the LVL (a mechanical levelling system) for which the purpose is twofold: ensure a level placement of the sensors on the Martian ground under yet unknown local conditions and provide the mechanical coupling of the seismometers to the ground. In this thesis, we developed a simplified analytical model of the LVL structure in order to reproduce its mechanical behaviour by predicting its resonances and transfer function. This model will allow to estimate the LVL effect on the VBB and SP data recorded on Mars. It is first implemented numerically and its validation is then guaranteed thanks to the observation of a lot of similarities between our results and those of the laboratory experiments with the LVL flight model. These comparisons prove the model fidelity with reality. After some simulations, we noticed a clear influence of the mechanical coupling between the LVL feet and the ground in the resonances found. For this reason, an inversion study has been realized in order to study if this model could allow to estimate the ground properties of the InSight site. Another work consists in modeling the 3 VBB sensors and the 3 SP sensors on the LVL and to observe the response of the global SEIS instrument in translation and rotation. Indeed, some rotation effects at short period can disturb the seismic measurements. This study can also allows to estimate the performances of SEIS, especially in rotation that can be one important information to recover the phase velocity of the surface seismic waves, highly dependent of the ground composition. This can be realized on Mars with an active seismic experiment thanks to the other main instrument of InSight mission: HP3. Today, new projects are also considered for a seismic return on the Moon. Indeed, the Apollo seismometers had a good resolution in ground displacement but were however unable to detect the Lunar ground seismic noise, named "meteoritic hum". This noise is possibly due to the continuous fall of micro-meteorites and its amplitude has been estimated to be about 1/100 of the resolution of the Apollo sensors at a certain frequency. Core seismic phases, although detected through stacking, have not also been individually recorded. A new generation of broadband seismometers, 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than the Apollo ones are therefore requested in order to reach the lunar seismic noise floor. This sensitivity will allow to take benefit of all the seismic waves generated by the Moon seismic activity. The core of such seismometer will be the proof mass displacement sensors, with extreme improvement in performances, linearity and noise level. During this thesis, we developed an optical readout prototype, based on the use of gravitational waves detectorsÕ technology which is the reference in term of interferometric measurements at low frequency and very low noise levels. This prototype is based on the "Pound-Drever-Hall" laser frequency stabilization technique. The objective is to improve the sensitivity by 2 orders of magnitude compared to the current seismometers performances

No description available.

Noise shaping is one of the distinguishing characteristics of the sigma-delta modulation technique that separates it from other types of pulse-width modulation schemes. In sigma-delta modulation, unwanted noise and harmonics caused by quantization are intentionally pushed toward the high-frequency band in order to achieve high resolution data conversion within the signal bandwidth. Due to its robust, high in-band linearity, the sigma-delta modulation technique finds numerous applications in industry. Generally speaking, as the order of a sigma-delta modulator increases, the modulator performance becomes better, which unfortunately comes along with a decrease in the modulator¡¦s stable input range. This thesis presents a novel adaptive law which is capable of on-line tuning the loop filter of a sigma-delta modulator and reducing the out of band gain of the resulting noise transfer function when the modulator input is large, thereby widening the stable input range of the modulator without significant sacrifice of the performance. The simulation and experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive sigma-delta modulator.

A method using a phase mask to extend the depth of field for an incoherent lens system is presented. This phase mask is designed to generate a point spread function in which the intensity distribution is invariant to misfocus. Thus, image could be retrieved by de-convoluting the misfocused one. Its application to 3D profile sensing using point white light illumination is presented as well. A fringe pattern is projected onto the inspected surface using the point white light source. Fringe distribution is then observed by a CCD camera through the presented phase mask at a different viewpoint. Phase can be extracted by the Fourier transform method or the phase-shifting technique. With triangulation methods or proper calibration approaches, depth information can be identified from the phase of the fringes. The phase mask enlarges the depth of field of the image acquisition system, while the point white light illumination increases the depth of focus of the fringe projection system. Thus, a highly accurate, non-scanning projected fringe profilometer with large depth measuring range can be realized.

LLean premixed combustion systems, attractive for low NOx performance, are inherently susceptible to thermo-acoustic instabilities - the interaction between unsteady heat release and excited acoustic wave effects. In the present work, a hybrid, coupled Large Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD approach is described, combining the computational efficiency of incompressible reacting LES with acoustic wave effects captured via an acoustic network model. A flamelet approach with an algebraic Flame Surface Density (FSD) combustion model was used. The ORACLES experiments - a perfectly premixed flame stabilised in a 3D sudden expansion - are used for validation. Simulations of the inert flow agree very well with experimental data, reproducing the measured amplitude and distribution of turbulent fluctuations as well as capturing the asymmetric mean flow. With reaction the measured data exhibit a plane wave acoustic mode at 50Hz. The influence of this plane wave must be incorporated into the LES calculation. Thus, a new approach to sensitise the incompressible LES CFD to acoustic waves is adopted. First an acoustic network model of the experimental geometry is analysed to predict the amplitude of the 50Hz mode just before the flame zone. This is then used to introduce a coherent plane wave at the LES inlet plane at the appropriate amplitude, unlike previous LES studies, which have adopted a "guess and adjust" approach. Incompressible LES predictions of this forced flow then show good agreement with measurements of mean and turbulent velocity, as well as for flame shape, with a considerable improvement relative to unforced simulations. To capitalise on the unsteady flame dynamics provided by LES, simulations with varying forcing amplitude were conducted and analysed. Amplitude dependent Flame Transfer Functions (FTFs) were extracted and fed into an acoustic network model. This allowed prediction of the stable/unstable nature of the flame at each forcing amplitude. An amplitude at which the flame changed from unstable to stable would be an indication that this coupled approach was capable of predicting a limit cycle behaviour. With the current simple FSD combustion model almost all cases studied showed a stable flame. Predictions showed considerable sensitivity to the value chosen for the combustion model parameter but specially to the acoustic geometric configuration and boundary conditions assumed showing evidence of limit cycle behaviour for some combinations. Nevertheless, further work is required to improve both combustion model and the accuracy of acoustic configuration and boundary condition specification.

Aspherical optics are increasingly used these days. The application of aspherical surfaces on large, astronomical telescope mirrors brings challenge to the fabrication. Since the surface radius of curvature varies across the surface, the grinding/polishing tool needs to change its shape when working on different parts of the surface, making surface error more easily embedded into the surface. Therefore, a tighter test-fab loop is needed to guide the fabrication process. To maximize the accuracy during the grinding of the surface and to minimize the working time in the polishing stage, a better metrology device that can measure rough surface is needed to guide the grinding process. Scanning long-wave optical test system (SLOTS) is designed to meet this demand by providing accurate, fast, large dynamic range, and high spatial resolution measurements on rough optical surfaces (surface rms roughness<1.7 µm).SLOTS is a slope measuring deflectometry system that works like a reversed wire test. It measures the reflection of the infrared light off the test surface, and calculates the local slope of the test surface. The surface sag/height is obtained through integration. During the test, a heated metal ribbon radiates long-wave infrared light that is reflected by the test surface. A thermal imaging camera records the reflected light. The ribbon is scanned in two orthogonal directions. From the variation of the irradiance recorded by the camera, slope maps of the test surface can be retrieved in the two orthogonal directions. SLOTS is a combination of tradition slope measurement and modern technology, processing advantages from both parts. It measures surface slope, so there is no need for null optics. It uses an uncooled thermal imaging camera that is made with high resolution and high sensitivity. The linear stage used to scan the hot ribbon has long travel, small resolution, and high accuracy. Both the camera and stage enable SLOTS a large dynamic range and high sensitivity. SLOTS has successfully guided the grinding process of the primary mirror of Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope. This mirror is a 4-meter diameter off-axis parabola (OAP). Its largest aspherical departure is 8 mm. SLOTS is able to measure it without any null optics. Under the guidance of SLOTS, the surface shape was controlled to be 1 µm rms within designed shape (with astigmatism removed) at 0.7 µm rms surface roughness (12 µm loose abrasive grits).

Altered cerebral hemodynamics contributes to mechanisms of unexplained syncope. Wecompared dynamic interaction between respiration and cerebral autoregulation in two groups ofsubjects from 28 healthy adults. Based on development of tilt-induced presyncope, subjects wereclassified as Non-Presyncopals (n=23) and Presyncopals (n=5). Airflow, CO2, Doppler cerebralblood flow velocity (CBF), ECG and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. To determine whetherinfluences of mean BP (MBP) and systolic BP (SBP) on CBF were altered in Presyncopals, thecoherencies and transfer functions between these variables and mean and peak CBF (CBFm andCBFp) were estimated. To determine influence of end-tidal CO2 (ETCO2) on CBF, relative CO2reactivity was calculated. The two primary findings were, during tilt in Presyncopals: (1) Inrespiratory frequency region, coherence between SBP and CBFp (p=0.02) and transfer functiongain between BP and CBFm was higher (MBP, p=0.01, and SBP, p=0.01) than in Non-Presyncopals. (2) In the last 3 minutes prior to presyncope, Presyncopals had a reduced relativeCO2 reactivity (p=0.005). Thus the relationship of CBF with systemic BP was more pronouncedor cerebral autoregulation was less effective preceding presyncope. This decreasedautoregulation, secondary to decreased ETCO2, may contribute in the cascade of events leadingto unexplained syncope.