Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The main objective of this work is to better quantify lunar surface minerals (agglutinate, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, ilmenite, and volcanic glass), particle sizes and the abundance of SMFe from the lunar soil characterization consortium (LSCC) dataset with our improved model based on Hapke's radiative transfer theory. The model is implemented for both forward and inverse modeling. Hapke's radiative transfer theory is implemented in the inverse model means Newton's method and least squares are jointly used to solve nonlinear questions rather than commonly used look-up Table (LUT). Although the effects of temperature and surface topography are incorporated into the implementation to improve the model performance for application of lunar spacecraft data, these effects cannot be extensively addressed in the current work because of the use of lab measured reflectance data. Our forward radiative transfer model (RTM) results show that the correlation coefficients between modeled and measured spectra are over 0.99. For the inverse model, the distribution of the calculated particle sizes is all within their measured range. The range of modeled SMFe for highland samples is 0.01% - 0.5 % and for mare samples is 0.03% - 1 %. The linear trend between SMFe and ferromagnetic resonance (Is) for all the LSCC samples is consistent with laboratory measurements. For quantifying lunar mineral abundances, the results show that the R-squared for the training samples (Is/FeO <= 65) are over 0.65 with plagioclase having highest correlation (0.94) and pyroxene the lowest (0.68). In the future work, the model needs to be improved for handling more mature lunar soil samples.

The impact parameter (IP) approximation is a semiclassical model in quantum scattering theory wherein N large masses interact with one small mass. We study this model in one spatial dimension using the tools of time-dependent scattering theory, considering a system of two large-mass particles and one small-mass particle. We demonstrate that the model's predictive power becomes arbitrarily good as the masses of the two heavy particles are made larger by studying the S-matrix for a particular scattering channel. We also show that the IP wave functions can be made arbitrarily close to the full three-body solution, uniformly in time, provided one of the large masses is fixed in place, and that such a result probably will not hold if we allow all the masses to move. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Die Residualzirkulation entspricht der mittleren Massenzirkulation und beschreibt die im zonalen Mittel stattfindenden meridionalen Transportprozesse. Die Variationen der Residualzirkulation bestimmen gemeinsam mit dem anthropogen verursachten Ozonabbau die jährlichen Schwankungen der Ozongesamtsäule im arktischen Frühling. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Geschwindigkeit des arktischen Astes der Residualzirkulation aus atmosphärischen Daten gewonnen. Zu diesem Zweck wird das diabatische Absinken im Polarwirbel mit Hilfe von Trajektorienrechnungen bestimmt. Die vertikalen Bewegungen der Luftpakete können mit vertikalen Windfeldern oder entsprechend einem neuen Ansatz mit diabatischen Heizraten angetrieben werden. Die Eingabedaten stammen aus dem 45 Jahre langen Reanalyse-Datensatz des "European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast" (ECMWF). Außerdem kann für die Jahre ab 1984 die operationelle ECMWF-Analyse verwendet werden. Die Qualität und Robustheit der Heizraten- und Trajektorienrechnungen werden durch Sensitivitätsstudien und Vergleiche mit anderen Modellen untermauert. Anschließend werden umfangreiche Trajektorienensemble statistisch ausgewertet, um ein detailliertes, zeit- und höhenaufgelöstes Bild des diabatischen Absinkens zu ermitteln. In diesem Zusammenhang werden zwei Methoden entwickelt, um das Absinken gemittelt im Polarwirbel oder als Funktion der äquivalenten Breite zu bestimmen. Es wird gezeigt, dass es notwendig ist den Lagrangeschen auf Trajektorienrechnungen basierenden Ansatz zu verfolgen, da die einfachen Eulerschen Mittel Abweichungen zu den Lagrangeschen Vertikalgeschwindigkeiten aufweisen. Das wirbelgemittelte Absinken wird für einzelne Winter mit dem beobachteten Absinken langlebiger Spurengase und anderen Modellstudien verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass das Absinken basierend auf den vertikalen Windfeldern der ECMWF-Datensätze den Nettoluftmassentransport durch die Residualzirkulation sehr stark überschätzt. Der neue Ansatz basierend auf den Heizraten ergibt hingegen realistische Ergebnisse und wird aus diesem Grund für alle Rechnungen verwendet. Es wird erstmalig eine Klimatologie des diabatischen Absinkens über einen fast fünf Jahrzehnte umfassenden Zeitraum erstellt. Die Klimatologie beinhaltet das vertikal und zeitlich aufgelöste diabatische Absinken gemittelt über den gesamten Polarwirbel und Informationen über die räumliche Struktur des vertikalen Absinkens. Die natürliche Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilität des diabatischen Absinkens ist sehr stark ausgeprägt. Es wird gezeigt, dass zwischen der ECMWF-Zeitreihe des diabatischen Absinkens und der Zeitreihe aus einem unabhängig analysierten Temperaturdatensatz hohe Korrelationen bestehen. Erstmals wird der Einfluss von Transportprozessen auf die Ozongesamtsäule im arktischen Frühling direkt quantifiziert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilität der Ozongesamtsäule im arktischen Frühling zu gleichen Anteilen durch die Variabilität der dynamischen Komponente und durch die Variabilität der chemischen Komponente beeinflusst wird. Die gefundenen Variabilitäten von diabatischem Absinken und Ozoneintrag in hohen Breiten werden mit der vertikalen Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen aus der Troposphäre in die Stratosphäre in Beziehung gesetzt. / Due to the variability of tropospheric wave activity, the strength of the residual circulation has a distinct seasonal cycle and significant year-to-year variability. The variability of the residual circulation causes interannual variations of the polar ozone layer in late winter and spring. A reverse domain filling trajectory model based on atmospheric data sets is used to calculate the strength and spatial structure of the polar branch of the residual circulation. The atmospheric data sets (ERA-40 and ECMWF Analysis) emerge from a combined analysis of Reanalysis data and a weather forecast model and are available for a time period of 47 years starting from September 1957. Two different approaches are used in the trajectory routine to calculate the vertical movement of air. The first approach is based on the vertical velocity given by "European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast" (ECMWF), a quantity that is derived from the divergence of the horizontal winds and that tends to be noisy. In the second approach a radiation transfer model is used to calculate the diabatic heating rates from the divergence of the net radiation flux. The derived descent from both methods is compared with measured tracer distributions from satellite data and Arctic field campaigns. The comparison shows that the second approach results in a much more realistic vertical transport. The method based on the diabatic heating rates is used to compile a climatology of the diabatic descent, averaged within the polar vortex for the Arctic winters 1957/58-2003/04. Furthermore, the climatology contains information regarding the spatial structure of the diabatic descent. The influence of the diabatic descent in the Arctic polar vortex on the total ozone column is calculated for the recent winters since 1990. It is shown that the interannual variability of the Arctic total ozone column is in equal shares caused by dynamical transport processes and by chemical ozone depletion.

Malgré une longue histoire de développement, l'hémodialyse (rein artificiel) possède encore quelques limitations, telles que la perte des propriétés initiales de la membrane en cours de traitement à cause du colmatage et la mauvaise élimination des toxines urémiques de taille moyenne. La présente étude fait partie d'un projet européen nommé BioArt dont le but est d'apporter des solutions à ces limites. Dans cet objectif, l'un des partenaires du projet a proposé le développement d'un nouveau concept de membrane double couche au sein de laquelle sont incorporées des particules adsorbantes. Une caractérisation complète de cette nouvelle membrane était alors nécessaire, plus précisément l'impact de la matrice mixte sur l'élimination des toxines urémiques de divers groupes devait être évalué, ainsi que la propension du matériau membranaire à se colmater. Les études des phénomènes de colmatage sont classiquement menées à l'échelle macroscopique (faisceau de fibres creuses) sans analyse à l'échelle d'une fibre isolée. Le but premier de la présente thèse a alors été de proposer un dispositif permettant une étude du colmatage membranaire induit par la protéine à l'échelle microscopique. Un dispositif microfluidique transparent dans lequel la membrane polymère est insérée a été élaboré et mis en œuvre pour la filtration des protéines modèles : l'albumine de sérum bovin (BSA) et l'a-lactalbumine. Grâce au couplage avec la microscopie de fluorescence, différents modes d'adsorption des protéines sur la surface de la membrane ont été observés et liés aux variations des conditions hydrodynamiques à l'intérieur de la puce. Il a été constaté, sous certaines conditions, une différence dans l'accumulation de protéines entre l'entrée, le centre et la sortie du canal tandis que dans d'autres conditions cet effet s'annule. En outre, un phénomène inattendu, l'agrégation de l'a-lactalbumine, a été observé au cours de la filtration. La localisation dans le canal et la forme des agrégats dépendent également des conditions hydrodynamiques et de la pression transmembranaire appliquée. Dans le but d'optimiser la conception de la membrane vis à vis de son aptitude à éliminer des molécules de taille moyenne de la circulation sanguine, un modèle mathématique a été proposé. L'objectif du modèle était, en prenant en compte la présence de particules adsorbantes à l'intérieur de la membrane double couche, de rendre compte de la combinaison des trois mécanismes d'élimination du soluté : la convection, la diffusion et l'adsorption. Le modèle permet de prédire l'influence de divers paramètres tels que la diffusivité de la molécule, l'épaisseur de la membrane, la présence de la convection, la charge en particules adsorbantes, sur l'intensification des flux à travers la membrane. Le modèle semble être un outil utile pouvant être appliqué à l'optimisation de membranes pour l'élimination des toxines. / Despite a long history of development, the hemodialysis procedure (artificial kidney) still possesses some limitations, such as loss of the initial properties of the membrane due to fouling and poor removal of the middle sized uremic toxins. The present study is part of an European project named BioArt the aim of which was to overcome these limitations. In that objective, one of the partners of BioArt project reported on the development of the novel promising concept of double layer membrane with embedded adsorptive particles. A thorough characterization of the new membrane was then necessary, more precisely the extent to which mixed matrix layer can improve the removal of the uremic toxins from various groups needed to be evaluated, as well as the propensity of the membrane material to become fouled. The studies of the fouling phenomena are conventionally performed at the macro scale (bundle of hollow fibers) without insights of what is happening at the scale of an isolated fiber. Therefore, the primary aim of the present Thesis was to transfer the research of the protein-induced membrane fouling from the macro to the micro scale. A novel transparent microfluidics device with the polymeric membrane inside has been developed and applied for the filtration of model proteins: bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a-lactalbumin. Thanks to the coupling of the microchip with the fluorescent microscopy, different patterns of protein deposition on the membrane surface were observed and related to the variations in the hydrodynamic conditions inside the microchip. It was found that at certain conditions one may observe the difference in protein accumulation in the inlet, the middle, and the outlet of the channel while at other conditions this effect vanishes. Additionally, the unexpected phenomena of a-lactalbumin aggregation was observed over the course of filtration. The location and shape of the aggregates were also dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions and the applied transmembrane pressure. Aiming to address the problem of membrane design optimization for the enhancement of the middle molecules elimination from the bloodstream, a mathematical model, which accounts for the presence of adsorptive particles inside the complex double-layer membrane, has been proposed. The objective of the model was to understand the interplay of three solute removal mechanisms: convection, diffusion, and adsorption. The model allows predicting the influence of various parameters such as molecule diffusivity, membrane thickness, the presence of convection, content of adsorptive particles on the flux intensification across the membrane. The developed model seems to be a useful tool, which may be applied to design optimized membranes for the removal of toxins.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6831.pdf: 1954754 bytes, checksum: eede2cf4da25c4f99b932a80fa9dde89 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-20 / This paper presents a model which aims to stimulate the creation of academic spin-offs by Brazilian Scientific and Technological Institutions (STI), based on experiences of the University of Georgia, University of California, Polytechnic University of Valencia and University of Porto - institutions with high rates of business creation and environment articulate entrepreneur. This model consists of a set of actions or activities that aim to strengthen the entrepreneurial ecosystem. The research that led to the model took place in six stages: Characterization of North American Universities (Phase I); Ecosystem Analysis Entrepreneurs (Phase II); Research (Phase III); Development Model to Business Creation (Stage IV); Model Validation by Expert Panel (Stage V) and Settings (Stage VI). The first version of the model was based on the Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project, stimulus bill entrepreneurship, developed by Daniel Isenberg. The project unfolded in a model that shows that an environment to encourage entrepreneurship is not made up of only one element, but by a group of structures that working together strengthen this ecosystem. The initial model constructed by this research we used the six elements specified by Isenberg, namely: policies, financial resources, culture, supporting institutions, human capital and markets. The first version of the created model was then validated by the Expert Panel for Technical. The second version of the model, now validated - Model for Spin-offs Creation of Academic Based on Ecosystem Entrepreneurs - consists of three basic elements: the institutional arrangements, policies and entrepreneurial culture. The institutional arrangements are formed by agencies that facilitate technology development, the Technology Transfer Office (TTO), the Center for Entrepreneurship (CE), the Business School (BS), the Incubators and Science Parks (I / SP), the Junior Enterprise (EJ) and Entrepreneurs Network (RE). In addition to the institutional arrangements, the model is composed of other permeable layers, which are the policies that regulate the actions in this ecosystem and the entrepreneurial culture that disseminates the concept within the institution. Permeable layers are justified because they represent a border that information, knowledge and financial resources circulate between these elements that make up the entrepreneurial ecosystem and the external environment. And in that ecosystem also move new ventures. The model provides guidance in three of STI ripening stages: initial, intermediate and mature. The first STI fits into one of these stages and then uses the appropriate guidance to its stage. / Este trabalho apresenta um modelo que visa estimular a criação de spin-offs acadêmicas por Instituições Científicas e Tecnológicas (ICTs) brasileiras, fundamentado em experiências das Universidades da Geórgia, da Califórnia, Politécnica de Valência e do Porto - instituições com altas taxas de criação desse tipo de empresa e com ambiente empreendedor bem articulado. Este modelo é constituído por um conjunto de ações ou atividades que objetivam fortalecer o ecossistema empreendedor. A pesquisa que deu origem ao modelo ocorreu em seis etapas: Caracterização das Universidades Norte-Americanas (Etapa I); Análise de Ecossistemas Empreendedores (Etapa II); Pesquisa de Campo (Etapa III); Desenvolvimento do Modelo de Estímulo à Criação de Empresas (Etapa IV); Validação do Modelo por Painel de Especialistas (Etapa V) e Ajustes/Redefinição do Modelo (Etapa VI). A primeira versão do modelo baseouse no Babson Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Project, projeto de estímulo ao empreendedorismo, desenvolvido por Daniel Isenberg. O projeto desdobrou-se em um modelo que revela que um ambiente para fomentar o empreendedorismo não é formado por apenas um elemento, mas por um grupo de estruturas que trabalhando em conjunto fortalecem esse ecossistema. O modelo inicial construído por essa pesquisa utilizou-se dos seis elementos especificados por Isenberg, que são: políticas, recursos financeiros, cultura, instituições de apoio, capital humano e mercados. A primeira versão do modelo criado foi então validado pela Técnica de Painel de Especialistas. A segunda versão do modelo, agora validado - Modelo de Estímulo para a Criação de Spin-offs Acadêmicas Baseado em Ecossistemas Empreendedores - é composto por três elementos-base: os arranjos institucionais, as políticas e a cultura empreendedora. Os arranjos institucionais são formados por órgãos que facilitam o desenvolvimento tecnológico, o Escritório de Transferência de Tecnologia (ETT), o Centro de Empreendedorismo (CE), a Escola de Negócios (EN), as Incubadoras e Parques Tecnológicos (I/P), as Empresas Juniores (EJ) e a Rede de Empreendedores (RE). Além dos arranjos institucionais, o modelo é composto por outras camadas permeáveis, que são as políticas, que normatizam as ações nesse ecossistema e a cultura empreendedora que dissemina o conceito dentro da instituição. As camadas permeáveis justificam-se porque representam um contorno em que informações, conhecimentos e recursos financeiros circulam entre esses elementos que compõem o ecossistema empreendedor e o ambiente externo. E nesse ecossistema também movem-se novos empreendimentos. O modelo oferece orientações em três estágios de amadurecimento da ICT: inicial, intermediário e maduro. A ICT primeiro se encaixa em um desses estágios e em seguida utiliza as orientações adequadas à sua fase.

This master thesis will discuss elements of using celebrity in marketing communication. Theory will cover basic communication process, Elaboration Likelihood Model, and meaning transfer model but main focus will be in discussing various celebrity selection theories, identifying different risks involved in using celebrities in marketing communication and investigating ways how to utilize celebrities to enhance the communication. Several examples are included to provide connection to real life use of celebrities.

This thesis deals with the construction proposal of the combustion chamber of Stirling engine. The introduction briefly describes the history and practical application of Stirlinova engine today. The following section explains the differences between theoretical and real cycle and the principle of beta Stirling engine modifications. The next section is devoted to the calculation of fuel and air consumption and fuel compared to each other. The proposed design is based not only on the calculation of fuel and air, but also heat transfer between flue gas and preheated air. The last part is devoted to calculating the flow of LPG and flow model of the combustion chamber.

Hlavním cílem práce bylo zlepšení kvantitativních odhadů vegetačních parametrů smrkových porostů pomocí spektrálních simulací trojrozměrného modelu přenosu záření. Prvně bylo potřeba vytvořit přesný 3D model smrku. Implementace přesného 3D modelu smrku pro parametrizaci celých lesních porostů je v současné době výpočetně nemožné, bylo tedy nutné tento 3D model smrku zjednodušit. Přesný 3D model smrku společně s dostupnými leteckými daty sloužil pro nalezení optimálního zjednodušení. Optimální model vedl ke kompromisu mezi výpočetní náročností a přesností výsledné odrazivosti z modelu přenosu záření. Následně byl optimální model smrku využit pro odhady vegetačních parametrů ze satelitních snímků. Přesnost odhadů byla ověřena oproti pozemním měřením odhadovaných parametrů. Na závěr byly porovnány výsledky z odhadů vegetačních parametrů pomocí optimálního 3D modelu smrku s výsledky z tradičního přístupu pomocí modelů stromu s geometricky jednodušími tvary korun.

This study aims to investigate opportunities to make commercial buildings in Pretoria, South Africa, more energy efficient, which is made by examining prerequisites in South Africa. To achieve this objective, barriers and measures to decrease cooling demand are investigated by a qualitative approach and a roof heat transfer model is developed to get a deeper understanding of the ceiling temperature distribution. The heat transfer model is simulated in MATLAB and is further validated by conducting a two-case scenario sensitivity analysis and by comparing the results to previous research. The results show that there is a great correlation between the Global Horizontal Irradiance [GHI] and the interior ceiling temperature and a higher GHI contributes to a higher ceiling temperature. The hot climate and the long summer period in South Africa indicate that there is a great demand for cooling during a year. Regarding barriers, the socioeconomic aspects in the country and the low electricity prices may contribute to less willingness to adapt to an environmentally friendly behaviour. As some technologies are still perceived as expensive, this may also provide a lower willingness to make changes regarding choices that contribute to a lower cooling demand and thus, energy consumption. Finally, it is concluded that there are several measures that can be applied to decrease the cooling demand, such as constructional changes or enhancement of the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning [HVAC] operation.