Basée sur une analyse contrastive, cette thèse aborde la structure verbale en français et en russe. Son objectif est d’établir un regard réflexif sur les deux langues dans le but de déterminer la différence et la ressemblance dans leur construction verbale. Explorant la question des verbes de structure différente des langues concernées, elle tente également de trouver les difficultés provoquées par cette différence à l’apprentissage. Ainsi, dans cette recherche, on parle des verbes problématiques sous un angle aussi didactique que linguistique. Composé de trois chapitres, ce travail étudie dans un premier temps le statut transitif/intransitif des verbes dans les deux langues en traitant l’approche traditionnelle et moderne et met en place une étude contrastive par rapport à la question de valence. On explore la construction verbale avec complément dans le deuxième chapitre de la recherche. Dans cette partie, l’analyse parallèle des verbes est effectuée afin de repérer leur fonctionnement selon les moyens grammaticaux de chaque langue. Et finalement, la comparaison de chaque verbe considéré problématique à l’apprentissage des deux langues suivie de tableaux fait partie du dernier chapitre. La production des tests préliminaires effectués auprès des apprenants russophones constitue également cette partie pour mieux comprendre la difficulté de ces derniers lors de la communication. / Based on a contrastive analysis, this thesis deals with the verbal structure in French and Russian. Its objective is to establish a reflexive look at the two languages in order to determine the difference and the similarity in their verbal construction. Exploring the question of the verbs of different structure, it also tries to find the difficulties caused by this difference in learning. Thus, in this research, problematic verbs are spoken of in a didactic as well as linguistic angle. This work, composed of three chapters, speaks first of all about the transitive/intransitive status of verbs in both languages by treating the traditional and modern approach and sets up a contrastive study in relation to the valence question. Verbal construction is explored with complement in the second chapter of the research. In this part, the parallel analysis of the verbs is performed in order to identify their functioning according to the grammatical means of each language. And finally, the comparison of each verb considered problematical to the learning in both languages followed by tables took the part of the last chapter. The production of preliminary tests with Russian-speaking learners is also part of this work in order to better understand the difficulties of the latter during the communication.

This thesis examines the method of forcing in set theory and focuses on aspects that are set aside in the usual presentations or applications of forcing. It is shown that forcing can be formalized in Peano arithmetic (PA) and that consis- tency results obtained by forcing are provable in PA. Two ways are presented of overcoming the assumption of the existence of a countable transitive model. The thesis also studies forcing as a method giving rise to interpretations between theories. A notion of bi-interpretability is defined and a method of forcing over a non-standard model of ZFC is developed in order to argue that ZFC and ZF are not bi-interpretable. 1

Esta dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa que investigou o comportamento linguístico de crianças falantes nativas de português brasileiro com relação a sentenças absolutas, que consistem em uma alternância na valência de verbos transitivos encontrada especificamente no PB, tal como Eu aperto esse botão [do videogame] e, olha lá, a bola chutou. Segundo Negrão & Viotti (2010), nas absolutas o argumento que representaria a energia responsável pela causa do evento não está presente e nem chega a ser conceitualizado. Não há, portanto, a presença de uma força indutora (Negrão & Viotti, 2010). Desenvolvemos dois experimentos: um de tarefa de produção eliciada e outro de julgamento de aceitabilidade. Nossas previsões são: (a) as absolutas serão mais produzidas com a ausência da força indutora, que seria o argumento agente; (b) alguns verbos proporcionarão mais a produção de absolutas que outros, por estarem mais propensos à supressão da força indutora; e (c) crianças produzirão mais absolutas do que passivas visto que as absolutas são menos complexas estruturalmente. As condições testadas foram: presença/ausência de um agente e tipo de verbo (mais ou menos propenso à supressão do agente). Os resultados sugerem que ambas as condições influenciaram nas respostas dos participantes, de modo que os contextos sem agente e os contextos com verbos mais propensos à supressão do agente se mostraram mais propícios às sentenças absolutas. Por fim, as crianças mais novas testadas produziram mais absolutas do que passivas, o que indica que a absoluta, por ser menos complexa, é uma estrutura mais acessível às crianças. / This dissertation is the result of a research that has investigated the linguistic behavior of Brazilian Portuguese speaking children in relation to absolutive sentences, which consist of a verb valency alternation found specifically in BP, such as Eu aperto esse botão [do videogame] e, olha lá, a bola chutou (I press this button [in the videogame] and, look, the ball kicked [in the sense that the ball was kicked]). According to Negrão & Viotti (2010), in the absolutive constructions, the argument that would represent the energy responsible for the cause of the event is not present. Actually, it is not even conceptualized. Therefore, there is no driving force (Negrão & Viotti, 2010). We developed two experiments: an elicited production task and an acceptability judgment task. Our predictions are: (a) the absolutive sentences will be produced more often in contexts without a driving force, which would be, in this case, the agent; (b) more absolutive sentences will be produced with some verbs than others, because they are more likely to suppress the driving force; and (c) children will produce more absolutive constructions than passives since the absolutive construction is structurally simpler. The tested conditions were: presence/absence of an agent and verb type (more or less likely to suppress the agent). The results suggest that both conditions influenced participants answers, so that the contexts without an agent and the contexts with verbs more likely to suppress the agent were more supportive environments for the absolutive constructions. Finally, the younger children we tested produced more absolutive constructions than passives, which indicates that, as a less complex structure, the absolutive is more accessible to children.

Cette thèse est composée de deux parties : l’une traite des propriétés combinatoires de mots infinis et l’autre des problèmes de colorations des graphes.La première partie du manuscrit concerne les structures régulières dans les mots apériodiques infinis, à savoir les sous-séquences arithmétiques et les premiers retours complets.Nous étudions la fonction qui donne la longueur maximale d’une sous-séquence arithmétique monochromatique (une progression arithmétique) en fonction de la différence commune d pour une famille de mots morphiques uniformes, qui inclut le mot de Thue-Morse. Nous obtenons la limite supérieure explicite du taux de croissance de la fonction et des emplacements des progressions arithmétiques de longueurs maximales et de différences d. Pour étudier des sous-séquences arithmétiques périodiques dans des mots infinis, nous définissons la notion d'indice arithmétique et obtenons des bornes supérieures et inférieures sur le taux de croissance de la fonction donnant l’indice arithmétique dans la même famille de mots.Dans la même veine, une autre question concerne l’étude de deux nouvelles fonctions de complexité de mots infinis basées sur les notions de mots ouverts et fermés. Nous dérivons des formules explicites pour les fonctions de complexité ouverte et fermée pour un mot d'Arnoux-Rauzy sur un alphabet de cardinalité finie.La seconde partie de la thèse traite des colorations parfaites (des partitions équitables) de graphes infinis de degré borné. Nous étudions les graphes de Caley de groupes additifs infinis avec un ensemble de générateurs fixé. Nous considérons le cas où l'ensemble des générateurs est composé d'entiers de l'intervalle [-n, n], et le cas où les générateurs sont des entiers impairs de [-2n-1, 2n+1], où n est un entier positif. Pour les deux familles de graphes, nous obtenons une caractérisation complète des colorations parfaites à deux couleurs / The content of the thesis is comprised of two parts: one deals with combinatorial properties of infinite words and the other with graph coloring problems.The first main part of the manuscript concerns regular structures in infinite aperiodic words, such as arithmetic subsequences and complete first returns.We study the function that outputs the maximal length of a monochromatic arithmetic subsequence (an arithmetic progression) as a function of the common difference d for a family of uniform morphic words, which includes the Thue-Morse word. We obtain the explicit upper bound on the rate of growth of the function and locations of arithmetic progressions of maximal lengths and difference d. To study periodic arithmetic subsequences in infinite words we define the notion of an arithmetic index and obtain upper and lower bounds on the rate of growth of the function of arithmetic index in the same family of words.Another topic in this direction involves the study of two new complexity functions of infinite words based on the notions of open and closed words. We derive explicit formulae for the open and closed complexity functions for an Arnoux-Rauzy word over an alphabet of finite cardinality.The second main part of the thesis deals with perfect colorings (a.k.a. equitable partitions) of infinite graphs of bounded degree. We study Caley graphs of infinite additive groups with a prescribed set of generators. We consider the case when the set of generators is composed of integers from the interval [-n,n], and the case when the generators are odd integers from [-2n-1,2n+1], where n is a positive integer. For both families of graphs, we obtain a complete characterization of perfect 2-colorings

L'objectif de notre recherche est la description formelle et systématique des verbes à construction transitive locative standard du grec moderne : N0 V N1cor Loc N2lieu (Loc N3lieu), où le nom en position complément direct (N1) désigne, en général, l'objet qui se déplace par rapport au lieu en position prépositionnelle (N2, N3) à cause de l'agent (N0). Notre étude s'inscrit dans le cadre théorique de la grammaire transformationnelle défini par Zellig S. Harris. Nous suivons le cadre méthodologique du Lexique-Grammaire défini par Maurice Gross et élaboré au Laboratoire d'Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique. Notre but est la description exhaustive du grec moderne en vue de l'analyse automatique de la langue. Ainsi, 931 verbes simples sont classés dans 5 tables du lexique-grammaire : 38GLD : constructions à complément prépositionnel destination , 38GLS : constructions à complément prépositionnel source , 38GL : constructions à complément source et complément destination , 38GLH : constructions à complément(s) prépositionnel(s) locatif(s) et à complément direct obligatoirement humain ; 38GLR : constructions transitives locatives résiduelles. Nous procédons à la description morphologique et syntactico-sémantique des prépositions introduisant des compléments locatifs et nous exposons les propriétés transformationnelles et distributionnelles des verbes transitifs locatifs. Nous présentons la conversion automatique des tables en automates à états finis récursifs, dans le cadre du TAL (Traitement automatique des langues), ainsi que nos remarques sur la traduction, vers le français, des constructions locatives grecques, basée sur les propriétés figurant dans les tables.

<p>The focus of this study is the opposition of Ludwik Fleck to the logical positivism. The main interest focuses on the mutability of knowledge and the inherent problems of incommensura-bility, as well as on Fleck´s notion of reality. Fleck emphasizes a rational and continuous de-velopment of knowledge, in contrast to Thomas Kuhn´s discontinuous and irrational devel-opment, and rejects all forms of reality independent of human beings.</p><p>Fleck´s monograph Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Tatsache is a rich and multifac-eted inquiry into the nature of knowledge, emphasizing the social and historical aspects of the epistemology of science at the expense of certain logical precepts. With his concepts thought style and thought collective, Fleck is generally acknowledged as a precursor to Kuhn´s con-cepts of paradigm and scientific community. Fleck maintains a relativistic view of science and develops a comparative epistemology which challenges the logical positivists in many re-spects. He dismisses every form of reality and has therefore been regarded as an idealist, al-though there are certain aspects to his epistemology which point toward an implicit ontology based upon his idea of the passive components of knowledge.</p><p>The chief epistemological works of Fleck and his contemporary Karl Popper were published within a year of each other, 1934 and 1935, respectively, by which Popper had left the Continent to eventually become one of the leading British philosophers, while Fleck spent several years during the Second World War as a prisoner in Nazi camps. Both were firmly opposed to the logical positivism, one as a critical rationalist, the other as a sceptical relativist. Fleck was also a forerunner to the constructivist ideas and the Strong Programme.</p><p>The word ”incommensurability” has been ascribed Kuhn but the term had already been used by Fleck in 1927. The ”incommensurability thesis” dominates Kuhn´s notion of scientific revolutions and is accordingly the reason why scientific progress is considered an irrational process. The debate on the incommensurability thesis has continued to interest epistemologists and philosophers of science and many solutions have been suggested, some in line with the one proposed by Fleck.</p>

The focus of this study is the opposition of Ludwik Fleck to the logical positivism. The main interest focuses on the mutability of knowledge and the inherent problems of incommensura-bility, as well as on Fleck´s notion of reality. Fleck emphasizes a rational and continuous de-velopment of knowledge, in contrast to Thomas Kuhn´s discontinuous and irrational devel-opment, and rejects all forms of reality independent of human beings. Fleck´s monograph Entstehung und Entwicklung einer Tatsache is a rich and multifac-eted inquiry into the nature of knowledge, emphasizing the social and historical aspects of the epistemology of science at the expense of certain logical precepts. With his concepts thought style and thought collective, Fleck is generally acknowledged as a precursor to Kuhn´s con-cepts of paradigm and scientific community. Fleck maintains a relativistic view of science and develops a comparative epistemology which challenges the logical positivists in many re-spects. He dismisses every form of reality and has therefore been regarded as an idealist, al-though there are certain aspects to his epistemology which point toward an implicit ontology based upon his idea of the passive components of knowledge. The chief epistemological works of Fleck and his contemporary Karl Popper were published within a year of each other, 1934 and 1935, respectively, by which Popper had left the Continent to eventually become one of the leading British philosophers, while Fleck spent several years during the Second World War as a prisoner in Nazi camps. Both were firmly opposed to the logical positivism, one as a critical rationalist, the other as a sceptical relativist. Fleck was also a forerunner to the constructivist ideas and the Strong Programme. The word ”incommensurability” has been ascribed Kuhn but the term had already been used by Fleck in 1927. The ”incommensurability thesis” dominates Kuhn´s notion of scientific revolutions and is accordingly the reason why scientific progress is considered an irrational process. The debate on the incommensurability thesis has continued to interest epistemologists and philosophers of science and many solutions have been suggested, some in line with the one proposed by Fleck.

[pt] Neste trabalho provamos que o fluxo geodésico de uma variedade Finsler de dimensão n compacta, sem pontos conjugados e que é uma variedade de visibilidade uniforme é transitivo. Para isso, introduzimos versões Finsler dos conceitos de hiperbolicidade de Gromov e visibilidade de Eberlein e estudamos suas consequências. Como aplicação da transitividade, provamos que superfícies Finsler k-básicas compactas de gênero maior que um, sem pontos conjugados e com fibrados de Green contínuos são Riemannianas. / [en] In this work we prove that the geodesic flow of a compact, n-dimensional Finsler manifold without conjugate points and which is an uniform visibility manifold is transitive. For this, we introduce Finsler versions of Gromov s hyperbolicity and Eberlein s visibility concepts and study its consequences. As an application of the transitivity, we prove that compact, k-basic Finsler surfaces without conjugate points, with genus greater than one and with continuous Green bundles are Riemannian.

BRITO, José Roberto de Souza. Análise variacionista do clítico das estruturas de-transitivas mediais no português oral popular de Fortaleza. 2013. 152f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2013. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-04T14:16:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_jrsbrito.pdf: 1577042 bytes, checksum: 8fc3ab87e1f8e01e41b510c577d7bb36 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-06-04T18:45:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_jrsbrito.pdf: 1577042 bytes, checksum: 8fc3ab87e1f8e01e41b510c577d7bb36 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-04T18:45:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_jrsbrito.pdf: 1577042 bytes, checksum: 8fc3ab87e1f8e01e41b510c577d7bb36 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / This dissertation is about the behavior of the clitic of the middle de-transitive structures concerning to the alternance of absence/ presence in the fortalezense popular spoken language. Theoretically this work has been anchored in the association of the postulates of the Sociolinguistic Analysis (LABOV, 1963, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1994, 2001; WEINER; LABOV, 1977; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006) and the North American Linguistic Functionalism (GIVÓN, 1984, 1993, 1995, 2001), resulting in the theoretical configuration called Sociofunctionalism (TAVARES, 2003). Concerning to methodological aspects, the research had a sample of 36 inquiries of Dialogue-type between Informant and Documenter (DID), extracted from the database of the Norma Oral do Português Popular de Fortaleza (NORPOFOR). Some groups of linguistic (verbal form, type of change indicated by the verb, subject grammatical person and modality) and extralinguistic factors (age group, gender and schooling) which can influence the variable context studied were triggered. The 626 collected data have gone through statistics treatment by the use of the computational program GOLDVARB X, which performed a multivariate round of the phenomenon by the structured accomodation of the occurences and controlled variables. The results have showed the primacy of the presence in relation to the absence. Through the order of statistics selection, the following have appeared as significative to the phenomenon: a) age group – with the predominance of absence of the medium pronominal marker among the elders and the presence among the youngers; b) the grammatical person of the subject – with propensity of abscence in the 1st and the presence in the 2nd and in the 3rd; c) the type of chance indicated by the verb – with propensity of absence in the factors of position, physical state and condition and of the presence in the factor of mental state; d) the schooling – with propensity of absence among the informants who are from 9 to 11 years of study and the presence among the ones who are from 0 to 4 years and from 5 to 8 years of study. It was concluded, then, the medium clitic is going through a process of variation in the popular oral Portuguese spoken in Fortaleza, according to the influence of internal and external variables to the language. / Esta dissertação trata do comportamento do clítico das estruturas de-transitivas mediais quanto à alternância ausência/presença, no falar popular fortalezense. Teoricamente, o trabalho ancorou-se na associação dos postulados da Sociolinguística Variacionista (LABOV, 1963, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1994, 2001; WEINER; LABOV, 1977; WEINREICH, LABOV; HERZOG, 2006) e do Funcionalismo Linguístico Norte-Americano (GIVÓN, 1984, 1993, 1995, 2001), resultando na configuração teórica denominada de Sociofuncionalismo (TAVARES, 2003). Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa contou com uma amostragem de 36 inquéritos do tipo Diálogo entre Informante e Documentador (DID), extraídos do Banco de Dados Norma Oral Popular de Fortaleza (NORPOFOR). Foram acionados alguns grupos de fatores linguísticos (forma verbal, tipo de mudança indicado pelo verbo, pessoa gramatical do sujeito e modalidade) e extralinguísticos (faixa etária, sexo e escolaridade) os quais podem exercer influência no contexto variável em questão. Os 626 dados coletados passaram por tratamento estatístico através do uso do programa computacional GOLDVARB X, que realizou uma rodada multivariada do fenômeno mediante a acomodação estruturada das ocorrências e das variáveis controladas. Os resultados demonstraram a primazia da presença em relação à ausência. Por ordem de seleção estatística, mostraram-se como significativos para o fenômeno: a) faixa etária – com predominância de ausência do marcador pronominal médio entre os mais velhos e de presença entre os mais jovens; b) a pessoa gramatical do sujeito – com propensão de ausência na 1ª e de presença na 2ª e na 3ª; c) o tipo de mudança indicado pelo verbo – com predominância de ausência nos fatores posição, estado físico e condição e de presença no fator estado mental; d) a escolaridade – com propensão de ausência entre os informantes que têm de 9 a 11 anos de estudo e de presença entre os que têm de 0 a 4 anos e de 5 a 8 anos. Concluiu-se, portanto, que o clítico médio está passando por um processo de variação no Português Oral Popular de Fortaleza, segundo a influência de variáveis internas e externas à língua.

Esta dissertação é resultado de uma pesquisa que investigou o comportamento linguístico de crianças falantes nativas de português brasileiro com relação a sentenças absolutas, que consistem em uma alternância na valência de verbos transitivos encontrada especificamente no PB, tal como Eu aperto esse botão [do videogame] e, olha lá, a bola chutou. Segundo Negrão & Viotti (2010), nas absolutas o argumento que representaria a energia responsável pela causa do evento não está presente e nem chega a ser conceitualizado. Não há, portanto, a presença de uma força indutora (Negrão & Viotti, 2010). Desenvolvemos dois experimentos: um de tarefa de produção eliciada e outro de julgamento de aceitabilidade. Nossas previsões são: (a) as absolutas serão mais produzidas com a ausência da força indutora, que seria o argumento agente; (b) alguns verbos proporcionarão mais a produção de absolutas que outros, por estarem mais propensos à supressão da força indutora; e (c) crianças produzirão mais absolutas do que passivas visto que as absolutas são menos complexas estruturalmente. As condições testadas foram: presença/ausência de um agente e tipo de verbo (mais ou menos propenso à supressão do agente). Os resultados sugerem que ambas as condições influenciaram nas respostas dos participantes, de modo que os contextos sem agente e os contextos com verbos mais propensos à supressão do agente se mostraram mais propícios às sentenças absolutas. Por fim, as crianças mais novas testadas produziram mais absolutas do que passivas, o que indica que a absoluta, por ser menos complexa, é uma estrutura mais acessível às crianças. / This dissertation is the result of a research that has investigated the linguistic behavior of Brazilian Portuguese speaking children in relation to absolutive sentences, which consist of a verb valency alternation found specifically in BP, such as Eu aperto esse botão [do videogame] e, olha lá, a bola chutou (I press this button [in the videogame] and, look, the ball kicked [in the sense that the ball was kicked]). According to Negrão & Viotti (2010), in the absolutive constructions, the argument that would represent the energy responsible for the cause of the event is not present. Actually, it is not even conceptualized. Therefore, there is no driving force (Negrão & Viotti, 2010). We developed two experiments: an elicited production task and an acceptability judgment task. Our predictions are: (a) the absolutive sentences will be produced more often in contexts without a driving force, which would be, in this case, the agent; (b) more absolutive sentences will be produced with some verbs than others, because they are more likely to suppress the driving force; and (c) children will produce more absolutive constructions than passives since the absolutive construction is structurally simpler. The tested conditions were: presence/absence of an agent and verb type (more or less likely to suppress the agent). The results suggest that both conditions influenced participants answers, so that the contexts without an agent and the contexts with verbs more likely to suppress the agent were more supportive environments for the absolutive constructions. Finally, the younger children we tested produced more absolutive constructions than passives, which indicates that, as a less complex structure, the absolutive is more accessible to children.