Primeiramente consideramos uma família de \'C POT. 2\'-ações de \'R POT. 2\' sobre uma 3-variedade fechada. Uma das condições que esta família satisfaz é que admite apenas um número finito de órbitas singulares, sendo todas estas difeomorfas ao círculo. Para esta família, daremos uma descrição da estrutura das órbitas assim como das 3-variedades que as suportam. Isto generaliza resultados de classificação de ações localmente livres (isto é, sem singularidades) de \'R POT.2\' sobre 3-variedades fechadas obtidos por Chatelet-Rosenberg- Roussarie-Weil em [12], [30] e [31]. Finalmente, consideramos uma ação \\\'phi\' de \'RPOT. 2\' sobre uma 3-variedade fechada N topologicamente transitiva (isto é, tem uma órbita densa em N). Diremos que \\\'phi\' é metricamente transitiva se dado qualquer conjunto compacto e \\\'phi\'-invariante K, então ou K ou seu complementar tem medida nula com respeito a medida de Lebesgue. É conhecido que toda ação \\\'phi\' metricamente transitiva é topologicamente transitiva e que, em geral, a reciproca não é certa. No Entanto, Morse [27] em 1946 propôs a seguinte conjectura: Qualquer sistema dinâmico topologicamente transitivo, com algum grau de regularidade, é metricamente transitivo. A frase \"algum grau de regularidade\", pode significar, por exemplo, que o sistema dinâmico é analítico real, suave, tem um número finito de singularidades, etc. Na segunda parte da tese, mostramos a conjectura de Morse para o sistema dinâmico definido por uma \'R POT. 2\'-ação sobre uma 3-variedade fechada, cujo conjunto singular é uma união finita de órbitas círculo. Isto generaliza um resultado análogo obtido por Ding [18] para fluxos sobre superfícies fechadas / First we consider a family of \'C POT. 2\' actions of \'R POT. 2\' on a closed 3-manifold. One of the conditions of this family is that it admits only a finite number of singular orbits, which are all diffeomorphic to circle. For this family we will give a description of the structure of the orbits as well the 3-manifolds supporting this actions. This generalizes results of classification for locally free actions (i. e. without singularities) of \'R POT. 2\' on closed 3- manifolds obtained by Chatelet-Rosenberg-Roussarie-Weil in [12], [30] and [31]. Finally, we consider an action \\\'phi\' of \'R POT. 2\' on a closed 3-manifold N which is topologically transitive (i.e. has a dense orbit in N). We will say that \\\'phi\' is metrically transitive if, given any \\\'phi\'-invariant compact set K, then, either K or its complement has zero measure with respect to Lebesgue measure. It is known that every action \\\'phi\' topologically transitive is metrically transitive and that, in general, the reciprocal is not true. However, Morse [27] in 1946 proposed the following conjecture: any topologically transitive dynamical system with any degree of regularity is metrically transitive. The phrase \"some degree of regularity\" may mean, for example, that the dynamical system is real analytic, smooth, have a finite number of singularities, etc. In the second part of the thesis, we show the conjecture to the Morse for an dynamical system defined by a \'R POT. 2\'-action on a closed 3-manifold whose singular set is a finite union of orbits circle. This is a generalization of a similar result obtained by Ding in [18] for flows on closed surfaces

Primeiramente consideramos uma família de \'C POT. 2\'-ações de \'R POT. 2\' sobre uma 3-variedade fechada. Uma das condições que esta família satisfaz é que admite apenas um número finito de órbitas singulares, sendo todas estas difeomorfas ao círculo. Para esta família, daremos uma descrição da estrutura das órbitas assim como das 3-variedades que as suportam. Isto generaliza resultados de classificação de ações localmente livres (isto é, sem singularidades) de \'R POT.2\' sobre 3-variedades fechadas obtidos por Chatelet-Rosenberg- Roussarie-Weil em [12], [30] e [31]. Finalmente, consideramos uma ação \\\'phi\' de \'RPOT. 2\' sobre uma 3-variedade fechada N topologicamente transitiva (isto é, tem uma órbita densa em N). Diremos que \\\'phi\' é metricamente transitiva se dado qualquer conjunto compacto e \\\'phi\'-invariante K, então ou K ou seu complementar tem medida nula com respeito a medida de Lebesgue. É conhecido que toda ação \\\'phi\' metricamente transitiva é topologicamente transitiva e que, em geral, a reciproca não é certa. No Entanto, Morse [27] em 1946 propôs a seguinte conjectura: Qualquer sistema dinâmico topologicamente transitivo, com algum grau de regularidade, é metricamente transitivo. A frase \"algum grau de regularidade\", pode significar, por exemplo, que o sistema dinâmico é analítico real, suave, tem um número finito de singularidades, etc. Na segunda parte da tese, mostramos a conjectura de Morse para o sistema dinâmico definido por uma \'R POT. 2\'-ação sobre uma 3-variedade fechada, cujo conjunto singular é uma união finita de órbitas círculo. Isto generaliza um resultado análogo obtido por Ding [18] para fluxos sobre superfícies fechadas / First we consider a family of \'C POT. 2\' actions of \'R POT. 2\' on a closed 3-manifold. One of the conditions of this family is that it admits only a finite number of singular orbits, which are all diffeomorphic to circle. For this family we will give a description of the structure of the orbits as well the 3-manifolds supporting this actions. This generalizes results of classification for locally free actions (i. e. without singularities) of \'R POT. 2\' on closed 3- manifolds obtained by Chatelet-Rosenberg-Roussarie-Weil in [12], [30] and [31]. Finally, we consider an action \\\'phi\' of \'R POT. 2\' on a closed 3-manifold N which is topologically transitive (i.e. has a dense orbit in N). We will say that \\\'phi\' is metrically transitive if, given any \\\'phi\'-invariant compact set K, then, either K or its complement has zero measure with respect to Lebesgue measure. It is known that every action \\\'phi\' topologically transitive is metrically transitive and that, in general, the reciprocal is not true. However, Morse [27] in 1946 proposed the following conjecture: any topologically transitive dynamical system with any degree of regularity is metrically transitive. The phrase \"some degree of regularity\" may mean, for example, that the dynamical system is real analytic, smooth, have a finite number of singularities, etc. In the second part of the thesis, we show the conjecture to the Morse for an dynamical system defined by a \'R POT. 2\'-action on a closed 3-manifold whose singular set is a finite union of orbits circle. This is a generalization of a similar result obtained by Ding in [18] for flows on closed surfaces

The present thesis presents a causal approach to transitivity and proposes a model of transitivity based on the view that a single event is a single ‘causal impact’, which consists of a single causation and a single effect. It defines semantic intransitivity as events where the effect is borne by and expressed through the actor and semantic transitivity as events where the effect is borne by and expressed through the patient. It finds evidence for this definition in the phenomenon of ‘selective specification’ of action or result by verbs with actor and patient. Furthermore, it proposes that the verb eat has dual event structures, intransitive and transitive, and uses a Web data test to test and confirm this hypothesis.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o ensino de gramÃtica na escola, especificamente propondo abordagens para o ensino-aprendizagem da transitividade nas aulas de lÃngua portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental. Em alguns compÃndios da lÃngua portuguesa, o assunto à tratado como regÃncia, em outros, como transitividade e, ainda, como predicaÃÃo verbal. Com base nas contribuiÃÃes apontadas por Neves (2002, 2006) e Nogueira (2005, 2010), entre outros autores, pesquisamos o assunto sob a Ãtica da linguÃstica funcional, para verificar se as teorias funcionalistas podem inspirar uma contribuiÃÃo para o entendimento de certos pontos discutidos e ainda obscuros sobre os conceitos e classificaÃÃes propostos pela gramÃtica tradicional. O trabalho parte de uma pesquisa bibliogrÃfica para elaboraÃÃo e posterior aplicaÃÃo de uma proposta de sequÃncia de atividades numa abordagem funcionalista. Essa pesquisa realizou-se a partir de comparaÃÃes feitas entre as gramÃticas tradicionais, gramÃticas escolares da atualidade, livros didÃticos adotados atualmente nas escolas, assim como o que dizem os documentos oficiais sobre o ensino de gramÃtica. AlÃm disso, abordamos o tema transitividade no funcionalismo linguÃstico e apontamos as contribuiÃÃes de teorias funcionalistas para o ensino da transitividade verbal. Foi possÃvel confirmar a hipÃtese de que o ensino-aprendizagem da transitividade verbal, entendida a partir da construÃÃo da predicaÃÃo segundo uma orientaÃÃo funcionalista, isto Ã, relacionando esse conteÃdo programÃtico com a produÃÃo e interpretaÃÃo de sentidos do texto, contribui para a ampliaÃÃo da competÃncia discursiva dos alunos do oitavo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pÃblica de CrateÃs-CE. / This work has the objective to discuss the grammar teaching in school, specifically addressing how the teaching and learning of transitivity have been taken to the Portuguese language classes in primary education in public schools. The importance of the subject is given by the fact that the same finding divergence from the field of study in which it is inserted. In some textbooks of the Portuguese language, it is treated as regency, in others as transitivity as well as verbal predication. These differences have led us to research the subject from the perspective of functional linguistics to see if this approach had contribution in ways that could settle certain points discussed and still unclear on the concepts and classifications proposed by traditional grammar. The work is of bibliographical, but with the presentation of a proposal for activities sequence in a functionalist approach and took place from comparisons made between traditional grammars school of today grammars, textbooks adopted today in schools, as well as what they say the official documents of the grammar school. In addition, we address the issue in the linguistic functionalism vision and aim the contributions of functionalist theories for teaching verbal transitivity.

This thesis contributes to the debate on the link between a transitive verb corresponding to 'need' and the verb of possession in the world’s languages. Specifically, I analyze data mainly from Ewe and three Ghana-Togo Mountain (GTM) languages; Likpe, Tafi, and Logba. First, I report that Ewe expresses predicative possession using a wide range of structures. Prominent among these structures is an intransitive locative construction in which the possessee c-commands the possessor. This characterization situates Ewe in the B-languages group of the have/be dichotomy. Second, I demonstrate, drawing on compelling pieces of evidence from object shift in nominalization, object shift in inceptive aspectual constructions, object extraction in wh-movement, and the nominative-accusative paradigm, that Ewe has a transitive verb 'hiã' corresponding to 'need'. These facts pose a challenge to Harves and Kayne’s (2012) claim that all languages that have a transitive verb corresponding to need are languages that have an accusative-Case-assigning verb of possession. Third, I have shown that predicative possessees are not licensed in like manner as transitive objects, contra Halpert and Diercks’ (2012) prediction that all languages that have a transitive verb corresponding to 'need' are languages in which predicative possessees are licensed in the same manner as transitive objects. Fourth, I show that data from the three GTM languages also pose a challenge to the predictions in Harves & Kayne (2012) and Halpert & Diercks (2016). Finally, I suggest that the presence or absence of a transitive verb corresponding to 'need' is not necessarily contingent on a transitive verb of possession, and therefore, the optionality of a transitive 'need' in H-languages should be extended to B-languages.

[pt] Esta pesquisa objetiva comparar quantitativa e qualitativamente a realização, na escrita e na oralidade, do Sistema de Transitividade, que pressupõe a escolha de processos, participantes e circunstâncias, utilizados de modo a construir a significação do mundo interno e externo do usuário de uma língua. A teoria sistêmico funcional, que fundamenta a proposta (Halliday,1994, Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004,), toma como base não apenas a noção de que a forma está subordinada à função ─ e a ideia de que a organização interna da linguagem se dá em termos de funções que ela deve desempenhar na vida social ─ como também a relação do texto com o contexto. Para esta pesquisa, cartas de reclamação (N igual a126) e atendimentos em central telefônica (N igual a100) foram selecionados, a partir do CORPOBRAS PUC-Rio, para compor o corpus de aproximadamente 73.100 palavras. Considerando-se os estudos teóricos de gêneros na Linguística Sistêmico Funcional (Halliday e Hasan,1989), foi feita a descrição da Estrutura Genérica Potencial (EGP) desses dois gêneros do contexto empresarial. Para o estudo da Transitividade, os processos foram identificados e quantificados por meio do software Monoconc Pro (Barlow, 1999), usando-se as ferramentas Word List e Concordance, que indicaram a frequência e o uso de grupos verbais. O estudo dos elementos presentes na EGP das cartas e dos atendimentos mostrou que o foco das interações está principalmente voltado para a solicitação, a demanda, o problema ou a adesão. Nas cartas de reclamação, os processos verbais, relacionais e existenciais se constituem em escolhas recorrentes. O problema reclamado é o principal participante, para o qual o cliente solicita resolução, evitando confronto direto com a empresa. No atendimento em central telefônica, o cliente é participante experienciador que quer serviços e informações, havendo assim recorrência desse processo mental. A comparação da Transitividade na escrita e na oralidade evidencia a variação na criação de significados, sendo a solicitação mais formal e pouco autoritária nas cartas, enquanto nos atendimentos transparece uma disputa entre a pessoalidade, buscada pelo cliente, e a impessoalidade estabelecida pela empresa, por meio de práticas ritualizadas de linguagem. / [en] The objective of this research is to compare, from both a qualitative and a quantitative point of view, the realization in writing and speech of the Transitivity System. This System presupposes the choice of processes, participants and circumstances employed to express the internal and external world of a language user. The Systemic-Functional Theory that supports the proposal (Halliday e Matthiessen, 2004, Halliday,1994) is based not only on the notion that form is subordinate to function and on the idea that the internal organization of language takes place in terms of the functions language must perform in social life, but also on the relationship between text and context. The corpus for the research (approximately 73.100 words) is made up of letters of complaint (N equal 126) and call center contacts (N equal 100) selected from CORPOBRAS PUC-Rio. On the basis of theoretical studies of genre developed by Systemic-Functional Linguistics (Halliday e Hasan,1989), the Potential Generic Structure (PGS) of these two genres from the business context was described. In order to carry out the study of Transitivity, processes were identified and quantified with the help of the Monoconc Pro software (Barlow, 1999) employing the Word List and Concordance tools to indicate frequency and use of verbal groups. The study of the elements present in the PGS of letters and call center contacts has shown that the focus of interactions is mainly on requests, demands, problems or subscriptions. In the letters of complaint, verbal, material, relational and existential processes are recurrent choices. The reason for the complaint is the main participant for which the client requests a solution, avoiding direct contact with the company. In call center contacts, the client participates as Senser who wants services and information. As a result, recurrance of this mental process can be observed. A comparison of Transitivity in writing and speech shows the variation in the creation of meaning: in the letters, requests are more formal and less authoritarian whereas call center contacts show a clash between the personal approach adopted by the client and the impersonal one adopted by the company through ritualized language practices.

No description available.

This dissertation is an analysis of the morphosyntax of the Turkish causative construction within the framework of Distributed Morphology (DM). It is an attempt to capture a range of different phenomena in a principled way within this framework. Important aspects of DM for the analysis herein include the syntactic derivation of words; the existence of an acategorial Root from which all words are syntactically derived; and the late (post-syntactic) insertion of Vocabulary Items (VIs) into terminal syntactic nodes. A distinction is made between two different levels of causative: Root (or inner) causatives, and productive (or outer) causatives. Root causatives are minimal structures in which a Root phrase (comprising a Root and its nominal complement) is merged with a verbalizing head, little-v (Harley 1995; Chomsky 1995, 2001; Marantz 1997). This domain is the locus of idiosyncratic allomorphy, and it is where the traditionally recognized ‘irregular’ causatives suffixes are found. In addition, another type of idiosyncratic Root-adjacent phenomenon is identified in this study: independent exponence of the verbalizing feature and of the causative feature (CAUS). This is analyzed as CAUS fission: the result of a post-syntactic operation that splits the terminal node [v, CAUS] into two positions of exponence. Productive causatives are larger structures in which a vP is merged with a CAUS head. The identification of the Root causative head as v.CAUS but the productive causative head as simply CAUS is a departure from Harley's (2008) analysis of Japanese causatives, and is a new proposal in this work. Following Pylkkänen (2002, 2008), the external argument is not introduced by either v.CAUS or CAUS, but by a higher projection, Voice. This innovation makes it possible to model syntactic differences between Japanese and Turkish productive causatives. Japanese causatives embed Voice (i.e., they are ‘phase-selecting,’ in Pylkkänen's terminology) while Turkish causatives embed little-v (i.e., they are ‘verb-selecting’). Hence, the former behave as two clauses with regard to a range of diagnostics, while the latter behave as a single clause. Furthermore, it is proposed that productive causatives do not exhibit syntactic recursion, and that cases of causative iteration are actually morphological reduplication.

This thesis studies the L2 acquisition of transitivity alternations in English, Spanish and Turkish within the Generative framework. in particular, it sets out to investigate the interaction of universal principles and L1 knowledge in interlanguage grammars, as well as whether similar patterns of development are observed across typologically different languages. The focus is on verbs that participate in the causative/inchoative alternation, verbs whose lexico-semantic composition---[x CAUSE [ y BECOME predicate]]---is not matched by morphological derivation uniformly across, and even within, languages. / The thesis adopts a templatic account to verb classes. Verbs are decomposed into primitive semantic predicates (CAUSE, BECOME, BE) which map onto an X-bar configuration as the heads of light verbs. Thematic roles like Agent and Theme occupy the specifiers. Different verb classes---alternating, transitive non-alternating, unaccusative and unergative verbs---derive from the interaction of semantic subpredicates and thematic roles. Transitivity alternations are determined by other narrower aspects of meaning: namely, the nature of the Agent role and the CAUSE subevent. Causative and anticausative morphology is the overt manifestation of the CAUSE and BECOME subpredicates. / Causative errors in L1 acquisition have been attributed to the overgeneralization of the causative/inchoative alternation to unergative and unaccusative verbs. This study proposes that these errors result when children incorrectly map non-alternating transitive and intransitive verbs onto a default transitive template. By extending this proposal to the L2 acquisition situation, it is hypothesized that L2 learners of Turkish, Spanish and English of different language backgrounds and at lower proficiency levels also rely on this universal mechanism when learning transitivity alternations; L1 influence only plays a role with the overt/non-overt morphology of alternating verbs in these languages. / Three independent but methodologically identical experimental studies on English, Spanish and Turkish as second languages are presented. Overall, results of a Picture Judgment Task confirm the hypotheses in the three studies. This work argues against the Full Transfer/Full Access Hypothesis (Schwartz & Sprouse 1996) as a theory of L2 competence and advances a modular view of Transfer which proposes that L1 influence does not affect all linguistic domains in the same way.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 539-582). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xxiv, 582 leaves, bound in 2 v. 29 cm