This thesis examines the history of the fur trade in the American northwest during the first half of the nineteenth century.

<p>Page 114 with a diagram is actually page 116.</p> <p>Page 216 with a diagram is actually page 219.</p> <p>Page 224 with a diagram is actually page 227.</p> <p>Page 273 with a diagram is actually page 276.</p> <p>Page 295 is blank in the hard copy. </p> / <p>The aim of this dissertation is the examination of theoretlcal concepts and assumptions which have informed the study of time in cultural anthropology. In the anthropological literature, the notion of time is recognized as being a uniquely human phenomenon, having a dualistic if not paradoxical nature, that ls, it is simultaneously cyclical and lineal. These two characteristics have been viewed as being separate and opposed to each other. In this dissertation, however, I argue that they are not opposed and separate but are closely intertwined. A multidimensional helical model is employed to illustrates this interconnectedness.</p> <p>I present the view that one key to understanding cyclical and linear characteristics of time can be found in examining the element of contingency. My examination of the role that contingency plays with respect to temporal organization is situated within the context of the culture of southern Labrador where contingency commands a prominent position in the lives of fishers, trappers and hunters and their families. From the ethnographic context, I address some of the important anthropological ideas that have informed the study of time and contingency in anthropology. A framework of key notions or understandings emerge from this examination, namely: (1) that time is dynamic, (2) that cyclical and lineal iii iv aspects of time are interrelated rather than opposed, (3) that time has multidimensionality and finally (4) that contingency in its various environmental and cultural expressions can effect the way in which time is conceptualized and organized. The dissertation is based on fourteen months of field research conducted in the summer of 1976, 1979-1980 and in the fall of 1988.</p> <p>It begins with an examination of anthropological perspectives on the study of time and contingency. I move on 1..0 an exploration of historical and social events which provide a baseline for interpreting the relationship between contingency and time. Next, the contingencies based in the environmental cycle, particularly breakup and freezeup are explored along with adjustive responses employed by Labradorians to accommodate them.</p> <p>The relationship between contingency and predictability are examined in light of work and leisure patterns of women and of men respectively. Family commensal routines provide a venue in which contingency is modulated and predictability is introduced in the daily cycle. While women and men experience different levels of contingency and predictability in their daily lives, a complementary relationship exists between male and female temporal domains. Examination of the daily cycle also reveals that the daily schedule is ordered into domains of public and private time. During ritual time, distinctions between public and private v time, between male and female, and between stranger and friend undergo symbolic inversion. Here contingencies of both the environmental and social sort are celebrated. Disguise, in the form of janneying (masking) and social drinking, provide the vehicle for such inversion. In light of t.his data, questions concerning the effect of contingent events on temporal organization are explored.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Characteristics of Maine trappers were investigated by monitoring license buying behavior from 1976-1980 and by using a mail questionnaire after the trapping season in 1980. Trapping license sales increased 56% during the 5-year study period. From 37-41% of individuals who first purchased a license during this time period did not purchase one the next year. Most individuals who purchased a second license continued to purchase one. Through the questionnaire, individuals described attitudes, behaviors, and preferences. A disproportionately large number of individuals who claimed to be professional or semi-professional trappers attended public hearings. Although money received for fur pelts is important, the most common reason given for trapping was the challenge involved. Fall land trapping was the most preferred type of trapping and the one in which most trappers participated. Fox was the most preferred upland species and muskrat was the most preferred aquatic species. Detailed information was obtained from individuals who trapped in the fall. Effort per day of season was estimated in both trapper-days and average trap-nights. The problems rated highest by trappers in Maine involved people. Top-rated objectives of trappers were maintaining animal populations in proper balance with carrying capacity and maximizing pelt primeness. When presented with regulation options, respondents rated a species bag limit per trapper as the most acceptable option even though this regulation has been opposed consistently at public hearings. Information on trappers, animals, and harvests is combined into a Management system. / Master of Science

Research has shown that trust is essential to the functioning of co-management. This is especially true in the Territory of Nunavut where wildlife is an integral part of the lifestyle and culture of Nunavummiut (the people inhabiting Nunavut). In Nunavut, wildlife is managed by a co-management board situated in between federal, territorial, regional, and community governments and organizations. This research explores Inuit attitudes and trust in managing wildlife as part of a co-management system in the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut, Canada. Interviews were conducted in the communities of Igluligaarjuk (Chesterfield Inlet), Tikirarjauq (Whale Cove), and Qamani’tuaq (Baker Lake). Even now with the 1993 settlement of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA) and the implementation of a public government in 1999, there is documented evidence that beneficiaries of the NLCA are dissatisfied with wildlife management decisions and do not trust the governing process of co-management. In this study, participants specifically indicated dissatisfaction with regulations and outcomes of current polar bear co-management. It has been predicted that conflicts specific to polar bear management could lead to regulations being ignored or even defied and endanger the entire system of wildlife co-management. Results from this research indicate that dissatisfaction over decisions involving polar bears is dominantly compartmentalized towards the outcomes of polar bear management and does not necessarily apply to the broader system of wildlife co-management. Therefore, in the Kivalliq Region, predicted impacts of dissatisfaction over polar bear co-management may apply directly to the polar bear co-management system but likely not the wildlife co-management system generally. This study provides a forum where Inuit trust in the wildlife co-management system is documented and I hope it will contribute to an increased understanding of Inuit goals in wildlife management and to the discourses on co-management in Nunavut.

L’avancée des forêts au Moyen Age confinait à une proximité inquiétante avec des animaux sauvages qui échappaient à notre volonté de maîtrise et de contrôle, engendrant d’inévitables conflits de territoire. Ces conflits sont à l’origine du classement de certaines espèces dans la catégorie des « nuisibles ». Les plus étudiés d’entre eux demeurent les grands prédateurs, loup et ours notamment. Les mustélidés (la belette (Mustela nivalis), la fouine (Martes foina), la martre (Martes martes), le putois (Mustela putorius) et le vison d’Amérique (Mustela vison)) ont beau être des prédateurs plus discrets en taille comme en popularité, ils n’en demeurent pas moins étroitement dépendants des « respirations » de l’imaginaire humain. Leurs mœurs nocturnes et leurs comportements furtifs sont le terreau sur lequel poussent et se nourrissent les perceptions humaines. Brossant le portrait de cette insaisissable engeance, regroupée par les piégeurs sous le vocable collectif de « sauvagine », nous engageons une réflexion pluridisciplinaire réconciliant sciences naturelles et humaines et mêlant plusieurs approches capables de s’éclairer et de se répondre : géographie, anthropologie, écologie et symbolisme. L’étude des écrits naturalistes anciens, associée à un travail d’enquête auprès de naturalistes et de piégeurs dans les campagnes de moyenne montagne du sud-ouest du Massif central (Aveyron, Tarn et Tarn-et-Garonne), permet de mieux appréhender l’évolution de la notion d’animal « nuisible » et sa perception par les acteurs de terrain. Éternels « hors-la-loi », les mustélidés déjouent nos tentatives de les cerner, de les identifier et de leur assigner un territoire parfaitement distinct du nôtre. Le partage des territoires échoue, l’homme échouant à tenir ces petits animaux ondoyants en respect, à leur place, de leur côté de la barrière. Les « nuisibles » offrent une illustration exemplaire de l’homme confronté au sauvage et permettent une analyse de l’hésitation permanente entre ordre et désordre, partage et partage, altérité et identité. / The advance of forests in the Middle Ages bordered on a disturbing nearness with wild animals which escaped our will of control, engendering inevitable conflicts of territory. These conflicts are at the origin of the classification of certain animal species in the category of “pests”. The most studied of them remain the big predators, wolf and bear in particular. Mustelids (weasel (Mustela nivalis), stone marten (Martes foina), marten (Martes martes), polecat (Mustela putorius) and American mink (Mustela mink)) may be more discreet predators in size as in popularity, they remain not less strictly dependent on “breaths” of the human imagination there. Their night-customs and their furtive behavior are the compost on which the human perceptions grow and feed. Painting a portrait of this imperceptible scum, grouped by trappers under the collective word of “Sauvagine”, we commit a multidisciplinary reflection reconciling natural and human sciences and mixing several approaches : geography, anthropology, ecology and symbolism.The study of natural histories, associated with investigations with naturalists and with trappers in the countrysides of low mountain range of the southwest of Massif Central (Aveyron, Tarn and Tarn-et-Garonne), allows to comprehend better the evolution of the notion of “pests” and its perception by rural actors. Eternal “outlaws”, weasels frustrate our attempts to encircle them, to identify them and to assign them a territory perfectly different from ours. The sharing of territories fails, the man failing to hold these small undulate animals in respect, on their place, from their part for the barrier. “Pests” offer an exemplary illustration of the man confronted with the savage and allow an analysis of the permanent hesitation between order and disorder, sharing and sharing, otherness and identity.