Providing access to clean drinking water will continue to be a challenge for civil engineers for generations to come. Since many communities around the world rely on groundwater as a source of drinking water, remediation technologies must be implemented at sites where groundwater contamination exists due to years of mismanagement of hazardous waste. Using nanosized zero-valent metals such as iron and zinc embedded within and on the surface of functionalized (PAA) membrane filters has shown to be an effective dechlorination technique for contaminated groundwater. Introducing a noble metal such as Pd or Ni increases reaction rates by acting a catalyst for the dechlorination reaction. This study focuses on the treatment of contaminated groundwater at a hazardous waste site in Louisville, Kentucky. Once a chlorinated organic chemical manufacturing plant, the site now operates a treatment system for the contaminated groundwater to prevent migration into the nearby Ohio River. A portable membrane treatment system, built at the University of Kentucky, incorporates this functionalized bimetallic membrane technology for treatment of the groundwater found at the former manufacturing plant. Three bench scale tests were performed with membrane treatment system using DI water spiked with the chemical trichloroethylene (TCE). Results showed that using the functionalized Fe/Pd membranes significant decreased TCE concentrations over time. While further tests should be conducted to verify the results of the preliminary bench-scale tests, the membrane treatment system shows potential for use at the hazardous waste site in Kentucky.

Aquatic eutrophication is a serious environmental problem that occurs all over the world. To protect surface waters (in particular the Baltic Sea), the regulatory pressure on onsite wastewater treatment (OWT) systems have increased in Sweden. Stringent requirements have led to uncertainties regarding the capability of conventional treatment techniques (soil treatment systems (STS)) to remove phosphorus (P), but they have also stimulated the development and introduction of enhanced P treatment techniques. In this thesis the accumulation and mobility of P as well as the chemical P removal mechanisms were studied in soils and reactive filter media. This knowledge was then used in environmental systems analysis. A model based on life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was developed to evaluate the overall environmental performance of conventional and enhanced P treatment systems under various local conditions. The P accumulation in the studied STS varied (320-870 g m-3) and the accumulated P was rather mobile in some soils. Phosphorus compounds were identified in alkaline reactive filter media (calcium phosphates predominated) by means of X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES). In sandy soils from STS aluminium was found to be a key element for P removal, as evidenced by a strong relationship between oxalate-extractable P and Al. The LCA studies indicated that enhanced P treatment systems may be beneficial from an eutrophication and P recycling perspective but causes increased impacts in terms of global warming and acidification. Despite the drawbacks, enhanced P treatment techniques should be considered suitable substitutes to surface water discharge STS under most conditions. This is because the latter systems have such a strong eutrophication impact. On the other hand, under appropriate conditions, STS with groundwater discharge may be advantageous. These systems generally caused low environmental impacts except for the dispersion of P resources. / <p>QC 20130419</p>

No

Nos ambientes aquáticos tropicais, o crescimento das macrófitas aquáticas é favorecido pelas altas temperaturas e elevada intensidade de radiação solar. Nestas condições, tal crescimento pode subsidiar efetivamente a manutenção das cadeias tróficas e os fluxos de energia dos ambientes aquáticos naturais ou até mesmo construídos. Considerando que as alterações ao longo do tempo na diversidade das macrófitas aquáticas ocorrem pelas variações na biomassa e na abundância relativa das espécies, o presente trabalho limitou sua pesquisa a espécie Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Deste modo, são apresentados dois artigos científicos desenvolvidos sobre o tema: um enfocando o ambiente natural e as relações alométricas foliares da espécie com sua biomassa e outro desenvolvido em ambiente construído (estação de tratamento de efluentes) onde foram introduzidos exemplares da espécie com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade depuradora em um sistema aquático contendo cromo e sua reação ao elemento químico. A conexão dos dois artigos desenvolvidos está no fato de que o primeiro faz uma definição e avaliação detalhada da metodologia a ser utilizada (não destrutiva) e o segundo aplica o método, já devidamente aferido, em plantas desenvolvidas em ambiente construído e com acentuada concentração de contaminantes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho, além de estabelecer uma nova metodologia de determinação de biomassa vegetal com base em dados alométricos, utiliza o mesmo para definir a eficiência de Eichhornia crassipes no processo de depuração de efluentes da indústria de couro. / In tropical aquatic environments, the growth of the aquatic macrophytes is favored had to the high temperatures and the raised intensities of solar radiation. In these conditions, such growth can effectively subsidize the maintenance of the trophic chains and the flows of energy of natural aquatic environments or even though constructed. Considering that the alterations in the diversity of aquatic macrophytes throughout the time occur for the substitution and variations in the biomass and relative abundance of the species, the present work limited its research the species Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and presents two developed scientific articles on the subject: one focusing the natural environment and the allometry leaf relations of the species with its biomass and developed other in constructed environment (station of treatment of effluent) where had been introduced exemplary of the specimen with the objective to evaluate the depurant capacity in aquatic system contends chromium and its reaction to the chemical element. The connect of two produced articles is in the fact of that the first one makes a definition and detailed evaluation of the methodology to be used (not destructive) and as it applies the method, already duly surveyed, in plants developed in environment constructed and with accented concentration of contaminantes. In such a way, the present work, beyond establishing a new methodology of determination of vegetal biomass on the basis of given allometric, uses the same to define the efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes in the process of purification of effluent of the leather industry.

Nos ambientes aquáticos tropicais, o crescimento das macrófitas aquáticas é favorecido pelas altas temperaturas e elevada intensidade de radiação solar. Nestas condições, tal crescimento pode subsidiar efetivamente a manutenção das cadeias tróficas e os fluxos de energia dos ambientes aquáticos naturais ou até mesmo construídos. Considerando que as alterações ao longo do tempo na diversidade das macrófitas aquáticas ocorrem pelas variações na biomassa e na abundância relativa das espécies, o presente trabalho limitou sua pesquisa a espécie Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Deste modo, são apresentados dois artigos científicos desenvolvidos sobre o tema: um enfocando o ambiente natural e as relações alométricas foliares da espécie com sua biomassa e outro desenvolvido em ambiente construído (estação de tratamento de efluentes) onde foram introduzidos exemplares da espécie com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade depuradora em um sistema aquático contendo cromo e sua reação ao elemento químico. A conexão dos dois artigos desenvolvidos está no fato de que o primeiro faz uma definição e avaliação detalhada da metodologia a ser utilizada (não destrutiva) e o segundo aplica o método, já devidamente aferido, em plantas desenvolvidas em ambiente construído e com acentuada concentração de contaminantes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho, além de estabelecer uma nova metodologia de determinação de biomassa vegetal com base em dados alométricos, utiliza o mesmo para definir a eficiência de Eichhornia crassipes no processo de depuração de efluentes da indústria de couro. / In tropical aquatic environments, the growth of the aquatic macrophytes is favored had to the high temperatures and the raised intensities of solar radiation. In these conditions, such growth can effectively subsidize the maintenance of the trophic chains and the flows of energy of natural aquatic environments or even though constructed. Considering that the alterations in the diversity of aquatic macrophytes throughout the time occur for the substitution and variations in the biomass and relative abundance of the species, the present work limited its research the species Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and presents two developed scientific articles on the subject: one focusing the natural environment and the allometry leaf relations of the species with its biomass and developed other in constructed environment (station of treatment of effluent) where had been introduced exemplary of the specimen with the objective to evaluate the depurant capacity in aquatic system contends chromium and its reaction to the chemical element. The connect of two produced articles is in the fact of that the first one makes a definition and detailed evaluation of the methodology to be used (not destructive) and as it applies the method, already duly surveyed, in plants developed in environment constructed and with accented concentration of contaminantes. In such a way, the present work, beyond establishing a new methodology of determination of vegetal biomass on the basis of given allometric, uses the same to define the efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes in the process of purification of effluent of the leather industry.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T12:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2840967 bytes, checksum: 92d732eeb2095a64c55f199a2657bd40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate a wastewater treatment system consisting of a primary system, followed by UASB and an overland flow system cultivated with grass Tifton 85, during one year; to analyze the balance of nutrients in the overland flow system and to evaluate the performance of a solar radiation wastewater disinfection system - SODIS. Every 30 to 35 days samples of the influent and the effluent of the UASB, the overland flow system, the grass, the soil, at the depths 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm, and the volatilized nitrogen were collected. It was found that the UASB efficiencies were: BOD 95 and 86%, COD 93 and 88%, NTK 40 and 31%, N-org 85% and 79%, total alkalinity of 193 and 202 mg.L-1, , sulfides 92% and 80%, and SS 97% and 91%, respectively, for the rain and te dry seasons. The overland flow system presented the following efficiencies: BOD 62 and 85%, COD 71 and 72%, ST 6 and 21%, Norg 14 and 35%, NTK 46 and 54%, N- NH3 48 and 21%, PT 46% and 46%, E. coli 1 log unit e 2 log unit, for the rain and the dry seasons, respectively. There was no movement of the elements studied along the first 30 cm of soil. The TKN reduced and the NO3 - increased along the ramp of the overland flow system. The nitrogen volatilization was 0,42% and 0,36%, for the rain and the dry seasons, respectively. There was a reduction of 55% of the Pt in the overland flow system, showing the capacity of Pt absorption for the grass. The grass protein ranged from 13 to 22%. The depths of 15, 20 and 25 cm were tested in the pilot solar radiation disinfection system (SODIS). The wastewater presented an average turbidity of 26 NTU, TSS of 23 mg / L, and 105 to 107 NMP/100ml of E. coli. In the rain season, with a 24 hours of exposure to solar radiation occurred a removal of approximately 4 log of E. coli, when the daily average solar radiation was 25 MJ/m2. In the dry season, after 24 hours of solar exposure approximately 2 log of E. coli was removed, for an average solar radiation of 10 MJ/m2. The E. Coli population reduction was higher for lower depths e the SODIS. The SODIS was not effective to remove the helminthes eggs. / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um sistema de tratamento de esgoto doméstico, constituído por sistema preliminar, seguido por reator UASB e rampa de escoamento superficial cultivada com gramínea Tifton 85, durante um ano; analisar o balanço de nutrientes na rampa de escoamento superficial e avaliar o desempenho do reator SODIS, para desinfecção do efluente do sistema. Foram coletadas amostras, a cada 30 a 35 dias, do afluente e efluentes do UASB e da rampa de escoamento superficial, da gramínea, do solo, nas profundidades 0-15 cm e 15-30 cm, e do nitrogênio volatilizado. No reator UASB as eficiências foram: DBO 95 e 86%, DQO 93 e 88%, NTK 40 e 31%, N-org de 85% e 79%, alcalinidade total 193 mg.L-1 e 202 mg.L-1, sulfetos 92% e 80%, SS 97% e 91%, respectivamente, para as estações chuvosa e seca. Na rampa de escoamento superficial, obtiveram-se eficiências de: DBO 62% e 85%, DQO 71% e 72%, ST 6% e 21%, N-org 14% e 35%, NTK 46% e 54%, N-NH3 48% e 21%, PT 46% e 46%, E. coli 1 unidade log e 2 unidades log, nas estações chuvosa e seca, respectivamente. Não foi observado deslocamento dos elementos analisados na camada de 0 a 30 cm do solo. Verificou-se redução do NTK e acréscimo do NO3 - ao longo da rampa. A volatilização de nitrogênio foi de 0,42 e 0,36%, nos período chuvoso e seco, respectivamente. Houve redução de 55% do Pt no efluente da rampa, demostrando a capacidade de remoção deste elemento pela gramínea. Os valores de proteína bruta na forrageira variaram de 13 a 22 %. Foram avaliadas as laminas de 15, 20 e 25 cm no sistema piloto (SODIS) instalado após o sistema de escoamento superficial, cujo afluente apresentava turbidez média de 26 NTU, SST de 23 mgL-1 e concentrações de E. coli de 105 e 107 NMP 100ml-1. Observou-se que, na estação chuvosa, nas 24 horas de exposição à radiação solar (25 MJm-2) ocorreu remoção de aproximadamente 4 Unidades logarítmicas de E. coli e na estação seca 2 unidades logarítmicas de E. coli com 10 MJm-2 . A redução da população de E. coli é menor para maiores lâminas do efluente no SODIS. Não houve redução de ovos de helmintos no efluente da rampa após 24 h de exposição à radiação solar.

Les contextes climatique et énergétique mondiaux encouragent les pays de l'Union Européenne à améliorer leurs impacts environnementaux. Un des objectifs consiste à diminuer les émissions de CO2 en développant les énergies renouvelables. En France, la filière bois énergie représente la première source d'énergie renouvelable avec une production s'élevant à 10 MTep par an. Toutefois, il est indispensable de ne pas se limiter aux émissions de CO2 pour déterminer l'impact global d'une source d'énergie. En effet, la combustion de bois dans les appareils de chauffage domestique tels que les poêles, les inserts, les foyers ouverts, est à l'origine d'une part non négligeable de certains polluants atmosphériques tels que le CO, les COV, les HAP et les particules fines. L'objectif de ce projet est de réaliser un système efficace de dépollution capable de traiter l'ensemble des polluants à la sortie de ces appareils de chauffage. Des technologies sont déjà disponibles pour la dépollution des fumées issues de différentes sources de combustion, néanmoins nous devons intégrer les problématiques liées au fonctionnement de ces appareils ainsi que des critères de coût, de fonctionnalité et de développement durable définis dans un cahier des charges réalisé avec le partenaire industriel. Le travail réalisé nous à permis de concevoir et de tester un système complet capable de traiter tant les composants gazeux à l'aide d'un catalyseur à base de fer imprégné sur de la cérine, que les particules grâce à un lit filtrant régénéré par microondes. Le système décrit dans ce manuscrit présente une réduction faible des émissions, mais a permis de mettre en lumière les contraintes et les espoirs d'un futur système de traitement efficient. / The global energy and climate contexts encourage EU countries to improve their environmental impacts. One goal is to reduce CO2 emissions by developing the use of renewable energies. In France, wood is the first renewable energy source with an equivalent of 10 Mtoe produced each year. However, it is essential to study the global environment impact of on this energy source including CO2 emissions but also the different pollutants emitted. Indeed, the combustion of wood in small home heating units as stoves, open and closed fireplaces, is responsible for a significant part of typical air pollutants such as CO, VOCs, PAHs and fine particles. The objective of this project is to develop an effective system able to treat both pollutants emittedfrom those heaters. Few technologies are already available for smoke after treatment. However, we must incorporate in our study constraints related to the operation of these wood heating devices as well as criteria of cost, functionality and sustainability defined in the specifications set with the industrial partner of this project. The result of the work performed in this project was the conception of a complete prototype tested for emissions reduction. The system is composed of ceria impregnated iron catalyst for gaseous compounds oxidation and a microwave regenerated bed filter for particles elimination. The tests performed on the prototype showed weak emissions abatement. Nevertheless, this project highlighted constraints and hopes for a future efficient after treatment system.

Nos ambientes aquáticos tropicais, o crescimento das macrófitas aquáticas é favorecido pelas altas temperaturas e elevada intensidade de radiação solar. Nestas condições, tal crescimento pode subsidiar efetivamente a manutenção das cadeias tróficas e os fluxos de energia dos ambientes aquáticos naturais ou até mesmo construídos. Considerando que as alterações ao longo do tempo na diversidade das macrófitas aquáticas ocorrem pelas variações na biomassa e na abundância relativa das espécies, o presente trabalho limitou sua pesquisa a espécie Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms. Deste modo, são apresentados dois artigos científicos desenvolvidos sobre o tema: um enfocando o ambiente natural e as relações alométricas foliares da espécie com sua biomassa e outro desenvolvido em ambiente construído (estação de tratamento de efluentes) onde foram introduzidos exemplares da espécie com o objetivo de avaliar a capacidade depuradora em um sistema aquático contendo cromo e sua reação ao elemento químico. A conexão dos dois artigos desenvolvidos está no fato de que o primeiro faz uma definição e avaliação detalhada da metodologia a ser utilizada (não destrutiva) e o segundo aplica o método, já devidamente aferido, em plantas desenvolvidas em ambiente construído e com acentuada concentração de contaminantes. Desta forma, o presente trabalho, além de estabelecer uma nova metodologia de determinação de biomassa vegetal com base em dados alométricos, utiliza o mesmo para definir a eficiência de Eichhornia crassipes no processo de depuração de efluentes da indústria de couro. / In tropical aquatic environments, the growth of the aquatic macrophytes is favored had to the high temperatures and the raised intensities of solar radiation. In these conditions, such growth can effectively subsidize the maintenance of the trophic chains and the flows of energy of natural aquatic environments or even though constructed. Considering that the alterations in the diversity of aquatic macrophytes throughout the time occur for the substitution and variations in the biomass and relative abundance of the species, the present work limited its research the species Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms and presents two developed scientific articles on the subject: one focusing the natural environment and the allometry leaf relations of the species with its biomass and developed other in constructed environment (station of treatment of effluent) where had been introduced exemplary of the specimen with the objective to evaluate the depurant capacity in aquatic system contends chromium and its reaction to the chemical element. The connect of two produced articles is in the fact of that the first one makes a definition and detailed evaluation of the methodology to be used (not destructive) and as it applies the method, already duly surveyed, in plants developed in environment constructed and with accented concentration of contaminantes. In such a way, the present work, beyond establishing a new methodology of determination of vegetal biomass on the basis of given allometric, uses the same to define the efficiency of Eichhornia crassipes in the process of purification of effluent of the leather industry.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第22785号 / 農博第2428号 / 新制||農||1081(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R2||N5305(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 藤原 正幸, 教授 村上 章, 教授 中村 公人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The exhaust after treatment system is responsible for removing particulates and contaminants from the exhaust gases. The flow entering the SCR, a catalyst utilizing ammonia to reduce NOx emissions, was studied. The quality and distribution of flow entering the SCR plays an important role in the efficiency of the systems. A CFD study was completed initially investigating the impact on solution accuracy of different modeling approaches with respect to pressure drop and flow uniformity entering SCRs. Next, multi-species simulations were completed to analyze different modeling approaches impact on ammonia distribution and flow rates through SCRs. RANS, URANS, and DES simulations were compared in both stages. An in depth analysis of the current methodology utilized at Scania to investigate pressure drop and velocity uniformity index concluded that there is minimal benefit in changing the current methodology. DDES and URANS simulations yielded results containing less than 2% difference when compared with the current methodology. Expanding the investigation to include ammonia mixing yielded interesting disparities between simulation methods with respect to multispecies flow characteristics. This difference was attributed to disparities between the initial mixing of ammonia within the domain. The RANS and URANS simulations contained a much larger dispersion of ammonia, accredited to an increased false diffusion. DDES simulations are very computationally costly but by following time reducing processes, DDES simulations could be used early in the design and analysis phase of exhaust after treatment systems to analyze ammonia distribution and mixing.