As vantagens relacionadas à utilização de revestimentos duros depositados via processos PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) são bem conhecidas e dadas por suas propriedades. As principais propriedades destes filmes são a capacidade de não incrementar significativamente a rugosidade dos substratos em que são depositados, sua alta dureza conferindo alta resistência ao desgaste, baixa reatividade quando se trata de revestimentos de compostos cerâmicos e capacidade de reduzir o coeficiente de atrito de pares tribológicos inseridos em diversos meios. A nitretação a plasma de substratos antes da aplicação de um revestimento faz com que outros benefícios possam ser encontrados, dentre eles destacam-se o aumento da capacidade de sustentação de carga do substrato e a criação de uma região que propicia um gradiente de propriedades entre o substrato e o revestimento. Desta forma é caracterizado o tratamento dúplex, o qual consiste em um substrato nitretado seguido da aplicação de um revestimento. Através do processo de nitretação a plasma, camadas de difusão foram formadas em amostras de geometria cilíndrica do aço DIN X100CrMoV8-1-1, industrialmente utilizado para construção de ferramentas para operações de corte e estampagem. Duas profundidades distintas de camada de difusão foram formadas. O revestimento escolhido para este estudo foi o TiCN (carbonitreto de titânio), produzido industrialmente e disponível no mercado brasileiro. As técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas para medir a rugosidade, a dureza, os perfis de composição química, as fases formadas, as tensões residuais e a adesão dos revestimentos. Após esta caracterização inicial, foram feitos ensaios utilizando a técnica de esfera-sobre-disco em amostras e de DST (Dobramento sob Tensão) em pinos com geometria específica com o objetivo de se avaliar o comportamento tribológico dos tratamentos dúplex desenvolvidos. / The advantages related to the utilization of hard thin films deposited on tools and components via PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) are well known and given by their properties. The main properties of these coatings are their capacity to avoid significant roughness increase of the coated substrates, high hardness which provides high wear resistance, low reactivity in the case of ceramic coatings and the possibility to provide very low friction coefficient. The thin films associated with plasma nitriding (the so called duplex treatments) applied to the substrates can bring much more benefits. The coating load bearing capacity can be increased by the presence of the diffusion zone on the substrate that allows a gradient of mechanical properties from the coating to the core of the material. In this work, by plasma nitriding process, two distinct depths of diffusion layer were developed in samples and pins manufactured out of the DIN X100CrMoV8-1-1 steel. This steel grade is commonly used to manufacture tools for cutting and stamping operations. Following a previous work the chosen coating for this study was a graded TiCN (titanium carbonitride). The samples were characterized by several different techniques in order to access surface roughness, chemical composition profiles, present phases, residual stresses, hardness and adhesion of the obtained nitrided layer and coatings. After this initial characterization, tests were performed using a pin-on-disc apparatus and BUT (Bending under tension test) with the aim to evaluate the tribological behavior of the developed duplex treatment for for sheet metal forming application.

As vantagens relacionadas à utilização de revestimentos duros depositados via processos PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) são bem conhecidas e dadas por suas propriedades. As principais propriedades destes filmes são a capacidade de não incrementar significativamente a rugosidade dos substratos em que são depositados, sua alta dureza conferindo alta resistência ao desgaste, baixa reatividade quando se trata de revestimentos de compostos cerâmicos e capacidade de reduzir o coeficiente de atrito de pares tribológicos inseridos em diversos meios. A nitretação a plasma de substratos antes da aplicação de um revestimento faz com que outros benefícios possam ser encontrados, dentre eles destacam-se o aumento da capacidade de sustentação de carga do substrato e a criação de uma região que propicia um gradiente de propriedades entre o substrato e o revestimento. Desta forma é caracterizado o tratamento dúplex, o qual consiste em um substrato nitretado seguido da aplicação de um revestimento. Através do processo de nitretação a plasma, camadas de difusão foram formadas em amostras de geometria cilíndrica do aço DIN X100CrMoV8-1-1, industrialmente utilizado para construção de ferramentas para operações de corte e estampagem. Duas profundidades distintas de camada de difusão foram formadas. O revestimento escolhido para este estudo foi o TiCN (carbonitreto de titânio), produzido industrialmente e disponível no mercado brasileiro. As técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas para medir a rugosidade, a dureza, os perfis de composição química, as fases formadas, as tensões residuais e a adesão dos revestimentos. Após esta caracterização inicial, foram feitos ensaios utilizando a técnica de esfera-sobre-disco em amostras e de DST (Dobramento sob Tensão) em pinos com geometria específica com o objetivo de se avaliar o comportamento tribológico dos tratamentos dúplex desenvolvidos. / The advantages related to the utilization of hard thin films deposited on tools and components via PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) are well known and given by their properties. The main properties of these coatings are their capacity to avoid significant roughness increase of the coated substrates, high hardness which provides high wear resistance, low reactivity in the case of ceramic coatings and the possibility to provide very low friction coefficient. The thin films associated with plasma nitriding (the so called duplex treatments) applied to the substrates can bring much more benefits. The coating load bearing capacity can be increased by the presence of the diffusion zone on the substrate that allows a gradient of mechanical properties from the coating to the core of the material. In this work, by plasma nitriding process, two distinct depths of diffusion layer were developed in samples and pins manufactured out of the DIN X100CrMoV8-1-1 steel. This steel grade is commonly used to manufacture tools for cutting and stamping operations. Following a previous work the chosen coating for this study was a graded TiCN (titanium carbonitride). The samples were characterized by several different techniques in order to access surface roughness, chemical composition profiles, present phases, residual stresses, hardness and adhesion of the obtained nitrided layer and coatings. After this initial characterization, tests were performed using a pin-on-disc apparatus and BUT (Bending under tension test) with the aim to evaluate the tribological behavior of the developed duplex treatment for for sheet metal forming application.

As vantagens relacionadas à utilização de revestimentos duros depositados via processos PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) são bem conhecidas e dadas por suas propriedades. As principais propriedades destes filmes são a capacidade de não incrementar significativamente a rugosidade dos substratos em que são depositados, sua alta dureza conferindo alta resistência ao desgaste, baixa reatividade quando se trata de revestimentos de compostos cerâmicos e capacidade de reduzir o coeficiente de atrito de pares tribológicos inseridos em diversos meios. A nitretação a plasma de substratos antes da aplicação de um revestimento faz com que outros benefícios possam ser encontrados, dentre eles destacam-se o aumento da capacidade de sustentação de carga do substrato e a criação de uma região que propicia um gradiente de propriedades entre o substrato e o revestimento. Desta forma é caracterizado o tratamento dúplex, o qual consiste em um substrato nitretado seguido da aplicação de um revestimento. Através do processo de nitretação a plasma, camadas de difusão foram formadas em amostras de geometria cilíndrica do aço DIN X100CrMoV8-1-1, industrialmente utilizado para construção de ferramentas para operações de corte e estampagem. Duas profundidades distintas de camada de difusão foram formadas. O revestimento escolhido para este estudo foi o TiCN (carbonitreto de titânio), produzido industrialmente e disponível no mercado brasileiro. As técnicas de caracterização foram utilizadas para medir a rugosidade, a dureza, os perfis de composição química, as fases formadas, as tensões residuais e a adesão dos revestimentos. Após esta caracterização inicial, foram feitos ensaios utilizando a técnica de esfera-sobre-disco em amostras e de DST (Dobramento sob Tensão) em pinos com geometria específica com o objetivo de se avaliar o comportamento tribológico dos tratamentos dúplex desenvolvidos. / The advantages related to the utilization of hard thin films deposited on tools and components via PAPVD (Plasma Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition) are well known and given by their properties. The main properties of these coatings are their capacity to avoid significant roughness increase of the coated substrates, high hardness which provides high wear resistance, low reactivity in the case of ceramic coatings and the possibility to provide very low friction coefficient. The thin films associated with plasma nitriding (the so called duplex treatments) applied to the substrates can bring much more benefits. The coating load bearing capacity can be increased by the presence of the diffusion zone on the substrate that allows a gradient of mechanical properties from the coating to the core of the material. In this work, by plasma nitriding process, two distinct depths of diffusion layer were developed in samples and pins manufactured out of the DIN X100CrMoV8-1-1 steel. This steel grade is commonly used to manufacture tools for cutting and stamping operations. Following a previous work the chosen coating for this study was a graded TiCN (titanium carbonitride). The samples were characterized by several different techniques in order to access surface roughness, chemical composition profiles, present phases, residual stresses, hardness and adhesion of the obtained nitrided layer and coatings. After this initial characterization, tests were performed using a pin-on-disc apparatus and BUT (Bending under tension test) with the aim to evaluate the tribological behavior of the developed duplex treatment for for sheet metal forming application.

Les nouvelles générations d’avions, tant civils que militaires, sont désormais pleinement engagées dans l’électrification des commandes de vol. Afin d’atteindre les nouveaux objectifs et critères mis en place pour le bon développement de ces actionneurs électro-mécaniques, il est nécessaire d’effectuer des études en amont. Ces études portent principalement sur le comportement mécanique et tribologique des pièces en contact afin d’éviter l’évènement le plus redouté qui est le grippage, au sens blocage irréversible du système. En effet, ces actionneurs électro-mécaniques sont soumis à des sollicitations de chargement vibratoires qui induisent des déplacements de très faibles amplitudes entre les pièces en contact. Ces micro-glissements peuvent induire de l’usure, de la fissuration, de l’écaillage, etc. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, les travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse, ont porté sur quatre axes majeurs. Le premier axe consiste à étudier et déterminer le comportement tribologique des premiers corps en milieu sec, puis en incorporant des traitements de surface. Le second axe a permis de déterminer les différents régimes de lubrification du contact lubrifié à la graisse. Nous avons montré que le régime de lubrification totale est caractérisé par la formation d’un tribofilm lubrifiant et protecteur. Des analyses plus poussées ont portées sur les cinétiques de formation et destruction de ce tribofilm ainsi que sa nature. Le troisième axe est consacré à l’étude du comportement tribologique du contact revêtu en milieu graissé. Le dernier axe de travail est destiné à la mise en place d’outils de simulation et de prévision de l’usure, et donc à posteriori du grippage, en fonction des conditions de chargement. Ces quatre axes d’études complémentaires ont donc permis de mettre en place des outils de comparaison de graisses et de revêtements, de comprendre le comportement du contact étudié ainsi que de développer des outils de simulation. / Electrification of flight controls represents an important milestone for both civil and military next-generation aircraft. A successful development of electro-mechanical actuators used for this type of application not only requires the establishment of a set of appropriate objectives and criteria but also the study of fundamental aspects. These studies mainly focus on the mechanical and tribological behavior of parts in contact with the objective to prevent seizing. Seizing is defined as an irreversible blockage of the system and it can be considered as the worst-case scenario. As a matter of fact, the considered electro-mechanical actuators are subjected to vibrational loads which induce small displacements between the parts in contact. These micro-slidings can result in wear, cracking, scaling and other undesirable phenomena. This PhD thesis is divided into four major topics that each contributes to prevent seizing. More precisely, the first part of this thesis deals with the tribological behavior of the first bodies in dry condition both with and without surface treatments. As a second axis the different lubrication regimes of the greased lubricated interface were determined. We have shown that the total lubrication regime is characterized by the formation of a lubricant and protective tribofilm. A detailed analysis on the nature of the tribofilm as well as on its kinetics of formation and destruction was carried out. The third area is devoted to the study of the tribological behavior of the coated and greased contact. Finally, the fourth axis of this research deals with the question of how we can simulate and predict wear, and seizing as its most severe form, under multiple loading conditions. These four complementary areas allowed us to establish tools for comparison for greases and coatings in order to understand the behavior of the fretted interface and to develop simulation tools.

Dans ce travail de thèse, une amélioration aussi bien à l’échelle globale qu’à l’échelle locale a été apportée sur la compréhension des mécanismes tribologiques aux interfaces outil-pièce-copeau durant l’usinage à sec de l’acier C45 avec des outils en carbure de tungstène revêtus en TIN. Dans une première partie expérimentale, des essais de frottement ont permis d’étudier la sensibilité des paramètres de frottement sur le comportement tribologique aux interfaces pion-pièce. Ainsi, l’évolution du coefficient de frottement, du flux de chaleur et du coefficient de partage de chaleur aux interfaces outil-pièce-copeau ont été identifiés pour le couple de matériau frottant et frotté. Pour mieux comprendre ces phénomènes, une étude métallographique a été effectuée sur des échantillons. Elle a notamment permis l’obtention des transformations métallurgiques au niveau de la surface superficielle de la pièce : des affinements des grains (déformation plastique) aux basses vitesses de frottement et des couches blanches (durcissement thermique) pour les grandes vitesses. Pour avoir plus de détails, un modèle numérique simulant l’essai de frottement a été développé en se basant sur l’approche Arbitraire Lagrangienne Eulérienne (A.L.E). Ce modèle nous a permis d’avoir plus d’informations sur les grandeurs locales de frottement (pression de contact, température de contact, vitesse locale de glissement, déformation plastique). Un modèle de frottement et un modèle de coefficient de partage de chaleur ont été identifiés à travers cette étude numérique. Dans la deuxième partie expérimentale, deux types d’essais d’usure ont été effectués dans des conditions similaires sur des pions et sur des plaquettes d’outils de coupe de même nuance. Des analyses microscopiques et au MEB couplés à une analyse EDS ont été faites afin de mieux analyser les mécanismes tribologiques durant les essais d’usure. Des similitudes de faciès d’usure ont été observées à différentes échelles d’analyse, sur les pions ainsi que sur les plaquettes d’outils de coupe. Ces similitudes ont permis d’aboutir à une corrélation des phénomènes tribologiques observés sur les pions et ceux observés sur les plaquettes. / In this work, improved both global and local levels has been made on understanding the tribological mechanisms at the chip-tool-workpiece interface in dry machining of a AISI 1045 steel with a TiN coated carbide tool. In the first part, several friction tests have been performed to study the sensitivity of friction parameters on the tribological behavior at pin-workpiece interface. Thus, evolutions of the apparent friction coefficient, of heat flux and of heat flux partition ratio have been identified. To better understand these phenomena, a metallographic study was performed on the samples of the workpiece.It has enabled the achievement of metallurgical transformations in terms of surface area of the room : the refinement of grains (plastic deformation) friction at low speeds and white layers (thermal curing)for high speeds. These results show that the initial state of the steel (ferritic-pearlitic microstructure) has been changed, In fact, two phenomena have been observed. The first phenomenon has been observed for low sliding velocities. In this range of the sliding velocities, the grains have been crushed because of the large plastic deformations. The second phenomenon has been observed by increasing the friction velocity. In fact, the white zones have been identified at the surface layer and which have presented a different structure compared to the initial state of the steel. A 3D A.L.E. numerical model, simulating the friction test, enables to extract local information from the contact area, especially the contact pressure, the contact temperature and the average local sliding velocity. An adhesive friction model and a heat partition coefficient model depending on average local sliding velocity have been identified. These friction models can be utilized in a FEM of the cutting process in order to improve the understanding of the material flow and temperature distribution around cutting tools. In the second part, pin wear in the friction tests and tool wear in machining tests have been performed. To compare the phenomena observed at the tool-chip interfaces during the wear tests in machining with the phenomena observed at the pin-workpiece during the wear tests of friction, similarities of faces have been observed at different scales of analysis on the pins and on the cutting tool inserts.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anael Krelling.pdf: 4334549 bytes, checksum: 5f6d37933553590fff7bc05b902644dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, solid boriding thermochemical treatment was carried out using Ekabor® 1-V2 and one blend as boriding agents and heat treatment of quenching and tempering of AISI H13 tool steel in order to compare and evaluate the tribological behavior and the properties acquired for four studied conditions, that were: Ekabor® powder boriding, Ekabor® powder boriding followed by quenching and tempering, boriding with a blend as boriding agent and quenched and tempered condition. Sliding wear tests were performed in pin-on-disc apparatus in order to evaluate the friction coefficient and the volume of material removed (measured with the aid of a profiling equipment). After the wear tests the samples were transversally cut for metallographic evaluation by optical and scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the formation of borided layer. The results showed that the boriding treatments, regardless the boriding agent used, are effective in increasing wear resistance. The thickness of borided layer was greater for boriding with Ekabor® powder than the blend agent, this one, nevertheless, showed significant improvement in wear resistance compared to the quenched and tempered condition. There are several wear mechanisms that take place in the sliding wear test but the adhesive wear mechanism was reduced by boriding treatment. / Neste trabalho foram realizados tratamentos termoquímicos de boretação por via sólida com pó comercial Ekabor® 1-V2 e mistura boretante, além de tratamentos térmicos de têmpera e revenimento em aço ferramenta AISI H13 com o intuito de comparar e avaliar o comportamento tribológico e as propriedades adquiridas para quatro condições estudadas, sendo elas: boretação com pó Ekabor®, boretação com pó Ekabor® seguida de têmpera e revenimento, boretação com uma mistura como agente boretante e condição apenas temperada e revenida. Testes de desgaste por deslizamento foram realizados em tribômetro de pino-sobre-disco para avaliação do coeficiente de atrito e volume de material removido (avaliado com o auxílio de perfilômetro). Após os ensaios de desgaste as amostras foram cortadas transversalmente para avaliação metalográfica através de microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microdureza. Os mecanismos de desgaste foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Difratometria de raios-X foi utilizada para a comprovação da formação da camada de boretos. Os resultados mostraram que o tratamento de boretação, independentemente do agente boretante utilizado, é eficaz no aumento da resistência ao desgaste. A espessura das camadas de boretos foi maior para boretação realizada com pó Ekabor® em comparação com a mistura boretante, esta última, apesar disto, apresentou melhoria significativa em comparação com a condição de têmpera e revenimento. Vários são os mecanismos de desgaste que ocorrem no ensaio por deslizamento sendo que o mecanismo de desgaste por adesão foi reduzido com a realização dos tratamentos de boretação.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Selonke Klaas.pdf: 5855700 bytes, checksum: f10fd37619590a5b128a3aec7c9e878c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / With the purpose of reduce wear in plain bearings, in initial turning periods, was evaluated tribologically the sintered metal patent in relation to the cast which is used in commercial bearings. In the present study have been conducted experiments using the dilatometer to determine the optimal temperature and time for sintering the white metal. In the sintered specimens was measured by scanning electron microscopy the sinterability. The need for this preliminary study is due to the difficulty in sintering of this alloy is as much difference in melting temperature between the three elements. Sliding wear tests were performed in tribometer pin-on-disc for evaluating the coefficient of friction and volume of material removed (as measured with the aid of profilometer) and compared with the white metal obtained by melting and bronze obtained by sintering. The wear mechanisms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Of all configurations evaluated, the sintered bronze lubricated showed lower wear and sintered white metal lubricated had the lowest coefficient of friction. / Com o objetivo de reduzir o desgaste em mancais de deslizamento nos períodos iniciais de giro, foi avaliado tribologicamente o metal patente sinterizado como opção do fundido que é utilizado em mancais comerciais. No presente trabalho foram realizados experimentos com o dilatômetro para determinar a melhor temperatura e o tempo de sinterização para o metal patente. Nos corpos de prova sinterizados avaliou-se por meio do microscópio eletrônico de varredura a sinterabilidade. A necessidade desse estudo prévio dá-se pela dificuldade da liga na sinterização, pois há grande diferença de temperatura de fusão entre os três elementos. Aconteceram testes de desgaste por deslizamento com tribômetro de pino sobre disco para a análise do coeficiente de atrito e do volume de material removido (verificado com o auxílio de perfilômetro), além de depois terem sido comparados com o metal patente obtido por fundição e com o bronze oriundo da sinterização. Os mecanismos de desgaste foram observados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. De todas as configurações examinadas, o bronze sinterizado lubrificado apresentou menor desgaste, e o metal patente sinterizado lubrificado teve o menor coeficiente de atrito

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mario Augusto Morozo.pdf: 3275631 bytes, checksum: 146bb363d630204d1f0a795658dce502 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this work, solid boriding thermochemical treatment was carried out using Ekabor® 1-V2 and heat treatment for hardening and tempering hot work tool steel AISI H13 in order to compare and evaluate the tribological behavior and properties acquired for four conditions studied, namely: boriding with Ekabor used powder ® 1-V2, boriding with Ekabor new powder ® 1-V2, quenched and tempered, and as supplied (annealed). Fixed-ball Microabrasive wear tests were performed to evaluate the steady-state wear, wear coefficient, wear volume and friction coefficient. After wear tests, the samples were transversally cut for metallographic evaluations by optical microscopy and microhardness. The wear mechanisms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the formation of a borided layer. The results showed that the layer formed after the boriding with Ekabor ® 1-V2 used powder had become quite uneven, which may directly influence in reducing the wear resistance. The same irregularity was detected after boriding with Ekabor® 1-V2 new powder. However, for this second condition, in all áreas, thicker layer was noted. The quenched and tempered condition had the highest average wear coefficient, followed by the annealed condition and boride powder Ekabor ® 1-V2 used, whose coefficients were virtually identical. The boride with Ekabor new powder ® 1-V2 had the lowest average wear coefficient. / Neste trabalho foi realizado tratamento termoquímico de boretação por via sólida com pó comercial Ekabor® 1-V2 e tratamento térmico de têmpera e revenimento em aço ferramenta para trabalho a quente AISI H13 com o intuito de comparar e avaliar o comportamento tribológico e as propriedades adquiridas para quatro condições estudadas, sendo elas: boretação com pó Ekabor® 1-V2 usado, boretação com pó Ekabor® 1-V2 novo, condição temperada e revenida e condição como fornecida (recozida). Ensaios de desgaste microabrasivo foram realizados em equipamento de microabrasão do tipo esfera fixa para avaliação da obtenção do regime permanente de desgaste, coeficiente de desgaste, volume de desgaste e coeficiente de atrito. Após os ensaios de desgaste as amostras foram cortadas transversalmente para avaliação metalográfica através de microscopia óptica e microdureza. Os mecanismos de desgaste foram analisados por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Difratometria de raios-X foi utilizada para a comprovação da formação da camada de boretos. Os resultados mostraram que a camada formada após a boretação com pó Ekabor® 1-V2 usado apresentou-se bastante irregular, o que pode ter influenciado diretamente na redução da resistência ao desgaste. A mesma irregularidade foi verificada após a boretação com pó Ekabor® 1-V2 novo. Entretanto, para esta segunda condição, em todas as regiões se observou uma espessura de camada maior. A condição temperada e revenida apresentou o maior coeficiente de desgaste médio, sendo seguida pelas condições recozida e boretada com pó Ekabor® 1-V2 usado, cujos coeficientes foram praticamente idênticos. A condição boretada com pó Ekabor® 1-V2 novo apresentou o menor coeficiente de desgaste médio.

<p>Razvijene su TiAlN/TiSiN i CrAlN/TiSiN nanoslojne prevlake u kojima je napravljen spoj nanoslojnog i nanokompozitnog dizajna. Akcenat je stavljen na proizvodnju prevlaka visoke tvrdoće i visoke otpornosti na lom. Proučavane su i jednoslojne TiAlN, nanokompozitne TiSiN i višeslojne TiAlN/TiSiN prevlake kako bi se utvrdilo kako dizajn utiče na osobine prevlaka. Sve prevlake pripremane su sa jednim, dva i tri stepena rotacije. Pokazano je da dizajn i vid rotacije značajno utiču na mikrostrukturu i teksturu prevlaka, a time na njihove mehaničke osobine, otpornost na lom, adheziju između prevlake i podloge, topografiju površine i tribološko ponašanje. Nanoslojne i nanokompozitne prevlake odlikuju se kompaktnom nanokristalnom mikrostrukturom, dok jednoslojne TiAlN prevlake imaju stubastu strukturu sa kristalnim zrnima veće veličine. Pri prelasku sa jednog na više stepeni rotacije mikrostruktura prevlaka postaje kompaktnija sa kristalnim zrnima manje veličine i manjom poroznošću. U skladu sa tim, najmanju hrapavost, najveću tvrdoću, najveću otpornost na lom i najveću otpornost na habanje imaju nanoslojne i nanokompozitne prevlake pripremane sa dva i tri stepena rotacije.</p> / <p>With the aim to develop hard coatings characterized by both, high hardness<br />and high resistance to cracking, synergy between nanolayered and<br />nanocomposite design was made and nanolayered TiAlN/TiSiN and<br />CrAlN/TiSiN coatings were produced. Monolayer TiAlN, nanocomposite<br />TiSiN and multilayer TiAlN/TiSiN were also studied in order to find the<br />relation between the coating design and their properties. All coatings were<br />deposited with 1-fold, 2-fold and 3-fold rotation. It is shown that coating<br />design and type of rotation have great influence on coating microstructure<br />and texture, and in this way on their mechanical properties, resistance to<br />cracking, adhesion between coating and substrate, surface topography and<br />tribological behavior. Nanolayered and nanocomposite coatings are<br />characterized by compact nanocrystalline microstructure, while monolayer<br />TiAlN coatings have columnar structure with larger crystalline grains. By<br />increasing the number of rotational degrees from 1-fold to 3-fold size of<br />crystalline grains decreases and microstructure becomes more dense.<br />Therefore, nanolayered and nanocomposite coatings deposited with 2-fold<br />and 3-fold rotation are characterized by the highest hardness, highest<br />resistance to cracking, highest wear resistance and the smoothest surface<br />topography.</p>

A l'heure actuelle les recherches de nouvelles apatites thermiquement plus stables se développent. Ainsi desdépôts à base de fluoroapatite (Ca10(PO4)6F2) ou de fluorhydroxyapatite fournissent des dépôts plus stables etplus adhérents que l'hydroxyaptite tout en étant biocompatibles. La fluoroapatite (Fap) présente non seulement despropriétés physicochimiques semblables à celles de l'os naturel mais également une bonne résistance à lacorrosion dans le milieu physiologique. La Fap et l'hydroxyapatite (Hap) sont utilisées soit sous forme de dépôt surles parties métalliques de prothèses soit toutefois comme matériaux de comblement osseux. L'utilisation de cesbiocéramiques pose quelques problèmes en raison de leur faible tenue mécanique. L'alumine a été proposée ainsipour ses bonnes propriétés mécaniques et pour sa forte affinité pour le fluor avec lequel elle donne des composéstrès stables. Des dépôts composites Al2O3-Fap et Hap-Fap ont été réalisés par projection thermique. Nous avonsfait varier dans ces composites le pourcentage de fluor. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'ajout de Fap améliorela résistance mécanique et les propriétés tribologiques de l'Hap et contribue à l'adhésion et à la prolifération descellules osseuses pour les dépôts d'alumine. / A considerable amount of research already focused on ceramic biomaterials given their chemical stabilityand high mechanical strength. On the one hand, Fluorapatite (Fa) has recently attracted some attention as analternative to pure hydroxyapatite (Hap) as coating on metallic implants, given its chemical composition which issimilar to the bone mineral and therefore its excellent biocompatibility. On the other hand, alumina is known for itsexcellent bioinertia and is also one of the most widely investigated bioceramics. In this frame, the aim of our workwas to investigate Al2O3-Fap and Hap-Fap composite coatings deposited on stainless steel substrates usingSpraying processes (APS and SHVOF). The mechanical, micro-structural, tribological and biological (in Vitro and inVivo tests) properties of these composite coatings are determined and analysed in order to determine their possibleuse as surigical implant materials.