Insight into environments and habitats that contribute recruits to adult fish stocks in riverine systems is vital for effective population management and conservation. Catfishes are important recreational species in the Mississippi River and are commercially harvested. However, contributions from main channel and tributary habitats to catfish recruitment in large rivers such as the middle Mississippi River (between St. Louis, MO and Cairo, IL) are unknown. Stable isotope and trace elemental signatures in otoliths have been useful for determining environmental history of fishes in a variety of aquatic systems, including the Mississippi River. The objectives of this study were to identify the principle natal environments of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and blue catfish I. furcatus in the middle Mississippi River (MMR) using otolith stable oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) and strontium:calcium ratios (Sr:Ca). Catfish were sampled in the MMR during July-October 2013 and 2014 and lapilli otoliths were analyzed for δ18O and Sr:Ca. Water samples from the MMR and tributaries were collected seasonally from 2006-2014 to characterize site-specific signatures. Persistent differences in water δ18O and Sr:Ca among the MMR and tributaries (including the upper Mississippi, Illinois, and Missouri rivers as well as smaller tributaries) were evident, enabling identification of natal environment for individual fish. Results indicated that blue and channel catfish stocks in the MMR primarily recruited from the largest rivers (Missouri and Mississippi rivers) in our study area and received minimal influence from smaller tributaries. Recruitment and year class strength investigations and efforts aimed at enhancing blue and channel catfish spawning and nursery habitats should be focused in the large rivers with less emphasis in the smaller tributaries.

The Clinch River, Virginia is known for high aquatic biodiversity, particularly Unionidae which are declining at remarkable rates. Studies conducted on the mainstem have only addressed effects of point-source stressors (various toxic spills and effluents from the Clinch River Plant (CRP), Carbo, Virginia) that have been introduced into the Clinch River. It is hypothesized that the tributaries of the Clinch River deliver a variety of stressors to the mainstem, which may affect the diverse fauna. The aquatic health of 19 upper Clinch River tributaries, Virginia, was assessed via ecotoxicological ratings that indicated the least healthy catchments were associated with mining activity (Dumps, Russell and Coal Creeks). Tributaries were categorized by land use and mining streams were significantly different from agricultural and forested streams (F = 9.63, p<0.0001). Tributaries with ecotoxicological ratings (ETR) <80 from 100 were deemed suboptimal and thus studied further. Using identical response variables and upstream and downstream sites, resulting ETRs for nine streams indicated no model significance regarding land use, year, or site. Variability within treatments and low sampling sizes contributed to lack of significance, and results indicate that future studies need to be designed incorporating sites with analogous land use stressors. This first assessment of upper Clinch River tributaries indicates the catchments requiring remediation are Dumps, Russell and Coal Creeks, while tributaries requiring extensive evaluations are Big, Lick, Swords, Big Spring, Guest River, Cavitts and Middle Creeks. Tributaries that were deemed healthy (ETRs >80) were Big Stony, Copper, Indian, Stock, Little River and Cove Creeks. / Master of Science

Stonecats (Noturus flavus, Rafinesque 1818) are designated as a Vermont state-listed endangered species because their known distribution is limited to two systems, the LaPlatte and Missisquoi rivers. The restricted distribution and lack of knowledge on abundance in either river is cause for concern in the continued survival of these populations. Based on the capture numbers and large size range of individuals, we predicted that the population in the LaPlatte River, which provides quality benthic habitat, is stable. However, the Missisquoi River population has the potential for increased intermittent mortalities from two sources, lampricide (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) treatment every four years and dewatering during drought conditions. In 2012, 2013, and 2014 we captured, PIT tagged (> 90 mm total length), and VIE marked all Stonecats collected using backpack electrofishing and minnow traps in the LaPlatte and Missisquoi rivers. A total of 1252 were PIT tagged in the LaPlatte River and 125 in the Missisquoi River. First we estimated survival and seniority of Stonecats in the LaPlatte River, using the Pradel model in Program Mark, and derived an average annual lambda of 0.9826. The population estimates from the LaPlatte River were modeled in a population viability analysis (PVA). Few Stonecats were captured in the Missisquoi River, so we used the PVA model to estimate the extinction rates with increased intermittent mortalities on 4-, 6-, and 8-year cycles to predict the long-term viability of the population. With an initial number of 2000 individuals, the population became extinct 100% of the time with an increase in mortality of 0.1 on a 4-year cycle. Our results indicate that the LaPlatte River population is stable, but the Missisquoi River population, in the area affected by lampricide, is not. These results are informative for developing future management scenarios, however, our approach has uncertainty that can only be addressed through obtaining more data on the Missisquoi River population.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-05-18T19:06:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima Rodrigues Marques.pdf: 807222 bytes, checksum: da828be74da50f13f6b1e38c6bb6bce1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-18T19:06:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria de Fatima Rodrigues Marques.pdf: 807222 bytes, checksum: da828be74da50f13f6b1e38c6bb6bce1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-23 / The present work aims to analyze the phenomenon of double taxation with respect specifically to tax the income of individuals. In the Introduction, it is some considerations about the changes occurred in trade relations between the countries from the last century. In Chapter I, we analyze the International Tax Law, as an expression of state sovereignty itself. And the principles of territoriality and universality. In Chapter II, considerations concerning the obligation of international law and, therefore, treaties which are their sources are made. Are studied treaties, notably those involving tax in Chapter III. Have called for the application of the double taxation agreements with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and the hierarchical relationship of treaties in Brazil. In Chapter IV, it is an analysis of double taxation. Fiscal neutrality and unilateral measures to neutralize the double taxation. In Chapter V, is considered the tax treatment of the income of individuals in Brazil, in the context of international law in the two situations: the existence or not of an agreement on double taxation . These two situations are addressed individually in the following Chapters VI and VII. In Chapter VIII, brings up the issue of tax avoidance. In Chapter IX, it is the relationship between the double taxation agreements and human dignity. In Chapter X, presents a conclusive overview on the topic. / O presente trabalho pretende fazer uma análise do fenômeno da dupla tributação internacional com relação especificamente ao imposto sobre a renda da pessoa física. Na Introdução, faz-se algumas considerações a respeito das mudanças havidas nas relações comerciais entre os países a partir do século passado. No Capítulo I, é analisado o Direito Tributário Internacional, como expressão da própria soberania do Estado. E, os princípios da territorialidade e da universalidade. No Capítulo II, são feitas considerações acerca da obrigatoriedade do direito internacional e, por conseguinte, dos tratados que são suas fontes. No Capítulo III, são estudados os tratados, notadamente os de natureza tributária. Propugna-se pela aplicação nos acordos de bitributação da Convenção de Viena sobre o direito dos tratados e a relação hierárquica dos tratados no Brasil. No Capítulo IV, faz-se uma análise sobre a dupla tributação. A neutralidade fiscal e as medidas unilaterais para neutralizar a dupla tributação. No Capítulos V, é analisado o tratamento fiscal dos rendimentos das pessoas físicas no Brasil, no contexto do direito internacional nas duas situações: existência, ou não, de um acordo contra a dupla tributação. Essas duas situações são isoladamente enfrentadas nos Capítulos seguintes: VI e VII. No Capítulo VIII, traz-se a problemática da elisão fiscal. No Capítulo IX, faz-se a relação entre os acordos de bitributação e a dignidade da pessoa humana. No Capítulo X, apresenta-se uma síntese conclusiva sobre o tema.

The life history and case-building behavior of Molanna tryphena from two spring-fed tributaries in East Texas were studied from January 1997 to May 1998.

Orientador: Igor Paiva Ramos / Resumo: A formação de reservatórios está entre os principais responsáveis pela perda de biodiversidade, uma vez que contribuem com a degradação de habitats, perda de conectividade fluvial, modificações no fluxo hidrológico e a introdução de espécies não nativas. Desta forma, as questões endereçadas deste estudo foram: (i) Testar o ajuste de diversos modelos de distribuição de abundância de espécies (SAD) aos dados do monitoramento ictiológico de uma cascata de reservatórios no alto Paraná. Ainda, avaliar se as assembleias de peixes dos reservatórios possuem padrão semelhante de riqueza e complexidade, através de análise dos modelos SAD e das curvas de acumulação de espécies e a comparação do parâmetro α do modelo gambin.; (ii) Determinar a importância de tributários não barrados para a conservação da ictiofauna de reservatórios e; (iii) Avaliar o papel de um sistema de transposição de peixes (STP) na restauração de conectividade fluvial. Foram utilizados dados do monitoramento ictiológico realizados em 14 locais ao longo dos reservatórios de Ilha Solteira, Três Irmãos, Eng. Souza Dias (Jupiá) e Eng. Sergio Motta (Porto Primavera), bacia do alto rio Paraná. Como resultados, (i) a análise comparativa das curvas de acumulação de espécies e das SAD evidencia as diferenças entre as assembleias dos reservatórios avaliados. Três Irmãos e Ilha Solteira apresentaram menor riqueza de espécies e possuem poucas espécies muito abundantes, Jupiá apresenta maior riqueza com muitas espécies de captu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The formation of reservoirs is among the main responsible for the biodiversity loss, as they contribute to the degradation of habitats, loss of river connectivity, changes in hydrological flow and the introduction of non-native species. In this way, the questions addressed in this study were: (i)To test the adjustment of several species abundance distribution models (SAD) to the ichthyological monitoring data of a reservoir cascade in the upper Paraná. Also, to evaluate if the fish assemblages of the reservoirs have similar pattern of richness and complexity, through analysis of the SAD models and the species accumulation curves and the comparison of the parameter α of the gambin model; (ii) To determine the importance of undammed tributaries for the conservation of the ichthyofauna of reservoirs; and (iii) To evaluate the role of a fishway in the restoration of fluvial connectivity. A total of 14 sites were surveyed in the Ilha Solteira, Três Irmãos, Eng. Souza Dias (Jupiá) and Eng. Sergio Motta (Porto Primavera), upper Paraná River. As results, (i)The comparative analysis of species accumulation curves and SAD shows the differences between the assemblies of the evaluated reservoirs. Três Irmãos and Ilha Solteira showed a lower abundance of species and have few abundant species, while Jupiá is richer with many rare species. Porto Primavera, on the other hand, presented similar richness to Jupiá, but with few rare and few dominant species, with a distribution close to the log... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The aim of this thesis has been to study and analyse in detail the process by which timber floating in tributaries was phased out. The region covered is that of the Ume and Vindel rivers and the period studied is 1945-70. The years I945-60 have been the most central to the analysis. The approach taken was to study timber floating itself rather than the new transport alternative (lorries) which developed during the post-war period. This brought the increasing costs of timber floating in tributaries into the forefront of the investigation, along with the efforts made to restrain these by means of investment in and partial closure of the floatway network. The consequences in terms of changed labour demand are also discussed. An important part of the analysis has been to examine the inherent weaknesses of timber floating in tributaries and the internal driving forces underlying its phasing-out. The term "internal driving forces" connotes those forces which affected timber floating as a means of transport by causing its costs to rise. In other words it has not been a matter of looking at the direct competition from lorry transport and the advantages of the new transport technique but rather of identifying the drawbacks of floating, when, where and how they arose, and how they helped to make it relatively dearer, thus motivating the changeover to lorry transport. The internal driving forces were forest structure and labour costs. When labour costs incurred in timber floating in tributaries were rising rapidly and the dimensions of the logs became smaller in size, floating became a dearer transport solution than before. As regards changes in forest structure, the dimensions of logs were diminishing throughout the floating epoch. This meant that the risk of sinking during floating increased. The effect of this was that the need to bark the timber was increasing all the time, which in turn entailed an indirect transport cost for floating. In addition to this, smaller log dimensions affected the labour time and cost of floating. The changed labour conditions along with the changed forest structure showed the importance of studying structural change in the Norrland forest region. For during the later 1940s and early 1950s a shortage of labour presented itself, and the cause was to be found in the new job opportunities which were emerging, some in the rural areas, for example in the construction of hydro-electric powerplants, and some in the larger populated localities, and these factors taken together made recruitment for jobs in forestry and timber floating more difficult. One of the chief characteristics of the way events were moving was that recruitment shifted away from having mainly targeted the agrarian lower class of smallholders, crofters and leaseholders so that it now focused increasingly on freehold farmers while at the same time the recruitment base, having previously consisted of younger workers, was now composed mainly of older people. Also in this study, various factors have been examined which could conceivably explain the changes in productivity of timber floating in tributaries. The results show, for example, that during the 1950s a partial phasing-out had very small direct effects on productivity in the area studied. Thus the combination of investment and changes in the quantity of timber is the factor which best explains the differences between different tributaries in the trend of productivity. A tributary´s greater capacity to float timber did not necessarily signify a bigger labour requirement since to a certain extent the watercourse itself “did the job”. As regards investment, clearance operations using caterpillar tractors were probably very important. It is true that the genuine dependence of log driving in tributaries on nature influenced conditions varied strongly from year to year, but since the link between investment costs and the trend of productivity is significant, it still seems reasonable to draw the conclusion that investment lent impetus to the rise in productivity during the 1950s. / digitalisering@umu

The fiscal practicity in tributaries presumptions and limitations for the rights of taxpayers, despite the non-existence a broad theoretical discipline, has been used progressively by various federal, state and local laws. This shows the need for systematic Public Administration create machanism to make easier the application of the tax laws, efficient and therefore equal. This perceived need by the ineffectiveness of the taxing power to impose the tax rules on the range of taxable and many achieved taxpayers situations. Therefore, the use of such instruments, through the use of tributaries presumptions, is a normative reality increasingly found in tax legal relations. Advocates the use of this tax presumptions giving fiscal practicity, since limits are obseved to prevent the arbitrary and indiscriminate use of such a mechanism. Under this, the study seeks to equate the practice with values set in the current legal order to preserve the rights of taxpayers and thus avoid excesses that may be committed by the Government. It is in this step that the dissertation is concerned to point out how it should be done the control of any invalid presumptions and that are inserted in the context of fiscal practicity. / A praticidade fiscal nas presunções tributárias, não obstante inexistir um plano disciplinamento teórico, vem sendo utilizada de forma progressiva pelas mais diversas legislações federais, estaduais municipais. Tal sistemática revela a necessidade de a Administração Pública criar mecanismo que torne a aplicação da legislação tributária mais simples, eficiente e, por conseqüência, igualitária. Necessidade esta decorrente da ineficácia do poder tributante de aplicar a norma tributária diante da amplitude de situações tributadas e do grande número de contribuintes alcançados. A utilização de tais instrumentos, mediante o emprego de presunções fiscais, é uma realidade normativa cada vez mais encontrada nas relações jurídicas tributárias. Defende-se a utilização das presunções fiscais conferindo praticidade fiscal, desde que sejam observados limites que impeçam o uso arbitrário e indiscriminado de tal mecanismo. Este estudo busca equacionar tal prática com valores fixados no ordenamento jurídico vigente a fim de preservar direitos dos contribuintes e, assim, evitar excessos por parte da Administração Pública. É nesse passo que a dissertação intenta apontar como deve ser realizado o controle de eventuais presunções inválidas que se encontram inseridas no contexto da prática fiscal.

Neste estudo, investigou-se a ocorrência de fármacos (naproxeno, paracetamol, diclofenaco, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazina, sulfadimetoxina e sulfatiazol) e produto de cuidados pessoais (metilparabeno) em amostras de água superficial do Rio Itapecuru (MA), do Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) e do Rio Monjolinho e seus tributários (SP). As águas dos rios foram caracterizadas por parâmetros físicos e químicos e os analitos foram isolados e pré-concentrados por meio da extração em fase sólida (SPE) e, subsequentemente, analisados por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). O método desenvolvido foi validado e mostrou-se linear na faixa de 50 a 400 &micro;g L-1, com coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação para todos os analitos foram 16 e 50 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente, os valores de recuperação variaram entre 50 e 99%, a precisão intradia variou entre 0,26 e 6,99% e a exatidão variou entre 88,45 e 103,07%. Nas amostras provenientes do Rio Monjolinho e de seus tributários as concentrações máximas de paracetamol, naproxeno e metilparabeno foram 143,97, 75,90 e 56,18 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. Nas amostras coletadas no Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) o metilparabeno e o naproxeno foram apenas detectados, bem como o metilparabeno no Rio Itapecuru (MA), uma vez que suas concentrações, apresentaram-se abaixo do limite de quantificação do método. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e carbono orgânico total (TOC) estão altamente correlacionadas com as elevadas concentrações dos fármacos e metilparabeno encontradas nas amostras, assim como explicou o efeito da variabilidade espaço-temporal nas concentrações. As curvas de distribuição da sensibilidade das espécies (SSD) foram construídas e indicaram que sensibilidades distintas são obtidas dependendo das espécies e do analito ao qual esta foi exposta, evidenciando que a presença dos fármacos e do metilparabeno no ambiente aquático podem provocar desequilíbrio na cadeia alimentar. Portanto, este estudo traz informações analíticas e ecotoxicológicas importantes sobre os contaminantes emergentes em ambiente aquático, que podem ser utilizadas como base de dados para a criação de novas legislações que restrinjam a entrada desses compostos nos corpos aquáticos. / In this study, we investigated the occurrence of pharmaceuticals (naproxen, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole) and personal care product (methylparaben) in surface water samples from the Itapecuru River (MA), Mogi Guaçu River (SP) and the Monjolinho River and its tributaries (SP). The river waters were characterized by physical and chemical parameters, the analytes were isolated and preconcentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). The chromatographic method presented coefficients of determination higher than 0.99 and linear ranges of 50 - 400 &micro;g L-1. The limits of detection and quantification were 16 &micro;g L-1 and 50 &micro;g L-1, respectively, for all the analytes. Recovery values were 50 - 99 %, intraday precision were 0.26 - 6.99%, and accuracy were 88.45 - 103.07%. In the samples from Monjolinho River and its tributaries the maximum concentrations of paracetamol, methylparaben and naproxen were 143.97, 75.90, and 56.18 &micro;g L-1, respectively. In the samples collected in Mogi Guaçu River (SP), methylparaben and naproxen were only detected, as well as methylparaben in the Rio Itapecuru (MA), since their concentrations were below the limit of quantification of the method. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the variables dissolved oxygen (OD) and total organic carbon (TOC) are highly correlated to the high concentrations of drugs and methylparaben found in the samples, as well as explaining the spatio-temporal variability in the concentrations. Species sensitivity distribution curves (SSD) were built and they indicated that different sensitivities are obtained depending on the specie and the analyte which it was exposed, evidencing that the presence of pharmaceuticals and methylparaben in the aquatic environment can cause imbalance in the food chain. Therefore, this study provides important analytical and ecotoxicological informations on emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment, which can be used as a database for the elaboration of a new legislation to restrict the entry of these compounds into aquatic bodies.

Neste estudo, investigou-se a ocorrência de fármacos (naproxeno, paracetamol, diclofenaco, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazina, sulfadimetoxina e sulfatiazol) e produto de cuidados pessoais (metilparabeno) em amostras de água superficial do Rio Itapecuru (MA), do Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) e do Rio Monjolinho e seus tributários (SP). As águas dos rios foram caracterizadas por parâmetros físicos e químicos e os analitos foram isolados e pré-concentrados por meio da extração em fase sólida (SPE) e, subsequentemente, analisados por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). O método desenvolvido foi validado e mostrou-se linear na faixa de 50 a 400 &micro;g L-1, com coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação para todos os analitos foram 16 e 50 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente, os valores de recuperação variaram entre 50 e 99%, a precisão intradia variou entre 0,26 e 6,99% e a exatidão variou entre 88,45 e 103,07%. Nas amostras provenientes do Rio Monjolinho e de seus tributários as concentrações máximas de paracetamol, naproxeno e metilparabeno foram 143,97, 75,90 e 56,18 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. Nas amostras coletadas no Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) o metilparabeno e o naproxeno foram apenas detectados, bem como o metilparabeno no Rio Itapecuru (MA), uma vez que suas concentrações, apresentaram-se abaixo do limite de quantificação do método. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e carbono orgânico total (TOC) estão altamente correlacionadas com as elevadas concentrações dos fármacos e metilparabeno encontradas nas amostras, assim como explicou o efeito da variabilidade espaço-temporal nas concentrações. As curvas de distribuição da sensibilidade das espécies (SSD) foram construídas e indicaram que sensibilidades distintas são obtidas dependendo das espécies e do analito ao qual esta foi exposta, evidenciando que a presença dos fármacos e do metilparabeno no ambiente aquático podem provocar desequilíbrio na cadeia alimentar. Portanto, este estudo traz informações analíticas e ecotoxicológicas importantes sobre os contaminantes emergentes em ambiente aquático, que podem ser utilizadas como base de dados para a criação de novas legislações que restrinjam a entrada desses compostos nos corpos aquáticos. / In this study, we investigated the occurrence of pharmaceuticals (naproxen, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole) and personal care product (methylparaben) in surface water samples from the Itapecuru River (MA), Mogi Guaçu River (SP) and the Monjolinho River and its tributaries (SP). The river waters were characterized by physical and chemical parameters, the analytes were isolated and preconcentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). The chromatographic method presented coefficients of determination higher than 0.99 and linear ranges of 50 - 400 &micro;g L-1. The limits of detection and quantification were 16 &micro;g L-1 and 50 &micro;g L-1, respectively, for all the analytes. Recovery values were 50 - 99 %, intraday precision were 0.26 - 6.99%, and accuracy were 88.45 - 103.07%. In the samples from Monjolinho River and its tributaries the maximum concentrations of paracetamol, methylparaben and naproxen were 143.97, 75.90, and 56.18 &micro;g L-1, respectively. In the samples collected in Mogi Guaçu River (SP), methylparaben and naproxen were only detected, as well as methylparaben in the Rio Itapecuru (MA), since their concentrations were below the limit of quantification of the method. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the variables dissolved oxygen (OD) and total organic carbon (TOC) are highly correlated to the high concentrations of drugs and methylparaben found in the samples, as well as explaining the spatio-temporal variability in the concentrations. Species sensitivity distribution curves (SSD) were built and they indicated that different sensitivities are obtained depending on the specie and the analyte which it was exposed, evidencing that the presence of pharmaceuticals and methylparaben in the aquatic environment can cause imbalance in the food chain. Therefore, this study provides important analytical and ecotoxicological informations on emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment, which can be used as a database for the elaboration of a new legislation to restrict the entry of these compounds into aquatic bodies.