The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for fluorinated silanes. Furthermore, as a secondary aim, to explore if there would be possible to detect 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane (6:2 PTrEtSi) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl triethoxysilane (8:2 PTrEtSi) in two different matrices, sludge and cosmetic extract. The method development included experiments using LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UPC2, GC-MS and APGC-MS/MS and was carried out using standards containing 6:2 PTrEtSi and 8:2 PTrEtSi. The analytical method that worked best for the compounds was GC-MS/MS and an analytical method using APGC-MS/MS was developed for fluorinated silanes. The IDL for 6:2 PTrEtSi was 0.0012 μg/mL and 1.32 μg/mL for 8:2 PTrEtSi. This makes the developed method suitable for high contaminated samples, such as extracts from cosmetic products. It was concluded that a method using LC as the analytical instrument would not work for the two target compounds since they were too reactive with the mobile phase. However, LC could be a good choice for siloxanes, compounds that are formed from hydrolysis and condensation of fluorinated silanes. The samples analyzed in this study were three sludge extracts and one extract from a cosmetic product. 6:2 PTrEtSi was expected to be detected in the cosmetic sample since the compound was stated on the table of contents of the cosmetic product. No detection of 6:2 TrEtSi or 8:2 TrEtSi could be made in either of the samples. The reason for this was suspected to be transformation or degradation of the compounds into other compounds. Therefore, a full scan of the cosmetic sample using LC-MS/MS was included in the experiment as an addition to verify the suspicions that compounds such as siloxanes could have been formed. An interesting peak was discovered with m/z 947 which could be a disiloxane of 6:2 PTrEtSi.

L’objectif de mon doctorat, réalisé dans le cadre d’une collaboration entre le laboratoire des protéines et nanotechnologies en sciences séparatives (institut Galien Paris-Sud) et le groupe Micro et Nano Système (institut d’électronique fondamentale) était d’étudier l’influence des monocouches autoassemblées, sur l’activité biologique du bio-récepteur dans une perspective de développement de biocapteur. Dans ce projet, nous avons choisi les organo-silanes qui peuvent se lier de manière covalente sur le silicium. Deux silanes (7-octenyl trichlorosilanes et le (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane) ont été étudiés, leur impact en terme de nature et de stabilité sur la fonctionnalité du bio-récepteur, des immunoglobulines G de souris, ont été évalué. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la fonctionnalité des anticorps greffés sur une mono couche auto-assemblée composée de 7-octenyltrichlorosilane (OTS) présentant à sa surface un groupement carboxylique. Une caractérisation spectroscopique par XPS et infra-rouge à transformé de Fourrier (FTIR) a tout d’abord été effectuée afin de vérifier la présence de ces groupements carboxyliques. L’homogénéité de la surface a été évaluée par AFM. Nous avons ensuite immobilisé ces anticorps, sur ces supports, de manière covalente et une étude topographique par AFM a été menée pour mesurer la répartition de ces anticorps. L’orientation des anticorps greffés a été évaluée à l’aide d’immuno-essais. Ensuite, nous avons comparé l’APTES, permettant l’obtention de plaques de silicium fonctionnalisé avec des groupements aminés à leur surface, avec l’OTS. Nous avons notamment comparé la capacité de capture des anticorps immobilisés sur ces deux types de silanes. Dans la dernière partie, l’impact du vieillissement d’un support immunologique préparé chimiquement en utilisant l’APTES a été évaluée sur le plan physico-chimique et biologique. / The aim of my PhD thesis, conducted as part of a collaboration between the laboratory of protein separation sciences and nanotechnology (Paris-Sud Galen Institute) and the Micro and Nano System (basic electronics institute) group was to study the influence of self-assembled monolayers on the biological activity of bioreceptor toward biosensor development. In this project, we choose the organosilanes that can bind covalently to the silicon. Two silanes (7-octenyl trichlorosilane(OTS) and 3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)) were studied., Their impact on the stability and the functionality of bio- receptor , model mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG), were evaluated. Spectroscopic characterization by XPS and infra- red Fourier transformed (FTIR) was first carried out to assess that the silanized surface exhibit carboxylic groups. The homogeneity of the surfaces was measured by AFM. Then, IgG were immobilized on these supports, covalently and a topographic AFM study was conducted to measure the distribution of these antibodies. The orientation of the grafted antibody was investigated by immune-enzymatic assays. We have also evaluated the binding capacity of the IgG immobilized on both surfaces. Then, the impact of aging on APTES surface was evaluated by spectroscopics and biological methods.

<p> A recently developed surface grafting technique, surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), has the ability to directly graft polymer chains with controllable chain lengths, densities and functionalities from various kinds of surfaces. This thesis has two main focuses. First is to study the use of this technique in grafting monomers with special structures and functionalities. The other is to apply this technique to the modification of reactive metal surfaces. </p> <p> Both of fluorinated polymers and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-containing polymers have very interesting properties. In this thesis, for the first time, a highly fluorinated monomer, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate (TFEMA) and a POSS-containing monomer, POSS-MA were successfully polymerized from silicon wafers by surface-initiated ATRP. This is also the first work to use this technique to graft polymers with bulky, rigid side groups. </p> <p> To achieve very high grafting density is a big challenge for surface-initiated ATRP. We designed a novel surface-attachable difunctional initiator, 11-(2,2-bis(2bromo-2-methylpropionyloxy methyl)propionyloxy) undecyltrichlorosilane. With its help, the grafting density of PTFEMA was almost doubled, from 0.48 to 0.86chains/nm2. This is so far the most effective method to increase the grafting density. </p> <p> Unlike other kinds of materials, the surfaces of metals are active in electrochemical and acid/base reactions and this reactivity complicates A TRP reactions. With the help of triethoxysilane-based initiator and mild Fe(II)/Fe(III) catalyst system, various acrylic polymers were successfully grafted from flat nickel and copper surfaces by surface-initiated ATRP. This work provided a convenient method to prepare functional polymer coatings with very stable adhesions to the metal surfaces. The same strategy can be extended to the surface modification of a shape-memory-alloy, nitinol. </p> <p> Metal nanoparticles were also modified by this technique. Polymer shells were grafted from nickel nanoparticles surfaces. After the polymer grafting, both of the dispersibility and dispersion stability of nickel nanoparticles in appropriate solvents were greatly improved. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)