<p>Volcanic ash and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) were investigated as indigenous materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at Kampala and Masaka water treatment plants in Uganda. Coagulation experiments were done using swamp raw water at Masaka National Water & Sewerage Corporation water treatment plant and pilot-scale filtration experiments carried out at Ggaba II (Kampala) water treatment plant. The results from the study indicated that there were both operational and design handicaps at the treatment plants in Kampala. There is need to modify the filtration and clarification units to enable production of water meeting both the national and international standards. At Masaka water treatment, there was increase in trihalomethanes concentration as a result of pre-chlorination. Following aeration and pre-chlorination processes, the average increase of total trihalomethanes concentration was over 4000% with over 99% being chloroform. Preliminary results from the jar test experiments indicated that use of alum with MOCSC as coagulant aid is promising as a first stage in the treatment train for waters with a humic materials and high content of iron, typical of swamp water sources. This would probably eliminate the formation of unwanted by-products by eliminating the pre-chlorination process. Assessment of the characteristics of the volcanic ash showed that it meets the requirements for a filtration material; and results obtained from the pilot study showed that it was a suitable alternative material for use in a dual media filtration system. There was an increase in the filter run length of about two and half fold in the dual media filtration column compared to the mono medium column. Both columns produced similar water quality levels. Therefore, conversion of the rapid sand filters at Ggaba and similar water treatment plants in the country to dual media (volcanic ash on top of sand) systems would probably significantly improve the performance of the filtration systems.</p>

Volcanic ash and Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) were investigated as indigenous materials for drinking water treatment based on problems identified at Kampala and Masaka water treatment plants in Uganda. Coagulation experiments were done using swamp raw water at Masaka National Water &amp; Sewerage Corporation water treatment plant and pilot-scale filtration experiments carried out at Ggaba II (Kampala) water treatment plant. The results from the study indicated that there were both operational and design handicaps at the treatment plants in Kampala. There is need to modify the filtration and clarification units to enable production of water meeting both the national and international standards. At Masaka water treatment, there was increase in trihalomethanes concentration as a result of pre-chlorination. Following aeration and pre-chlorination processes, the average increase of total trihalomethanes concentration was over 4000% with over 99% being chloroform. Preliminary results from the jar test experiments indicated that use of alum with MOCSC as coagulant aid is promising as a first stage in the treatment train for waters with a humic materials and high content of iron, typical of swamp water sources. This would probably eliminate the formation of unwanted by-products by eliminating the pre-chlorination process. Assessment of the characteristics of the volcanic ash showed that it meets the requirements for a filtration material; and results obtained from the pilot study showed that it was a suitable alternative material for use in a dual media filtration system. There was an increase in the filter run length of about two and half fold in the dual media filtration column compared to the mono medium column. Both columns produced similar water quality levels. Therefore, conversion of the rapid sand filters at Ggaba and similar water treatment plants in the country to dual media (volcanic ash on top of sand) systems would probably significantly improve the performance of the filtration systems. / <p>Obs! ISBN: 978-91-7283-565-76</p><p>QC 20101110</p>

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a remoção de três concentrações diferentes de microcistina extracelular em diferentes combinações de tratamento de águas para abastecimento, em escala de bancada, que tiveram como sequência básica a clarificação associada ou não aos processos de pré-oxidação com \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\', adsorção em CAP e pós-cloração. Os resultados mostraram que para todas as águas estudadas o permanganato de potássio não interferiu nos mecanismos de coagulação/floculação e ainda mostrou-se uma alternativa segura para realização da pré-oxidação no que tange à formação de THMs. Na Fase 1, com concentração inicial de microcistina extracelular em torno de 1,4 \'mü\'g/L, a clarificação (coagulação, floculação, flotação por ar dissolvido e clarificação final) atendeu ao padrão de potabilidade que determina concentrações de microcistina menores que 1,0 \'mü\'g/L. Já na Fase 2, com concentração inicial microcistina extracelular em torno de 21,7 \'mü\'g/L, para o atendimento à legislação foi necessário associar a clarificação à pré-oxidação, dosando-se 1,0 ou 2,0 mg \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\'/L, e à pós-cloração com 3,0 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L. Na Fase 3, com concentração inicial de microcistina extracelular em torno de 64,1 \'mü\'g/L, a associação da clarificação com a adsorção com 60,0 mg/L de CAP e com a pós-cloração com 3,0 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L proporcionou residuais de microcistina extracelular inferiores à 1,0 \'mü\'g/L. Observou-se ainda, que nas Fases 1 e 3 a presença de matéria orgânica dissolvida interferiu negativamente nas sequências de tratamento ao consumir parte do permanganato de potássio destinado à oxidação da microcistina extracelular. Entretanto, na Fase 2 a demanda do pré-oxidante pelas substâncias húmicas parece ter impedido a lise de parte das células de Microcystis sp. / The present work had as objective to evaluate the removal of three different concentrations of extracellular microcystins in different combinations of water treatment for supplying, in bench scale, that had as basic sequence the clarification associated or not with the processes of pre-oxidation with \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\', adsorption on PAC and post-chlorination. The results showed that for all waters studied the potassium permanganate did not interfere in the mechanisms of coagulation/flocculation and also proved to be a safe alternative for achieving the pre-oxidation with regard to the formation of THMs. In Phase 1, with initial concentration of extracellular microcystin around 1.4 \'mü\'g/L, the clarification (coagulation, flocculation, dissolved air flotation and clarification final) met the World Health Organization drinking water guideline value of 1.0 \'mü\'g/L of microcystin. Already, in Phase 2, with initial concentration extracellular microcystin around 21.7 \'mü\'g/L, to meet the legislation was necessary to involved the clarification with the pre-oxidation, dosing 1.0 or 2.0 mg \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\'/L, and with the post-chlorination with 3.0 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L. In Phase 3, with initial concentration of extracellular microcystin around 64.1 \'mü\'g/L, the association of clarification with the adsorption with 60.0 mg/L of PAC and the post-chlorination with 3.0 mg\'CL IND.2\'/L provided residual extracellular microcystin below 1.0 \'mü\'g/L. It was also observed that in Phases 1 and 3 the presence of dissolved organic matter intervened negatively in the sequence of treatment when consuming part of the potassium permanganate destined to the oxidation of extracellular microcystin. However, in Phase 2 the demand for pre-oxidizing by the humic substances seems to have prevented the lysis of some cells of Microcystis sp.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Estudos relatam que a matéria orgânica proveniente das células de cianobactérias é um importante precursor na formação de subprodutos da desinfecção (DBP), tais como trihalometanos totais (THM), o que é considerado indesejável, principalmente quando se adotam processos oxidativos avançados (POA) para o tratamento da água. Embora este processo induza a degradação dos compostos orgânicos, a mineralização completa destes pode não ser alcançada. Se o tratamento não for efetivo, a matéria orgânica é oxidada parcialmente, tendo como subproduto da oxidação o carbono orgânico assimilável (COA), podendo assim propiciar um aumento de precursores de trihalometanos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a formação de carbono orgânico assimilável ao partir do processo oxidativo UV/H2O2 de água contendo células de cianobactéria e a sua correlação com a formação de trihalometanos. O desenvolvimento experimental do estudo foi dividido em duas etapas principais, sendo: adaptação da metodologia padronizada para quantificação de COA, e ensaios foto-oxidativos em diferentes condições operacionais. Na primeira etapa, a metodologia padronizada com os organismos P-17 e NOX foi adaptada, substituindo-se a técnica de avaliação do crescimento microbiano usual (contagem por placas) pela técnica de citometria de fluxo. Na segunda etapa, foram realizados ensaios foto-oxidativos a partir da exposição de água contendo células de Microcystis aeruginosa ao processo oxidativo UV/H2O2 em diferentes dosagens de H2O2 (10, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg L-1 ) a uma densidade celular de 250.000 cel mL-1 . Nesta etapa foram monitorados os parâmetros pH, residual de peróxido de hidrogênio, densidade de células de cianobactérias, carbono orgânico assimilável, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), e a formação de trihalometanos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a aplicação de processo UV/H2O2 no tratamento de águas com a presença de cianobactérias de fato contribui para a formação de COA, porém neste caso, essa formação não foi diretamente proporcional à formação de THM, como era esperado. Observou-se que enquanto a concentração de COA aumentou após a oxidação, o inverso ocorreu com a concentração de THM, o qual apresentou uma redução significativa após a oxidação. A concentração de COD obtida mostrou uma tendência similar a formação de THM, pois a concentração de ambos foi reduzida ao longo do processo oxidativo. Relacionando os dados de COD e COA pode-se observar que estes também apresentaram comportamento inverso. Enquanto a concentração de COD diminuiu, a de COA aumentou após a oxidação. Do ponto de vista da eficiência do processo UV/H2O2 na remoção de matéria orgânica proveniente de células de cianobactérias e (ou) precursores de DBP’s, a aplicação deste processo se mostrou uma alternativa factível no tratamento de águas contaminadas pela M. aeruginosa. / Studies have reported that organic matter from cyanobacteria cells is an important precursor in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP), such as total trihalomethanes (THM), which is considered undesirable, especially when adopting advanced oxidative The treatment of water. Although this process induces the degradation of organic compounds, complete mineralization of these compounds may not be achieved. If the treatment is not effective, the organic matter is partially oxidized, with the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as the by-product of oxidation, which may lead to an increase in trihalomethane precursors. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of organic carbon assimilable from the UV/H2O2 oxidative process of water containing cyanobacteria cells and its correlation with the formation of trihalomethanes. The experimental development of the study was divided into two main steps: adaptation of the standardized methodology for AOC quantification, and photo oxidative assays under different operating conditions. In the first step, the methodology standardized with the P-17 and NOX organisms was adapted, replacing the usual microbial growth evaluation technique (plate counting) using the flow cytometry technique. In the second step, photo-oxidative assays were performed from the exposure of water containing Microcystis aeruginosa cells to the UV/H2O2 oxidative process at different dosages of H2O2 (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1 ) at a density of 250.000 cell mL-1 . The pH, residual hydrogen peroxide, cell density of cyanobacteria, assimilable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the formation of trihalomethanes were monitored. From the obtained results, it can be observed that the application of UV/H2O2 process in the treatment of water contaminated by cyanobacteria does indeed contribute to the formation of AOC, however in this case, this formation was not directly proportional to the formation of THM, as Was expected. It was observed that while the concentration of AOC increased after oxidation, the inverse occurred with the concentration of THM, which showed a significant reduction after the oxidation. The DOC concentration obtained showed a tendency similar to THM formation, since the concentration of both was reduced throughout the oxidative process. Relating the data of DOC and AOC can be observed that these also presented an inverse behavior. While DOC concentration decreased, AOC increased after oxidation. From the point of view of the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process in the removal of organic matter from cyanobacterial cells and (or) DBP precursors, the application of this process has proved to be a viable alternative in the treatment of water contaminated by M. aeruginosa.

Conselho Nacional do Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Estudos relatam que a matéria orgânica proveniente das células de cianobactérias é um importante precursor na formação de subprodutos da desinfecção (DBP), tais como trihalometanos totais (THM), o que é considerado indesejável, principalmente quando se adotam processos oxidativos avançados (POA) para o tratamento da água. Embora este processo induza a degradação dos compostos orgânicos, a mineralização completa destes pode não ser alcançada. Se o tratamento não for efetivo, a matéria orgânica é oxidada parcialmente, tendo como subproduto da oxidação o carbono orgânico assimilável (COA), podendo assim propiciar um aumento de precursores de trihalometanos. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a formação de carbono orgânico assimilável ao partir do processo oxidativo UV/H2O2 de água contendo células de cianobactéria e a sua correlação com a formação de trihalometanos. O desenvolvimento experimental do estudo foi dividido em duas etapas principais, sendo: adaptação da metodologia padronizada para quantificação de COA, e ensaios foto-oxidativos em diferentes condições operacionais. Na primeira etapa, a metodologia padronizada com os organismos P-17 e NOX foi adaptada, substituindo-se a técnica de avaliação do crescimento microbiano usual (contagem por placas) pela técnica de citometria de fluxo. Na segunda etapa, foram realizados ensaios foto-oxidativos a partir da exposição de água contendo células de Microcystis aeruginosa ao processo oxidativo UV/H2O2 em diferentes dosagens de H2O2 (10, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg L-1 ) a uma densidade celular de 250.000 cel mL-1 . Nesta etapa foram monitorados os parâmetros pH, residual de peróxido de hidrogênio, densidade de células de cianobactérias, carbono orgânico assimilável, carbono orgânico dissolvido (COD), e a formação de trihalometanos. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se observar que a aplicação de processo UV/H2O2 no tratamento de águas com a presença de cianobactérias de fato contribui para a formação de COA, porém neste caso, essa formação não foi diretamente proporcional à formação de THM, como era esperado. Observou-se que enquanto a concentração de COA aumentou após a oxidação, o inverso ocorreu com a concentração de THM, o qual apresentou uma redução significativa após a oxidação. A concentração de COD obtida mostrou uma tendência similar a formação de THM, pois a concentração de ambos foi reduzida ao longo do processo oxidativo. Relacionando os dados de COD e COA pode-se observar que estes também apresentaram comportamento inverso. Enquanto a concentração de COD diminuiu, a de COA aumentou após a oxidação. Do ponto de vista da eficiência do processo UV/H2O2 na remoção de matéria orgânica proveniente de células de cianobactérias e (ou) precursores de DBP’s, a aplicação deste processo se mostrou uma alternativa factível no tratamento de águas contaminadas pela M. aeruginosa. / Studies have reported that organic matter from cyanobacteria cells is an important precursor in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP), such as total trihalomethanes (THM), which is considered undesirable, especially when adopting advanced oxidative The treatment of water. Although this process induces the degradation of organic compounds, complete mineralization of these compounds may not be achieved. If the treatment is not effective, the organic matter is partially oxidized, with the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as the by-product of oxidation, which may lead to an increase in trihalomethane precursors. This study aimed to evaluate the formation of organic carbon assimilable from the UV/H2O2 oxidative process of water containing cyanobacteria cells and its correlation with the formation of trihalomethanes. The experimental development of the study was divided into two main steps: adaptation of the standardized methodology for AOC quantification, and photo oxidative assays under different operating conditions. In the first step, the methodology standardized with the P-17 and NOX organisms was adapted, replacing the usual microbial growth evaluation technique (plate counting) using the flow cytometry technique. In the second step, photo-oxidative assays were performed from the exposure of water containing Microcystis aeruginosa cells to the UV/H2O2 oxidative process at different dosages of H2O2 (10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1 ) at a density of 250.000 cell mL-1 . The pH, residual hydrogen peroxide, cell density of cyanobacteria, assimilable organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the formation of trihalomethanes were monitored. From the obtained results, it can be observed that the application of UV/H2O2 process in the treatment of water contaminated by cyanobacteria does indeed contribute to the formation of AOC, however in this case, this formation was not directly proportional to the formation of THM, as Was expected. It was observed that while the concentration of AOC increased after oxidation, the inverse occurred with the concentration of THM, which showed a significant reduction after the oxidation. The DOC concentration obtained showed a tendency similar to THM formation, since the concentration of both was reduced throughout the oxidative process. Relating the data of DOC and AOC can be observed that these also presented an inverse behavior. While DOC concentration decreased, AOC increased after oxidation. From the point of view of the efficiency of the UV/H2O2 process in the removal of organic matter from cyanobacterial cells and (or) DBP precursors, the application of this process has proved to be a viable alternative in the treatment of water contaminated by M. aeruginosa.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a remoção de três concentrações diferentes de microcistina extracelular em diferentes combinações de tratamento de águas para abastecimento, em escala de bancada, que tiveram como sequência básica a clarificação associada ou não aos processos de pré-oxidação com \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\', adsorção em CAP e pós-cloração. Os resultados mostraram que para todas as águas estudadas o permanganato de potássio não interferiu nos mecanismos de coagulação/floculação e ainda mostrou-se uma alternativa segura para realização da pré-oxidação no que tange à formação de THMs. Na Fase 1, com concentração inicial de microcistina extracelular em torno de 1,4 \'mü\'g/L, a clarificação (coagulação, floculação, flotação por ar dissolvido e clarificação final) atendeu ao padrão de potabilidade que determina concentrações de microcistina menores que 1,0 \'mü\'g/L. Já na Fase 2, com concentração inicial microcistina extracelular em torno de 21,7 \'mü\'g/L, para o atendimento à legislação foi necessário associar a clarificação à pré-oxidação, dosando-se 1,0 ou 2,0 mg \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\'/L, e à pós-cloração com 3,0 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L. Na Fase 3, com concentração inicial de microcistina extracelular em torno de 64,1 \'mü\'g/L, a associação da clarificação com a adsorção com 60,0 mg/L de CAP e com a pós-cloração com 3,0 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L proporcionou residuais de microcistina extracelular inferiores à 1,0 \'mü\'g/L. Observou-se ainda, que nas Fases 1 e 3 a presença de matéria orgânica dissolvida interferiu negativamente nas sequências de tratamento ao consumir parte do permanganato de potássio destinado à oxidação da microcistina extracelular. Entretanto, na Fase 2 a demanda do pré-oxidante pelas substâncias húmicas parece ter impedido a lise de parte das células de Microcystis sp. / The present work had as objective to evaluate the removal of three different concentrations of extracellular microcystins in different combinations of water treatment for supplying, in bench scale, that had as basic sequence the clarification associated or not with the processes of pre-oxidation with \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\', adsorption on PAC and post-chlorination. The results showed that for all waters studied the potassium permanganate did not interfere in the mechanisms of coagulation/flocculation and also proved to be a safe alternative for achieving the pre-oxidation with regard to the formation of THMs. In Phase 1, with initial concentration of extracellular microcystin around 1.4 \'mü\'g/L, the clarification (coagulation, flocculation, dissolved air flotation and clarification final) met the World Health Organization drinking water guideline value of 1.0 \'mü\'g/L of microcystin. Already, in Phase 2, with initial concentration extracellular microcystin around 21.7 \'mü\'g/L, to meet the legislation was necessary to involved the clarification with the pre-oxidation, dosing 1.0 or 2.0 mg \'K\'MN\'O IND.4\'/L, and with the post-chlorination with 3.0 mg \'CL IND.2\'/L. In Phase 3, with initial concentration of extracellular microcystin around 64.1 \'mü\'g/L, the association of clarification with the adsorption with 60.0 mg/L of PAC and the post-chlorination with 3.0 mg\'CL IND.2\'/L provided residual extracellular microcystin below 1.0 \'mü\'g/L. It was also observed that in Phases 1 and 3 the presence of dissolved organic matter intervened negatively in the sequence of treatment when consuming part of the potassium permanganate destined to the oxidation of extracellular microcystin. However, in Phase 2 the demand for pre-oxidizing by the humic substances seems to have prevented the lysis of some cells of Microcystis sp.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wagner Alex Jann Favreto.pdf: 2401353 bytes, checksum: 8e382cf32a6bec4d2e8a69fffdafffff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-28 / In the present work we describe the methodology to obtain and modify the surface of glass fibers composed by Li2O - ZrO2 - BaO - SiO2 with zinc oxide. The glass fibers were obtained by classical fusion followed by the stretch of the vitreous fused mass, where the diameter of the fibers was controlled by the stretching velocity. They were recovered with ZnO by dip-coating and sol-gel processing of deposition, using both inorganic and organic polymeric gel methods, where the zinc acetate dihydrate was the zinc oxide precursor. The superficial morphology of the fiber was verified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the zinc oxide layer was characterized by mapping of K&#945; and L&#945; lines of the zinc by EDX analyses. The results of the SEM characterization pointed out the deposition of ZnO by inorganic polymeric gel method results in a thick layer of the oxide without apparent porosity, while by the organic polymeric gel method results a dip homogeneous and porous layer of ZnO over the glass fiber surface. The glass fibers recovered with ZnO by organic polymeric gel were used to develop an analytical methodology to simultaneous determination of trihalomethanes (THM´s) in drinking water using headspace-SPME-Gas Chromatography. The study was based on the selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and recovery of the analytical method using the glass fiber/ZnO. The effect of the salt addition, extraction temperature and extraction, desorption and incubated time on the analytical response were evaluated too. Good linear dynamic range was observed from the method quantification limits with correlation coefficients better than 0.9900 for all compounds. The method was accurate with recoveries ranging from 95,00 to 105,00%. and the range of linearity observed was 30 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL to trichloromethane, 20 ng/mL to 250 ng/mL to dichlorobromomethane and dibromochloromethane and 10 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL to tribromethane. The method is also robust and has great potential to be used in a trihalomethane determination. / No presente trabalho encontram-se descritas a metodologia para obtenção, e para a modificação da superfície de fibras de vidro de composição Li2O - ZrO2 - BaO - SiO2 com óxido de zinco. As fibras de vidro foram obtidas pelo método de fusão clássico, seguido do estiramento da massa vítrea fundida, controlando-se o diâmetro através da velocidade de estiramento. Estas foram recobertas com ZnO, utilizando-se da técnica sol-gel em dip-coating controlado, usando-se os métodos de deposição do gel polimérico inorgânico e do gel polimérico orgânico, onde o acetato de zinco di-hidratado foi empregado como reagente precursor do óxido de zinco. Utilizou-se a técnica de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) para avaliar a morfologia das fibras sem recobrimento e das fibras recobertas. O recobrimento com óxido de zinco sobre a superfície das fibras, foi mapeado através das linhas K&#945; e L&#945; do zinco, por Microssonda de Energia Dispersiva (EDS), sendo observado uma camada regular de ZnO sobre a superfície do suporte. Através dos resultados obtidos por MEV, verificou-se que pela técnica de deposição do gel polimérico inorgânico as fibras apresentam recobrimento bastante espesso, mas sem porosidade aparente. Quanto à técnica de deposição do gel polimérico orgânico, obtem-se fibras com um recobrimento mais homogêneo, espesso e poroso. Desta forma utilizaram-se as fibras recobertas pelo método do gel polimérico orgânico, para o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para determinações cromatográficas de trihalometanos (THM s) em solução aquosa. Utilizou-se da técnica de extração em head-space (HS) por Microextração em Fase Sólida (SPME) (HS-SPME) conjugada a Cromatografia Gasosa (CG). O estudo foi baseado na seletividade, linearidades, exatidão, precisão e na recuperação do método analítico usando a fibra de vidro/ZnO. O efeito da adição de sal, temperatura e tempo de extração, tempo de dessorção e o tempo de incubação na resposta analítica. O bom alcance dinâmico linear, foi observado nos limites da quantificação do método com coeficientes de correlação maiores que 0,99 observados para todos os compostos. O método demonstrou-se exato e com a recuperações que variam de 95,00 a 105,00% com escala de linearidades observadas entre 30 ng/mL a 500 ng/mL para o triclorometano, 20 ng/mL a 250 ng/mL ao diclorobromometano e o dibromoclorometano e 10 ng/mL a 100 ng/mL para o tribromometano. O método apresentou-se robusto, e possui grande potencial para ser usado em determinações de trihalometanos.

Historically, chlorination has been widely utilized as a primary and secondary disinfectant in municipal water supplies. Although chlorine disinfection is effective in inactivating pathogenic microbes, the use of chlorine creates the unintentional formation of regulated chemicals. On January 4, 2006, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated the Stage 2 Disinfectants/Disinfection by-product rule (DBPR) that focuses on public health protection by limiting exposure to four trihalomethanes (THM) and five haloacetic acids (HAA5), formed when chlorine is used for microbial pathogen control. This thesis examines post-aeration TTHM formation when employing spray-aeration processes to remove semi-volatile TTHMs from chlorinated potable water supplies. A bench scale air stripping unit was designed, constructed and operated to evaluate spray aeration for the removal of the four regulated trihalomethane (THM) species from potable drinking water including bromodichloromethane, bromoform, dibromochloromethane, chloroform. The study was conducted using finished bulk water samples collected from two different water treatment facilities (WTFs) located in Oviedo and Babson Park, Florida. Both treatment plants treat groundwater; however, Oviedo's Mitchell Hammock WTF (MHWTF) supply wells contain dissolved organic carbon and bromide DBP precursors whereas the Babson Park WTF #2 (BPWTF2) supply well contains dissolved organic carbon DBP precursors but is absent of bromide precursor. Three treatment scenarios were studied to monitor impacts on total trihalomethane (TTHM) removal and post-treatment (post-aeration) TTHM formation potential, including 1) no treatment (non-aerated control samples), 2) spray aeration via specially fabricated GridBee® nozzle for laboratory-scale applications, 3) spray aeration via a commercially available manufactured BETE® nozzle used for full-scale applications. Select water quality parameters, chlorine residual, and total trihalomethane concentrations were monitored throughout the study. The GridBee® spray nozzle resulted in TTHM removals ranging from 45.2 ± 3.3% for the BPWTF2 samples, and 37.7 ± 3.1% for the MHWTF samples. The BETE® spray nozzle removed 54.7±3.9% and 48.1±6.6% of total trihalomethanes for the Babson Park and Mitchell Hammock WTF samples, respectively. The lower percent removals at the MHWTF are attributed to the detectable presence of bromide and subsequent formation of hypobromous acid in the samples. Post spray aeration TTHM formation potentials were monitored and it was found that the MHWTF experienced significantly higher formation potentials, once again due to the presence of hypobromous acid which led to increases in overall TTHM formation over time in comparison with the Babson Park WTF #2 TTHM formation samples. In addition, chlorine residuals were maintained post spray aeration treatment, and initial chlorine residual and trihalomethane concentrations did not significantly impact overall spray nozzle performance. Among other findings, it was concluded that spray nozzle aeration is a feasible option for the Babson Park WTF #2 for TTHM compliance. For Oviedo's Mitchell Hammock WTF spray aeration was successful in removing TTHMs, however it was not effective in maintaining DBP rule compliance due to the excessive nature of DBP formation in the water samples. This study was not intended to serve as an assessment of varying nozzle technologies; rather, the focus was on the application of spray aerators for TTHM removal and post-formation in drinking water systems.

Depuis quatre décennies, la prévalence des affections respiratoires chroniques de l'enfant a considérablement augmenté dans les pays développés. Les conditions de survenue de ces affections sont complexes, mais de nombreux travaux suggèrent la contribution importante de l'exposition par inhalation aux polluants de l'air intérieur. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse vise à évaluer l’exposition cumulée à une gamme de polluants chimiques et biologiques de l’air intérieur dans un échantillon donné de logements. Il a également pour objectif de créer une typologie des logements en fonction de leur multi-contamination, et vise à construire des modèles explicatifs des concentrations des polluants en fonction des caractéristiques de l’habitat et des habitudes de vie des occupants.Une enquête environnementale a été menée dans 150 logements issus de la cohorte Pélagie, suivie en Bretagne depuis 2002. Des prélèvements ont permis de mesurer la concentration de 8 aldéhydes, 4 THM, 22 autres COV, 9 COSV et 4 genres de moisissures dans l’air de ces logements. Celles-ci, ainsi que 4 allergènes ont également été dosés dans des échantillons de poussières. Les paramètres d’ambiance (température, humidité relative et dioxyde de carbone) ont été mesurés. Un questionnaire renseigné par les familles a permis de collecter des informations sur les logements et leurs occupants : structure et historique du bâtiment, revêtements, ménage, chauffage, aération, utilisation de certains produits ou réalisation d’activités particulières. Ces données ont été analysées par des approches statistiques multivariées, et des modèles de régression linéaire et logistique ont été mis en oeuvre pour relier les concentrations des contaminants aux caractéristiques des logements. Ces mesures ont mis en évidence une contamination importante et systématique des logements par une grande part des contaminants chimiques et biologiques, à des niveaux parfois élevés au regard d’études comparables et des valeurs guides lorsqu’elles existent. Des analyses en composantes principales ont permis de mettre en évidence des sous-groupes de composés qui ont pu être interprétés en termes de sources, et de sélectionner un certain nombre de composés traceurs représentatifs de chaque sous-groupe. Une analyse factorielle multiple a permis de répartir les logements en 7 classes, chacune présentant un profil de multi-contamination particulier. Enfin, les modèles de régression linéaire et logistique construits pour les composés traceurs permettent d’expliquer entre 5 et 60% de la variabilité des concentrations, et mettent en évidence la multiplicité des sources, l’importance de la description précise des environnements intérieurs, et l’impact des paramètres d’ambiance sur ces concentrations. Ce travail décrit donc une contribution importante à l’évaluation des expositions aux contaminants de l’air intérieur et fournit un certain nombre d’éléments quant à la prédiction des expositions dans les environnements intérieurs. / For the last four decades, the prevalence of chronic respiratory affections in children has increased dramatically in developed countries. Occurring conditions of these affections are complex, but many studies suggest the important contribution of inhalation exposure to indoor air pollutants. In this context, this thesis aims to assess the cumulative exposure to a range of chemical and biological pollutants in indoor air in a given sample of dwellings. It also aims to create a typology of these dwellings based on their multi-contamination, and to build explanatory models for concentrations of pollutants based on characteristics of the dwellings and lifestyle of the occupants. An environmental survey was conducted in 150 dwellings from the Pelagie cohort, followed in Brittany since 2002. We measured the concentration of 8 aldehydes, 4 THMs, 22 other VOCs, 9 SVOCs and 4 mold genera in the air of these dwellings. Molds as well as four allergens were also measured in dust samples. Ambient parameters (temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide) were also measured. A questionnaire completed by families allowed collecting information on dwellings and their occupants: structure and history of the building, wall and floor coatings, cleaning, heating and ventilation habits, use of certain products or performing specific activities. These data were analyzed by multivariate statistical approaches, and linear and logistic regression models were used to link the concentrations of the contaminants with the housing characteristics. These measures showed an important and systematic contamination of the dwellings by a large amount of both chemical and biological contaminants, sometimes at relatively high levels regarding comparable studies and guideline values when they exist. Principal components analysis allowed to identify subgroups of compounds that could be interpreted in terms of sources, and to select representative compounds of each subgroup. A multiple factor analysis was used to classify the dwellings into 7 categories, each with a special multi-contamination profile. Finally, linear and logistic regression models built for the representative compounds explained between 5 and 60% of the variability of the concentrations, and highlighted the multiplicity of sources, the importance of a precise description of indoor environments, and the impact of the ambient parameters on these concentrations. This work thus describes an important contribution to the exposure assessment to indoor air contaminants and provides elements for prediction of exposures in indoor environments.