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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Heterobimetallic complexes of the early transition metals

Wan, Susan Wai Yee January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
2

Oxime based manganese molecular magnets

Inglis, Ross January 2010 (has links)
The synthesis and characterisation of a large family of hexametallic [MnIII 6] Single-Molecule Magnets with general formula [MnIII 6O2(R-sao)6(X)2(L)4-6] (where sao2- = dianion of salicylaldoxime; R = H, Me, Et, Ph; X = O2CR' (R' = H, Me, Ph etc), Hal , O2PHPh or O2P(Ph)2; L = solvent) are presented. Deliberate structural distortions of the [Mn3O] trinuclear moieties within the complexes are used to tune the observed magnetic properties. These findings highlight a qualitative magnetostructural correlation whereby the type (anti- or ferromagentic) of each Mn2 pairwise magnetic exchange is dominated by the magnitude of each individual Mn-N-O-Mn torsion angle. To shed further light on this intriguing family of nanomagnets, a large family of the analogous “half” molecules has been synthesised and fully characterised. These trimetallic [MnIII 3] complexes can be divided into three categories with general formulae (type 1) [MnIII 3O(R-sao)3(X)(sol)3-4] (where R = H, Me, tBu; X = O2CR (R = H, Me, Ph etc); sol = py and / or H2O), (type 2) [MnIII 3O(R-sao)3(X)(sol)3-5] (where R = Me, Et, Ph, tBu; X = O2CR (R = H, Me, Ph etc); sol = MeOH, EtOH and / or H2O), and (type 3) [MnIII 3O(R-sao)3(sol)3](XO4) (where R = H, Et, Ph, Naphth; sol = py, MeOH, -pic, Et-py, tBu-py; X = Cl, Re). In the crystals the ferromagnetic triangles are involved in extensive inter-molecular H-bonding which is clearly manifested in the magnetic behaviour, producing exchange-biased SMMs. These interactions can be removed by ligand replacement to give “simpler” SMMs. The [MnIII 6] and [MnIII 3] molecular nanomagnets are then exploited as building blocks to construct supramolecular architectures by means of host-guest interactions and coordination driven self-assembly. A number of discrete and infinite architectures based on the molecular triangle [Mn3] and various pyridyl-type ligands were obtained and structurally and magnetically characterised.
3

Computational Development of Trimetallic Cyclotrimers for Gas-Filtration Applications through Non-Covalent Interactions

Williams, Christopher M. 12 1900 (has links)
Photophysical properties of an array of various polyaromatic hydrocarbons were benchmarked with B3LYP, M06 and B97D methods coupled with Pople and CEP-31G(d) basis sets. Results from the benchmark show the importance of diffuse basis sets when modeling the electronic properties of highly conjugated systems and provide qualitative reliable accuracy with certain levels of theory. B97D and M06 are applied to modeling pyrene adducts governed by non-covalent interactions in both gaseous and condensed states to reproduce experimental spectra. DFT calculations with both B97D and M06 functionals show qualitatively and quantitatively that pyrene dimer is a stronger π–base as compared to its monomer. Binding energies coupled with MEP, PCA and Qzz results show that the difference in π-basicity of the monomer and dimer impacts the supramolecular chemistry involved in adducts formed with super π-acidic silver cyclometallic trimer (CTC). Non-covalent interactions between coinage metal CTCs and ammonia/phosphine substrates is reported. Interactions between these substrates and the facial plane of the π-rich gold CTC reveal a novel interaction, where the typical Lewis acid/base roles are reversed for the substrates. Adducts formed through this type of interaction define typical Lewis bases like ammonia and phosphine as Lewis acids, wherein the partially positive hydrogens coordinate to the metallo-aromatic center through dipole-quadrupole interactions. Interactions of ammonia at the side positions is shown to heavily impact the Lewis basicity of the CTC facial plane leading to similar interactions exhibited by the ammonia-gold CTC adducts. Structural and electronic properties of the adducts modeled are examined.
4

Synthesis and Functionalizations of Trimetallic Nitride Template Endohedral Metallofullerenes (TNT-EMFs)

Wang, Xuelei 29 September 2006 (has links)
This thesis addresses the synthesis of a new mix-metal trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerene (TNT-EMF) and the functionalizations of M3N@C80 (M = Sc, Gd, Ho) under the high-speed vibration milling (HSVM) condition. In addition, this thesis discusses the internal motion of the cluster, Sc3N inside three different carbon cages, C68, C78 and C80. Water-soluble derivatives of endohedral metallofullerenes possess a unique potential for medical applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, X-ray contrast agents and nuclear medicine. The TNT-EMFs have inherent advantages over other endohedral metallofullerenes, such as M@C60 and M@C82, due to the encapsulation of up to three metal atoms inside the carbon cages. M3N@C80(OH)m(O)n (M = Sc, Gd, Ho) were synthesized under the HSVM condition and characterized by FT-IR, MALDI-TOF and XPS. The relaxivity studies on these water-soluble derivatives have shown that Gd-based metallofullerols have significantly higher relaxivities than commercially used MRI contrast agents (e.g. OmniscanTM) and can be the next generation MRI contrast agent. The Ho containing species has a high R2/R1 ratio compared to other samples showing the potential to be a T2 agent. In contrast to homonuclear M3N clusters, there is a paucity of mixed-metal cluster cases of TNT-EMFs reported to date because the mixed-metal metallofullerenes are difficult to be separated and purified. In this thesis, CeSc2N@C80 was synthesized, separated in pure form and fully characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that CeSc2N@C80 consists of a four atom asymmetric top (CeSc2N) inside a C80 (Ih ) carbon cage and the nitride ion is not located at the center of the carbon cage but is offset by 0.36 Å. The NMR studies, together with the XPS results, show that CeSc2N@C80 is a weakly paramagnetic system with a single buried f electron spin. A new cage isomer of the Sc3N@C80 (D5h) metallofullerene was also isolated from the Ce-Sc mixture and the cage symmetry was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The internal motion of the metal-nitride cluster, Sc3N within the carbon cages (C68, C78 and C80) was studied at various temperatures using 45Sc NMR spectroscopy. The reorientation barriers (presumably dominated by motion internal to the cage) were calculated for these three TNT-EMFs. The preliminary results show that the quadrupole coupling constant of Sc3N@C80 (Ih) is quite close to that of Sc3N@C68. / Master of Science
5

Gadolinium Endohedral Metallofullerenes for Future Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents

Ye, Youqing 29 April 2014 (has links)
Gadolinium endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) have shown the potential to become next generation magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to their significantly improved efficiency and safety, as well as multi-day body retention which allows for a longer surgery and observation compared to current contrast agents. In Chapter 1, I have reviewed the development of gadolinium EMF based MRI contrast agents. In Chapter 2, I have described my study of Gd3N@C80 and Gd3N@C84 metallofullerenols as next generation MRI contrast agents. The metallofullerenols are synthesized and characterized utilizing UV-vis, IR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). In addition, relaxivity data were obtained for the two metallofullerenes, and the results showed that Gd3N@C84 metallofullerenol had enhanced relaxivity compared to Gd3N@C80 metallofullerenol. This result is consistent with the observation of magnetic resonance images of the samples at different concentrations. The enhanced relaxivity was attributed to the special "egg shape" of the Gd3N@C84 cage. In Chapter 3, I have described the relaxivity study of Gd3N@C80 (without functionalization) in oleic acid, which could be used as an MRI contrast agent for more hydrophobic bioenvironments. The results show that Gd3N@C80 has a reasonable relaxation effect (relaxivity ~10 mM-1S-1 at 1.4 T) in oleic acid and could be a viable contrast agent even without functionalization. In Chapter 4, I have discussed the outlook of gadolinium EMF-based MRI contrast agents and suggested several directions for future work. / Master of Science
6

Efeito do método de preparação sobre as propriedades de catalisadores trimetálicos para a reforma de nafta de petróleo

Conceição, Karla Correia Sales January 2010 (has links)
111f. / Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-04-08T15:24:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karla Conceição.pdf: 1315216 bytes, checksum: 9a7555a384ee174d65453856c5c12964 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Hilda Fonseca(anahilda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:28:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karla Conceição.pdf: 1315216 bytes, checksum: 9a7555a384ee174d65453856c5c12964 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:28:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Karla Conceição.pdf: 1315216 bytes, checksum: 9a7555a384ee174d65453856c5c12964 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / CNPq / A influência do número e ordem de tratamentos de oxidação e redução nas propriedades de catalisadores contendo platina, germânio e/ou rênio, suportados em alumina, foi estudada neste trabalho, visando à sua aplicação na reforma catalítica de nafta de petróleo. Os catalisadores foram preparados pelo método de impregnações sucessivas de soluções metálicas (ácido hexacloroplatínico hexahidratado, (perrenato de amônio e cloreto de germânio), em uma y-alumina comercial. As amostras foram submetidas a tratamentos de oxidação e/ou redução durante a impregnação dos metais, sendo obtidos catalisadores monometálicos, bimetálicos e trimetálicos. Os sólidos foram caracterizados por redução termoprogramada, dessorção de piridina a temperatura programada, espectroscopia fotoeletrônica de raios X, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier de monóxido de carbono adsorvido e avaliadas na desidrogenação do cicloexano e isomerização do n-hexano. Observou-se que o comportamento redutor dos sólidos bimetálicos e trimetálicos é afetado pelo método de preparação. A etapa de oxidação favoreceu uma interação mais forte entre os metais nas amostras bimetálicas contendo germânio e platina, enquanto a redução favoreceu uma interação mais fraca entre os metais e uma interação mais forte do óxido de germânio com o suporte. Nas amostras bimetálicas contendo platina e rênio, a etapa de redução seguida de oxidação favoreceu a interação entre os metais, enquanto nos sistemas trimetálicos a interação entre os metais foi favorecida por pelo menos uma etapa de redução. Foi observado também que o tratamento de oxidação favoreceu a formação de sítios de acidez mais fraca, nos catalisadores formados por platina e germânio e o inverso ocorreu com as amostras bimetálicas contendo rênio. Em todos os casos, o tratamento de redução, conduzido no final da preparação, levou a uma diminuição na quantidade de sítios ácidos fortes, com maior formação de sítios ácidos fracos ou de acidez moderada. Os tratamentos térmicos de oxidação e redução durante a preparação dos catalisadores, conduziram a diferentes distribuições dos metais na superfície dos sólidos, devido às diferentes interações entre eles, que causaram diferentes migrações no sólido. A presença do germânio diminuiu a densidade eletrônica da platina em relação ao catalisador monometálico de platina, enquanto o rênio possui um efeito inverso. Nas amostras bimetálicas contendo rênio, em que foi feito apenas o tratamento de redução ou oxidação, foi observada a formação de sítios com maior deficiência eletrônica que o sólido que sofreu os dois tratamentos. A atividade na desidrogenação do cicloexano foi mais baixa nos catalisadores contendo germânio, ocorrendo o inverso naqueles contendo rênio. Em uma tendência geral, a atividade desidrogenante dos sítios metálicos foi diminuída nos sólidos em que se realizou a redução da platina antes da etapa de oxidação ou não foi feita a redução. Entre os catalisadores trimetálicos, a amostra que sofreu três etapas de oxidação e uma de redução apresentou a atividade mais elevada. Na isomerização do n-hexano, as duas etapas de oxidação favoreceu a atividade da amostra de platina e germânio, o que foi atribuído à formação de sítios adequados para as reações de isomerização. Este catalisador também produziu a maior quantidade de benzeno / Salvador
7

Efeito da concentração de irídio sobre as propriedades de catalisadores do tipo Pt-Ge-Ir/Al2O3

Barreto, Rubens Santos January 2008 (has links)
Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T13:34:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubens Barreto.pdf: 1566824 bytes, checksum: a78825b9f4c5548178c44817e0bf8aba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-23T13:34:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rubens Barreto.pdf: 1566824 bytes, checksum: a78825b9f4c5548178c44817e0bf8aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Neste trabalho, foi estudado o efeito do conteúdo de irídio na atividade, seletividade e estabilidade de catalisadores de platina, irídio e germânio suportados em alumina, destinados à reforma catalítica de nafta de petróleo. As amostras foram preparadas por impregnação dos sais metálicos (ácido hexacloroplatínico, ácido hexacloroirídico e cloreto de germânio) na g-alumina, de modo a obter 0,3 % de platina e de germânio e teores vairados de irídio (0,03; 0,06; 0,09 e 0,15 %). Os sólidos obtidos foram caracterizados por redução termoprogramada, espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier de monóxido de carbono adsorvido, dessorção à temperatura programada de piridina, desidrogenação de cicloexano e isomerização de npentano, usadas para avaliar as funções metálica e ácida, respectivamente. O desempenho foi avaliado na reforma de n-octano. Os catalisadores usados nessa reação foram analisados por oxidação termoprogramada. Os resultados mostraram que o irídio catalisa a redução da platina, enquanto o germânio exerce um efeito inibidor; esses efeitos dependem da quantidade de irídio nos sólidos, devido às diferentes interações entre os metais e com o suporte. Ambos os metais modificam eletronicamente a platina, tornando-a mais rica (irídio) ou mais deficiente (germânio) em elétrons. Entretanto, nos catalisadores trimetálicos, o efeito do germânio sobre a platina só se torna significativo em concentrações mais elevadas de irídio (0,15 %), que promove a redução do germânio, gerando sólidos com espécies de platina em diferentes estados eletrônicos. A presença do germânio diminui a concentração de sítios ácidos fracos e aumenta aqueles de acidez moderada e forte, enquanto o irídio provoca alterações na concentração de sítios de diferentes forças ácidas, dependendo do seu teor nos sólidos. A atividade catalítica dos sítios metálicos na desidrogenação do cicloexano diminui devido ao germânio enquanto o irídio (em teores superiores a 0,03 %) causa um aumento, devido à sua atividade dedidrogenante; este efeito aumenta com o teor de irídio nos sólidos. Nos catalisadores trimetálicos a atividade dos sítios metálicos é mais baixa que no sistema monometálico de platina, devido ao efeito simultâneo dos dois metais, que podem estar formando ligas com a platina e/ou encobrindo seus sítios ativos diminuindo sua atividade de desidrogenação. A adição de irídio e de germânio a catalisadores de platina suportada em alumina aumenta a sua atividade na isomerização do n-pentano e diminui a atividade de hidrogenólise. Nos catalisadores trimetálicos, a seletividade a compostos aromáticos é inferior àquela dos sistemas bimetálicos e o orto-xileno é o isômero mais favorecido. O germânio aumenta a estabilidade dos catalisadores enquanto o irídio exerce um efeito inverso. A produção de compostos aromáticos diminui com o aumento do teor de irídio no catalisador, enquanto um comportamento inverso é observado com relação à seletividade a produtos isômeros. A razão entre as seletividades a compostos isômeros e aromáticos cresce com o conteúdo de irídio, de modo que se um reformado mais rico em compostos aromáticos é desejado, deve-se usar um catalisador com baixos teores de irídio. Por outro lado, uma composição com concentração de irídio mais alta produz um reformado mais rico em compostos isômeros e, portanto, mais adequado ao uso como combustível. / Salvador
8

Yttrium, Gadolinium, and Lutetium Based Endohedral Metallofullerenes: From Synthesis to Application

Zhang, Jianyuan 03 February 2014 (has links)
Endohedral metalofullerenes (EMFs) have emerged as an important class of nanomaterials with vast promise in applications of molecular devices and nanomedicines. This dissertation addresses the EMF research span from synthesis to application, with an emphasis of work on trimetallic nitride template (TNT) EMF and carbide clusterfullerenes (CCFs). As a general introduction, chapter 1 reviews the main literature in TNT EMF studies. Also key works in CCF area are highlighted to show the common feature and uniqueness of this class of EMF in comparison with other EMFs. In the last part of the chapter a list of milestone progress in EMF area has been summarized. Chapter 2 is devoted to the synthetic work on EMFs. Especially, for isotopic modification, the trial and actual EMF syntheses in efforts to introduce 13C, 89Y and 177Lu are described. The next three chapters address the structural characterization of EMFs. Chapter 3 focuses on structural studies of CCFs. With detailed interpretation of 13C NMR and DFT computational results for selected members of the Y2C2@C2n family, the influence of fullerene cage on the size and shape of the yttrium carbide cluster (Y2C2)4+ is investigated. It has also been established that the carbide cluster prefers a linear shape in sufficiently large fullerene cages but adopts a compressed butterfly shape in smaller cages where space is constrained. Chapter 4 presents a systemic examination of dipole moments in TNT EMFs. The first 13C NMR study of M3N@C2(22010)-C78 is achieved on Y3N@C2(22010)-C78. In addition, dipole moments of the M3N@C2n (n=39-44) family are probed by interpretation of chromatographic retention behavior, DFT computational results and single-crystal data. It has been found that TNT EMFs with pentalene motifs exhibit enhanced dipole moments due to the cluster-cage interplay. Chapter 5 provides full characterization of the M2C2@C1(51383)-C84 (M=Y, Gd) molecule, which contains the first example of an asymmetric fullerene cage with fused pentagons. Furthermore, it is suggested that the C1(51383)-C84 cage is capable of a cascade of rearrangements into high symmetry and stable fullerene cages via well-established mechanistic steps, namely, extrusion of C2 units from pentalene or indene motifs and Stone-Wales transformations. As an important intermediate in the formation of high symmetry fullerene cages, the C1(51383)-C84 represents a missing link that implies the "top-down" fullerene formation mechanism. Chapter 6 describes the endeavor to functionalize two exotic EMFs, the room-temperature radical heterometallofullerene Gd2@C79N, and the egg-shaped TNT EMF Gd3N@C84. The reactivity of Gd2@C79N is directly compared to Y2@C79N, Gd3N@C80 and Sc3N@C80 in two reactions and the paramagnetic Gd2@C79N is proven to be very inert toward many known common fullerene cage reactions. Eventually both EMFs have been successfully functionalized via the Bingel reaction, and the derivatives are characterized with HPLC and mass-spectrometry. Chapter 7 compares the effective magnetic moment of Gd3N@C80 and Gd3N@C84, together with the previously reported Gd@C82. The magnetic moment has a second-order contribution to the T1 relaxivity and thereby is an important factor to evaluate an EMF's value in application as MRI contrast agents. Furthermore the influence of cluster motion to magnetic behavior in TNT EMF is discussed. / Ph. D.
9

(Endo)fullerene functionalization : from material science to biomedical applications / Fonctionnalisation d’ (endo)fullerène : de la science des matériaux aux applications biomédicales

Toth, Kalman 25 September 2012 (has links)
Nous avons synthétisé différentes dyades donneurs-accepteurs (D-A) π-conjuguées à base de fullerène pour des applications photovoltaïques dans lesquelles les unités D étaient soit des oligophenylenevinylenes (OPV) soit des oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE) et les unités A étaient le C60 ou un endofullerène du type Y3N@C80. Il y avait une exigence supplémentaire pour nos matériaux, à savoir qu’ils devaient s’auto-organiser en phases liquides-cristallines. Pour ce faire, toutes les unités D contenaient un promoteur mésogène afin d'induire le mésomorphisme de la dyade D- et donc de contrôler la morphologie des couches minces nécessaires à l’élaboraiton des cellules photovoltaïques grâce à une organisation supramoléculaire. En dehors de cela, nous avons étudié l’influence de la nature chimique du donneur (par exemple lyophile ou amphiphile), de la longueur des oligomères et de la multiaddition sur les propriétés photophysiques et sur l'auto-assemblage. Nous avons synthétisé une dyade OPE-Y3N@C80 qui est le premier dérive mésomorphe et photosensible de ce type de métallofullerène endohédral. / We have synthesized different π-conjugated system-fullerene dyads for photovoltaic applications, where the donor units were either oligophenylenevinylene (OPV) or oligophenyleneethynylene (OPE) derivatives and for the acceptor, C60 or Y3N@C80 was used. There was an additional requirement for our materials: liquid crystallinity. All the donor units contained a mesogenic promoter in order to induce mesomorphism in the D-A dyad and to control the morphology of the prepared film through supramolecular organization. Apart from that, we investigated the effect of the chemical nature of the donor moiety (ie. lyophilic or amphiphilic), the oligomeric length and multiaddition on the photophysical properties and on the self-assembly. We have synthesized an OPE-Y3N@C80 dyad which is the first trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerene derivative with mesomorphic and photoactive properties.

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