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The use of 3-dialkylaminopropenonitriles and related compounds as intermediates in heterocyclic synthesisEdmeades, Lorraine Mary January 1998 (has links)
No description available.
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Molecular basis for trimethoprim and sulphonamide resistance in Gram negative pathogens /Grape, Malin, January 2006 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
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The effects of mutator plasmids on the frequency of mutation to nalidixic acid resistance in Escherichia coliAmbler, Jane Elizabeth January 1995 (has links)
No description available.
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Characterisation of trimethoprim resistance transposons and their gene productsMcKay Thomson, Stephanie January 1988 (has links)
No description available.
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Evaluation of Sulfamethoxazole Concentrations in Treatment with High-Dose Trimethoprim/SulfamethoxazoleNguyen, Long, Nkemzi, Gaetan, Yee, Brian M., Matthias, Kathryn, Nix, David January 2013 (has links)
Class of 2013 Abstract / Specific Aims: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate sulfamethoxazole concentrations obtained in adult patients with varying degrees of renal function. The first study aim was to identify sulfamethoxazole serum concentrations obtained from patients who received high-dose trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The second aim is to examine the relationship between sulfamethoxazole concentrations, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole doses prescribed, and subjects' estimated renal function.
Methods: This institutional review board approved study examined sulfamethoxazole serum concentrations in adult patients with varying renal function. Subjects selected had recorded sulfamethoxazole blood concentrations while receiving high-dose sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim between June 2006 and May 2012 while admitted to an academic medical center. For the first study aim, patients were grouped by renal function with estimated creatinine clearance exceeding 30 ml/min, creatinine clearance of 15 to 30 ml/min, and creatinine clearance of less than 15 ml/min. For the last group, dosing practices were described since few recommendations for this degree of renal function exist. For the first two groups, adherence to literature recommendations was evaluated. The second aim was addressed with a population pharmacokinetic analysis. A one compartment model was used with first-order elimination. Oral dosing was incorporate a separate administration compartment with first order transfer to compartment 1. Intravenous dosing was handled as a rate input into compartment 1. For patients with estimated creatinine clearance greater than 60 ml/min, all doses within the prior 48 hours were entered while those with estimated creatinine clearance less than 60 ml/min only the prior 96 hours of doses before a concentration were entered. Sulfamethoxazole concentrations were assessed in context of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole dose and renal function.
Main Results: A total of 77 subjects who had a total of 206 sulfamethoxazole concentration(s) obtained while receiving high-dose sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The sulfamethoxazole concentrations ranged from undetectable to 316.8 mcg/mL with a median value of 79.6 mcg/mL. The number of sulfamethoxazole concentrations obtained per subject ranged from 1 to 8 concentrations. The pharmacokinetic analysis of these sulfamethoxazole concentrations based on subjects’ estimated renal function and doses prescribed is in progress.
Conclusion: To be determined.
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Antibiotic resistance in Haemophilus influenzaeGroot, Ronald de, January 1991 (has links)
Thesis Erasmus University Rotterdam. / ook verschenen in gedrukte versie. With bibliogr., with a summary in Dutch.
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Desenvolvimento e validação de método multirresíduo para determinação de sulfonamidas e trimetoprim em tilápia por UPLC-ESI-QToF-MS / Development and validation of a multirresidue method for the determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim in tilapia by UPLC-ESI-QToF-MSNunes, Kátia Santos Damacena, 1970- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Felix Guillermo Reyes Reyes, Sonia Claudia do Nascimento de Queiroz / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T21:06:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
Nunes_KatiaSantosDamacena_M.pdf: 1068510 bytes, checksum: 7643c5a3077803dd36a9801db74845bb (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A aquicultura é hoje o setor de produção mundial de alimentos que apresenta o maior crescimento. Compreende todas as formas de criação de animais e cultivo de plantas aquáticas em água doce, salobra e marinho. Um grande constrangimento para o setor são os surtos de doenças, com uma estimativa global de perdas da ordem de muitos bilhões de dólares por ano. Este fato ocorre devido a que o ambiente aquático é mais favorável a proliferação de bactérias patogênicas, podendo atingir altas densidades em torno dos animais e ser ingeridas durante a alimentação ou durante as trocas gasosas. Assim, o risco de infecções bacterianas na criação de peixes é alto, podendo ser consequência de fatores estressantes tais como falta de higiene, alta densidade de estocagem, baixa qualidade da água, flutuação da temperatura, nutrição inadequada, más práticas de manejo, inadequados procedimentos e métodos de transporte, adaptação ao novo ambiente e captura. Na tentativa de minimizar perdas, antibióticos são administrados, através dos alimentos, aos peixes com fins terapêuticos (tratamento de doença). Devido ao seu baixo custo e relativa eficiência em combater infecções bacterianas mais comuns, as sulfonamidas pertencem a uma classe de antibióticos largamente usada. Trimetoprim é outro agente antibiótico frequentemente coadministrado com sulfonamidas para aumentar, de forma sinergética, a eficiência do tratamento contra uma variedade de infecções bacterianas. Entretanto, o uso de antimicrobianos como agentes quimioterapêuticos tem criado problemas devido ao seu efeito tóxico, desenvolvimento de resistência microbiana, resíduo acumulativo e consequências à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente. O monitoramento dos resíduos de quimioterapêuticos em alimentos tem se tornado prioritário para o controle de resíduos de contaminantes na cadeia de produção de alimentos de origem animal. Nos últimos anos, ocorreu um rápido desenvolvimento de novos métodos analíticos, para a determinação destes resíduos. Dentre os métodos de análise mais promissores, inclue-se a técnica de preparo de amostras denominada QuEChERS ("QuEChERS - Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe"), o qual foi empregado neste estudo. Para a quantificação dos resíduos foi utilizada a técnica UPLC-ESI-QToF MS, por se tratar de um método altamente seletivo na determinação de moléculas orgânicas sendo, atualmente, uma das técnicas mais modernas de quantificação de resíduos em alimentos, permitindo níveis de quantificação na ordem de ng/g de matriz. No presente estudo, para fins de desenvolvimento e validação do método analítico foi considerado o limite máximo de resíduo (LMR) estabelecido na União Europeia (EU) (100 ng g-1). O método desenvolvido foi validado en conformidade aos guias de validação da EU e do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuaria e Abastecimento (MAPA) do Brasil, tendo apresentado seletividade sem efeito matriz para as sulfonamidas estudadas. A precisão (intra e interdias) verificada apresentou coeficiente de variação (CV %) menor do que 20 %. Os limites de deteccção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) foram 1 ng g-1 e 5 ng g-1, respectivamente. Para as sulfonamidas o valor de CCa variou entre 102,6 e 120,0, e para CCß entre 111,7e 140,1. Para o trimetoprim o valor de CCa e CCß foi de 70,0 e 89,9, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o método é apropriado para a determinação de sulfonamidas e trimetoprim em filés de tilápia / Abstract: The aquaculture is at present one of the food production sectors with the highest expansion. It comprises all forms of animal and vegetal aquatic cultures and plants in the fresh water, brackish and marine environments. A major drawback for the sector is the disease outbreaks, with estimated overall losses of several billion dollars per year. This fact occurs because the aquatic environment is more favorable to pathogenic bacteria, regardless of the animal specie, they could reach high densities around them and be ingested during feeding or when they ingest water. Thus, the risk of bacterial infections in fish farming is high and may be due to stress factors such as poor hygiene, overcrowding, poor water quality, temperature fluctuation, poor nutrition, poor management practices, careless handling, improper procedures and transport methods, adaptation to the new environment and capture. In an attempt to minimize losses, antibiotics are administered, by means of the food, to fish for therapeutic (to treat disease) purposes, in aquaculture facilities throughout the world. Due to its low cost and effectiveness in overcoming the most common bacterial infections, sulfonamides are a class of widely used antibiotics. Trimethoprim is another antibiotic agent frequently emplyed in conjunction with sulphonamides to increase, synergistically, the power of treatment against a variety of bacterial infections. The use of antibiotics or chemotherapeutics has created problems due to its toxic effects, bacterial resistance induction, cumulative and residual effects to public health and to the environment. The monitoring of veterinary drug residues in food has become a main concern for the control of residues of contaminants in the production chain of animal foods. In recent years, there was a fast development of new analytical methods for determination of these residues. Among the most promising methods of analysis it is found the technique of sample preparation called "QuEChERS - Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe", which was used in this study. UPLC-ESI-QToF MS technique was used in the quantification of the residues, since it is a highly selective method for the determination of organic molecules, currently, being one of the most modern techniques for quantifying residues in food, enabling the possibility to quantify residues in the order of ng g-1. In the present study, for the purpose of development and validation of the analytical method it was considered the maximum residue limit (MRL) established in Japan (20 ng g-1), which is lower than that established in the European Union (EU) (100 ng g-1). The method was validated according to the validation guidelines of the EU and the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Supply (MAPA), having presented selectivity and no matrix effect for the sulfonamides studied. The precision (intra-and interday) showed a coefficient of variation (CV %) less than 20 %. The limits for detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 1 ng g-1 and 5 ng g-1, respectively. The results indicate that the method is suitable for the determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim in tilapia fillets. For sulfonamides, the value of CCa varied between 102.6 and 120.0, and 111.7 and 140.1 between CCß. For the value of trimethoprim and CCa CCß was 70.0 and 89.9, respectively. The results indicate that the method is suitable for the determination of sulfonamides and trimethoprim in tilapia fillets / Mestrado / Ciência de Alimentos / Mestra em Ciência de Alimentos
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Aspects of high-level trimethoprin resistance in gram-negative bacteria isolated in South AfricaWylie, Barbara A 07 February 1991 (has links)
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy.
Johannesburg 1991 / Trimethoprim is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent frequently used either in combination with sulphamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) or alone in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections. Since the introduction of this drug in 1969 resistance to it has been monitored in several centres in Europe continuously but only intermittently in the United States of America and developing countries in Africa, Asia, Central and South America. In Europe the incidence of trimethoprim resistance has increased significantly in the last 20 years. In developing countries no trends have been established but the incidence of resistance appears to be greater in these countries than in Europe or the USA. / IT2018
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Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole Transfer in the in Vitro Perfused Human CotyledonBawdon, Roger E., Maberry, Mark C., Fortunato, Stephen J., Gilstrap, Larry C., Kim, Sung 01 January 1991 (has links)
Utilizing the in vitro human placental model, we studied the placental transfer of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. At trimethoprim concentrations of 7.2 μg/ml, only 1.4 μg/ml was transported across the placenta after 1 h, and at concentrations of 1.0 μg/ml, one half the usual serum level, only 0.08 μg/ml was transported across the placenta. Maternal concentrations of sulfamethoxazole of 29.6 and 127.7 μg/ml resulted in concentrations of 5.1 and 14.8 pg/ml on the fetal side, respectively. Thus, it would appear that trimethoprim is slowly transported across the placenta and in low concentrations whereas sulfamethoxazole readily crosses the placenta. The combination of these drugs is useful for treatment of bacteriuria. It may also prove to be especially useful for Pneumocystis carinii infections in pregnant women with AIDS. With a half-life of 13 h for trimethoprim and 6 h for sulfamethoxazole, the drugs are not likely to achieve toxic levels in the fetal compartment. Thus, it would appear that trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole may be both efficacious and safe for the treatment of both these infections during pregnancy.
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Estimation of trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and pentoxifylline concentrations in allantoic fluid of pregnant pony mares with experimentally induced placentitisRebello, Stacey Ann, January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Florida, 2004. / Typescript. Title from title page of source document. Document formatted into pages; contains 186 pages. Includes Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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