O estudo teve por objetivo verificar se existe um gradiente de estresse nutricional entre fisionomias distintas na ARIE Pé-de-Gigante e verificar se às plantas de cerrado podem ser aplicadas (1) a hipótese da disponibilidade de recursos (Coley et al., 1985), segundo a qual plantas em ambientes com menos recursos investem mais em defesas e (2) a hipótese de que plantas sob estresse abiótico tornam-se mais susceptíveis a insetos herbívoros (Rhoades, 1979; White, 1969, 1984). Além disso, pretendeu-se verificar a composição da fauna de insetos herbívoros e de predadores e parasitóides associadas à planta. Foram comparados os padrões de herbivoria foliar, bem como a fauna de insetos herbívoros e de predadores e parasitóides associada a Didymopanax vinosum E. March. em fisionomias de campo cerrado, cerrado e cerradão, relacionando-os com possíveis variações nutritivas, da dureza foliar e dos teores de celulose, ligninas e taninos. Foi constatado que as folhas jovens de D. vinosum possuem maior conteúdo de água e nitrogênio, menor dureza e menores teores de celulose, ligninas e taninos. As análises de solo não apontaram diferenças entre as áreas em termos de composição química, indicando a ausência de um gradiente de estresse nutricional. No entanto, as plantas do cerrado e do cerradão apresentaram folhas mais ricas em água e nitrogênio e menor dureza que as plantas do campo cerrado. As plantas das duas primeiras áreas investem mais em taninos e menos em ligninas, os principais tipos de defesas quantitativas. Outros fatores abióticos podem exercer grande influência nas concentrações destes compostos, como a luminosidade, cuja deficiência parece colocar as plantas do sub-bosque do cerrado e do cerradão em situação de estresse. Desse modo, a hipótese 1 aplica-se a D. vinosum apenas quando se considera o investimento em taninos, mas não em ligninas. A herbivoria por insetos mastigadores foi muito baixa tanto em folhas jovens quanto em adultas (inferior a 2 e 5%, respectivamente). Em folhas adultas, foi maior apenas no cerradão, corroborando parcialmente a hipótese 2. Por outro lado, a herbivoria por insetos sugadores em folhas jovens foi intensa, principalmente no campo cerrado e no cerradão, sendo Lyothrips didymopanacis (Thysanoptera) a principal espécie responsável pelos danos foliares. As populações desta espécie demonstraram ser influenciadas primariamente pela disponibilidade de folhas jovens da planta. Populações de aranhas e coccinelídeos acompanharam parcialmente as flutuações das populações de L. didymopanacis. / This study aimed at verifying the existence of a nutritional stress gradient among distinct physiognomies at Pé-de-Gigante Relevant Ecological Interest Area (ARIE), and in such case, verifying whether the following hypotheses can be applied to cerrado plants: (1) the resource availability hypothesis (Coley et al., 1985), according to which plants in environments with fewer resources invest more in defence strategies, and (2) the hypothesis stating that plants under abiotic stress become more susceptible to herbivorous insects (Rhoades, 1979; White, 1969, 1984). In addition, the study also aimed at verifying the composition of the herbivorous insects fauna as well as those of predators and parasitoids associated with the plant. The leaf herbivory standards were compared and so were the faunas of herbivorous insects, predators and parasitoids associated with Didymopanax vinosum E. March in physiognomies of “campo cerrado”, “cerrado” and “cerradão”. Such standards were then related to possible variations in leaf nutrition, toughness and levels of cellulose, lignins and tannins. It was observed that young leaves of D. vinosum had more water and nitrogen content, less hardness and smaller levels of cellulose, lignins and tannins. Soil analyses did not show differences among the areas as to chemical composition, which indicates the absence of a nutritional stress gradient. However, cerrado and cerradão plants presented leaves with greater water and nitrogen contents as well as less toughness than campo cerrado plants. The plants in the two first areas invested more in tannins and less in lignins, which are the two major types of quantitative defences. Other abiotic factors can exert great influence on the concentration of these compounds, such as luminosity, whose deficiency seems to place cerrado and cerradão understory plants in a stressing situation. Therefore, hypothesis 1 applies to D. vinosum only when the investment in tannins is taken into account, but not that in lignins. Herbivory in chewer insects was low both in young and adult leaves (lower than 2 and 5%, respectively). As to adult leaves, it was higher only in cerradão, which partly supports hypothesis 2. On the other hand, herbivory by sucking insects on young leaves was intense, especially in campo cerrado and cerradão where Lyothrips didymopanacis (Thysanoptera) was the mainly responsible species for leaf damage. This species’ population showed to be primarily influenced by the availability of the plant’s young leaves. Populations of spiders and Coccinelideae partly followed L. didymonopacis population flows.

Thesis advisor: Michael Cermak / Despite the vast amount of literature on service trips, only modest efforts have been made to look at how ideologies formed on the trip change over time. There is also little work done comparing different social justice communities. This study examined the differences between two service and religious groups in these regards through 26 in-depth interviews with both current college students and graduates. An analysis of these interviews revealed several faith-based tensions between the service and faith communities. Based on this conclusion, I argue that in order to move toward more substantial and enduring outcomes, the service and faith community work best when they work together, or when individuals of either group have a source of social support. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology Honors Program. / Discipline: Sociology.

This thesis investigated the apparent effectiveness of environmental education essential elements in school field trip programming. First, the elements essential to environmental education field trips were identified from the literature. Second, these elements were incorporated into a questionnaire that was administered as a pre/post test to elementary school students visiting an extensive indoor environmental education facility located in Montreal. Finally, 24 environmental education programs at eight institutions in Montreal were observed to investigate the extent and methodology of implementation of the essential elements. With regard to the chief institution, it was concluded that (1) the educational programming appeared to significantly increase environmental knowledge, and (2) the environmental attitudes were most strongly correlated with student background. Program observation at the eight institutions demonstrated that a wide array of environmental topics was presented, but there was insufficient instruction of environmental issues and action strategies. The list of observed implementation methodologies and the study conclusions could prove useful as a research-based foundation for effective environmental education field trip program development.

This research aims to substantiate the idea that innovation is a capability that can be cultivated for equitable development and that a user’s freedom to innovate should not be violated by excessive intellectual property rights. The central feature of this idea is the principle of substantive equality of innovation capability, which is comprised of five components: equality of innovation opportunity, neutrality of innovation models, accessibility of the innovation commons, dignity of the entrepreneurial spirit, and respect for indigenous innovation. These five components will ensure that everyone has the basic innovation capability to function in the knowledge society and a real opportunity to access the innovation commons, mix her intellect with raw innovation resources, and participate in the decision-making process that affects her innovation capability and freedom. This thesis envisions a fair and balanced global innovation system and proposes a two-pronged approach to incorporate the TRIPS patent regime into this system. To promote multi-dimensional and equitable development, an innovation capability approach to development aims to maximize the contribution of intellectual resources to economic growth and human development through cultivating innovation capability and harnessing the power of non-proprietary innovation models. To increase the effectiveness of innovation systems and promote democratic innovation governance, an innovation equality and freedom approach to the TRIPS patent regime advances distributive justice and intergenerational equality objectives of the global innovation regime. A fair and balanced global innovation system has legal implications for both national governments and international institutions. A national government has the obligation to bring each and every citizen to a point of fair competition in the innovation market. This means that the government should provide equal opportunity to freely access the innovation commons and equally participate in the decision-making process that affects each person’s innovation capability and freedom. In addition, an optimal system of innovation ought to be based on a complementary combination of proprietary and non-proprietary systems in order to produce the highest attainable rates of innovation, productivity, and social utility. For international institutions, I suggest that the WIPO may be a more appropriate forum than the WTO for global innovation governance.

Background. Tripping is a common factor in falls and a typical safety strategy to avoid tripping on steps or stairs is to increase foot clearance over the step edge. In the present study we asked whether the perceived height of a step could be increased using a visual illusion and whether this would lead to the adoption of a safer stepping strategy, in terms of greater foot clearance over the step edge. The study also addressed the controversial question of whether motor actions are dissociated from visual perception. Methodology/Principal Findings. 21 young, healthy subjects perceived the step to be higher in a configuration of the horizontal-vertical illusion compared to a reverse configuration (p = 0.01). During a simple stepping task, maximum toe elevation changed by an amount corresponding to the size of the visual illusion (p<0.001). Linear regression analyses showed highly significant associations between perceived step height and maximum toe elevation for all conditions. Conclusions/Significance. The perceived height of a step can be manipulated using a simple visual illusion, leading to the adoption of a safer stepping strategy in terms of greater foot clearance over a step edge. In addition, the strong link found between perception of a visual illusion and visuomotor action provides additional support to the view that the original, controversial proposal by Goodale and Milner (1992) of two separate and distinct visual streams for perception and visuomotor action should be re-evaluated. / College of Optometrists

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Regis University, Denver, Colo., 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 5, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

Frankliniella occidentalis tem sido relatada como uma das principais pragas associadas à cultura do morangueiro. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados aspectos do ciclo biológico de F. occidentalis, em laboratório (25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% UR, fotofase 12 horas), em flores e folíolos de morangueiro, cultivar Aromas. Determinou-se também, as exigências térmicas das fases de ovo, larva e pupa, mantidas em folíolos de morangueiro, nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 ºC (70±10% UR; fotofase 12 horas). Os danos provocados por adultos de F. occidentalis foram caracterizados em flores, frutos verdes e maduros e durante todo período de maturação. A duração média, em dias, do período embrionário foi significativamente distinta entre os insetos mantidos em flores (3,7 ± 0,03) e folíolos (4,4 ± 0,09). O primeiro instar larval teve duração significativamente menor em flores (1,6 ± 0,07 dias) do que nos folíolos (2,0 ± 0,06 dias). Larvas de segundo instar, pré-pupas e pupas não diferiram quanto à duração e viabilidade entre os dois órgãos vegetais avaliados. O ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) não diferiu significativamente entre os insetos mantidos em flores (12,1 ± 0,33 dias) e folíolos (13,3 ± 0,57 dias), o mesmo ocorreu em relação à longevidade entre machos e fêmeas. A fecundidade média total dos insetos mantidos em flores (70,04 ± 9,18 ovos/fêmea) foi significativamente maior do que os que permaneceram em folíolos (8,52 ± 1,13 ovos/fêmea). Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, a performance dos indivíduos de F. occidentalis que se desenvolveram em flores foi melhor. A temperatura base e a constante térmica para o ciclo total (ovo-adulto) foi 9,88 ºC e 211,86 graus-dia, respectivamente. Com base nas exigências térmicas de F. occidentalis, foi estimado para os municípios de Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre e Taquari respectivamente, 10,7, 12,6, 13,6, 16,5 e 20,3 gerações/ano. Em relação à caracterização de danos, os resultados sugerem que as deformações de frutos não estão associadas à presença de F. occidentalis e que, a alimentação destes causa bronzeamentos na superfície de frutos verdes e maduros. / Frankliniella occidentalis has been reported as one of the major pests associated to the strawberry crops. In this work, aspects of the biological cycle of F. occidentalis had been evaluated in laboratory (25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% RH photo phase 12 h), in flowers and folioles of strawberry plants, ‘Aromas’ cultivar. Also, the thermal requirements of the egg, larva and pupal phases kept in strawberry folioles at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 ºC (70±10% RH; 12 hours photo phase) were established. The damages inflicted by F. occidentalis adults in flowers, in unripe and ripe fruits and during all the ripening period were characterized. The average time, in days, of the embryonic period were significantly different for the insects kept in flowers (3.7 ± 0.03) and folioles (4.4 ± 0.09). The first larval instar had a significantly lower duration in flowers (1.6 ± 0.07days) than in folioles (2.0 ± 0.06 days). Second instar larvae, pre-pupae and pupae did not differed relative to the duration and viability between the plants organs evaluated. The biological cycle (egg to adult) did not differed significantly between the insects maintained in flowers (12.1 ± 0.33 days) and folioles (13.3 ± 0.57 days), the same occurred regarding to longevity between males and females. The total average fecundity of insects kept in flowers (70.04 ± 9.18 eggs/female) was significantly higher than that in folioles (8.52 ± 1.13 eggs/female). Based upon the fertility life table, the performance of F. occidentalis individuals that developed in flowers was better when compared to that of individuals kept in folioles. The lower threshold and the thermal constant for the whole life cycle (egg to adult) were 9.88 ºC and 211.86 days-degree respectively. Considering the thermal requirements of F. occidentalis, were estimated 10.7, 12.6, 13.6, 16.5 and 20.3 generations/year respectively for Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre and Taquari, RS. Regarding damage characterization, the results indicated that fruit deformations were not associated to F. occidentalis presence and that their feeding activity causes russet in unripe and ripe fruits.

Frankliniella occidentalis tem sido relatada como uma das principais pragas associadas à cultura do morangueiro. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados aspectos do ciclo biológico de F. occidentalis, em laboratório (25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% UR, fotofase 12 horas), em flores e folíolos de morangueiro, cultivar Aromas. Determinou-se também, as exigências térmicas das fases de ovo, larva e pupa, mantidas em folíolos de morangueiro, nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 ºC (70±10% UR; fotofase 12 horas). Os danos provocados por adultos de F. occidentalis foram caracterizados em flores, frutos verdes e maduros e durante todo período de maturação. A duração média, em dias, do período embrionário foi significativamente distinta entre os insetos mantidos em flores (3,7 ± 0,03) e folíolos (4,4 ± 0,09). O primeiro instar larval teve duração significativamente menor em flores (1,6 ± 0,07 dias) do que nos folíolos (2,0 ± 0,06 dias). Larvas de segundo instar, pré-pupas e pupas não diferiram quanto à duração e viabilidade entre os dois órgãos vegetais avaliados. O ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) não diferiu significativamente entre os insetos mantidos em flores (12,1 ± 0,33 dias) e folíolos (13,3 ± 0,57 dias), o mesmo ocorreu em relação à longevidade entre machos e fêmeas. A fecundidade média total dos insetos mantidos em flores (70,04 ± 9,18 ovos/fêmea) foi significativamente maior do que os que permaneceram em folíolos (8,52 ± 1,13 ovos/fêmea). Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, a performance dos indivíduos de F. occidentalis que se desenvolveram em flores foi melhor. A temperatura base e a constante térmica para o ciclo total (ovo-adulto) foi 9,88 ºC e 211,86 graus-dia, respectivamente. Com base nas exigências térmicas de F. occidentalis, foi estimado para os municípios de Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre e Taquari respectivamente, 10,7, 12,6, 13,6, 16,5 e 20,3 gerações/ano. Em relação à caracterização de danos, os resultados sugerem que as deformações de frutos não estão associadas à presença de F. occidentalis e que, a alimentação destes causa bronzeamentos na superfície de frutos verdes e maduros. / Frankliniella occidentalis has been reported as one of the major pests associated to the strawberry crops. In this work, aspects of the biological cycle of F. occidentalis had been evaluated in laboratory (25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% RH photo phase 12 h), in flowers and folioles of strawberry plants, ‘Aromas’ cultivar. Also, the thermal requirements of the egg, larva and pupal phases kept in strawberry folioles at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 ºC (70±10% RH; 12 hours photo phase) were established. The damages inflicted by F. occidentalis adults in flowers, in unripe and ripe fruits and during all the ripening period were characterized. The average time, in days, of the embryonic period were significantly different for the insects kept in flowers (3.7 ± 0.03) and folioles (4.4 ± 0.09). The first larval instar had a significantly lower duration in flowers (1.6 ± 0.07days) than in folioles (2.0 ± 0.06 days). Second instar larvae, pre-pupae and pupae did not differed relative to the duration and viability between the plants organs evaluated. The biological cycle (egg to adult) did not differed significantly between the insects maintained in flowers (12.1 ± 0.33 days) and folioles (13.3 ± 0.57 days), the same occurred regarding to longevity between males and females. The total average fecundity of insects kept in flowers (70.04 ± 9.18 eggs/female) was significantly higher than that in folioles (8.52 ± 1.13 eggs/female). Based upon the fertility life table, the performance of F. occidentalis individuals that developed in flowers was better when compared to that of individuals kept in folioles. The lower threshold and the thermal constant for the whole life cycle (egg to adult) were 9.88 ºC and 211.86 days-degree respectively. Considering the thermal requirements of F. occidentalis, were estimated 10.7, 12.6, 13.6, 16.5 and 20.3 generations/year respectively for Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre and Taquari, RS. Regarding damage characterization, the results indicated that fruit deformations were not associated to F. occidentalis presence and that their feeding activity causes russet in unripe and ripe fruits.

Frankliniella occidentalis tem sido relatada como uma das principais pragas associadas à cultura do morangueiro. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados aspectos do ciclo biológico de F. occidentalis, em laboratório (25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% UR, fotofase 12 horas), em flores e folíolos de morangueiro, cultivar Aromas. Determinou-se também, as exigências térmicas das fases de ovo, larva e pupa, mantidas em folíolos de morangueiro, nas temperaturas de 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 e 31 ºC (70±10% UR; fotofase 12 horas). Os danos provocados por adultos de F. occidentalis foram caracterizados em flores, frutos verdes e maduros e durante todo período de maturação. A duração média, em dias, do período embrionário foi significativamente distinta entre os insetos mantidos em flores (3,7 ± 0,03) e folíolos (4,4 ± 0,09). O primeiro instar larval teve duração significativamente menor em flores (1,6 ± 0,07 dias) do que nos folíolos (2,0 ± 0,06 dias). Larvas de segundo instar, pré-pupas e pupas não diferiram quanto à duração e viabilidade entre os dois órgãos vegetais avaliados. O ciclo biológico (ovo-adulto) não diferiu significativamente entre os insetos mantidos em flores (12,1 ± 0,33 dias) e folíolos (13,3 ± 0,57 dias), o mesmo ocorreu em relação à longevidade entre machos e fêmeas. A fecundidade média total dos insetos mantidos em flores (70,04 ± 9,18 ovos/fêmea) foi significativamente maior do que os que permaneceram em folíolos (8,52 ± 1,13 ovos/fêmea). Com base na tabela de vida de fertilidade, a performance dos indivíduos de F. occidentalis que se desenvolveram em flores foi melhor. A temperatura base e a constante térmica para o ciclo total (ovo-adulto) foi 9,88 ºC e 211,86 graus-dia, respectivamente. Com base nas exigências térmicas de F. occidentalis, foi estimado para os municípios de Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre e Taquari respectivamente, 10,7, 12,6, 13,6, 16,5 e 20,3 gerações/ano. Em relação à caracterização de danos, os resultados sugerem que as deformações de frutos não estão associadas à presença de F. occidentalis e que, a alimentação destes causa bronzeamentos na superfície de frutos verdes e maduros. / Frankliniella occidentalis has been reported as one of the major pests associated to the strawberry crops. In this work, aspects of the biological cycle of F. occidentalis had been evaluated in laboratory (25 ± 1 ºC, 70 ± 10% RH photo phase 12 h), in flowers and folioles of strawberry plants, ‘Aromas’ cultivar. Also, the thermal requirements of the egg, larva and pupal phases kept in strawberry folioles at 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 ºC (70±10% RH; 12 hours photo phase) were established. The damages inflicted by F. occidentalis adults in flowers, in unripe and ripe fruits and during all the ripening period were characterized. The average time, in days, of the embryonic period were significantly different for the insects kept in flowers (3.7 ± 0.03) and folioles (4.4 ± 0.09). The first larval instar had a significantly lower duration in flowers (1.6 ± 0.07days) than in folioles (2.0 ± 0.06 days). Second instar larvae, pre-pupae and pupae did not differed relative to the duration and viability between the plants organs evaluated. The biological cycle (egg to adult) did not differed significantly between the insects maintained in flowers (12.1 ± 0.33 days) and folioles (13.3 ± 0.57 days), the same occurred regarding to longevity between males and females. The total average fecundity of insects kept in flowers (70.04 ± 9.18 eggs/female) was significantly higher than that in folioles (8.52 ± 1.13 eggs/female). Based upon the fertility life table, the performance of F. occidentalis individuals that developed in flowers was better when compared to that of individuals kept in folioles. The lower threshold and the thermal constant for the whole life cycle (egg to adult) were 9.88 ºC and 211.86 days-degree respectively. Considering the thermal requirements of F. occidentalis, were estimated 10.7, 12.6, 13.6, 16.5 and 20.3 generations/year respectively for Vacaria, Caxias do Sul, Pelotas, Porto Alegre and Taquari, RS. Regarding damage characterization, the results indicated that fruit deformations were not associated to F. occidentalis presence and that their feeding activity causes russet in unripe and ripe fruits.

This research aims to substantiate the idea that innovation is a capability that can be cultivated for equitable development and that a user’s freedom to innovate should not be violated by excessive intellectual property rights. The central feature of this idea is the principle of substantive equality of innovation capability, which is comprised of five components: equality of innovation opportunity, neutrality of innovation models, accessibility of the innovation commons, dignity of the entrepreneurial spirit, and respect for indigenous innovation. These five components will ensure that everyone has the basic innovation capability to function in the knowledge society and a real opportunity to access the innovation commons, mix her intellect with raw innovation resources, and participate in the decision-making process that affects her innovation capability and freedom. This thesis envisions a fair and balanced global innovation system and proposes a two-pronged approach to incorporate the TRIPS patent regime into this system. To promote multi-dimensional and equitable development, an innovation capability approach to development aims to maximize the contribution of intellectual resources to economic growth and human development through cultivating innovation capability and harnessing the power of non-proprietary innovation models. To increase the effectiveness of innovation systems and promote democratic innovation governance, an innovation equality and freedom approach to the TRIPS patent regime advances distributive justice and intergenerational equality objectives of the global innovation regime. A fair and balanced global innovation system has legal implications for both national governments and international institutions. A national government has the obligation to bring each and every citizen to a point of fair competition in the innovation market. This means that the government should provide equal opportunity to freely access the innovation commons and equally participate in the decision-making process that affects each person’s innovation capability and freedom. In addition, an optimal system of innovation ought to be based on a complementary combination of proprietary and non-proprietary systems in order to produce the highest attainable rates of innovation, productivity, and social utility. For international institutions, I suggest that the WIPO may be a more appropriate forum than the WTO for global innovation governance.