La présente thèse analyse les conditions dans lesquelles les traductions des 'Triumphi' de Pétrarque ont apparu et circulé en France entre les années 1470 et 1550. Ce travail a été structuré selon trois axes de recherche. Cet ouvrage essaye de définir tout d’abord le périmètre de circulation des mises en français du poème allégorique de Pétrarque à partir d’une étude codicologique des témoins connus (contexte de production ; hypothèse de datation ; reconstruction des possibles contextes de circulation ; reconstruction de l’historique plus ou moins récent des manuscrits)afin de reconnaître à l’ensemble de ces traductions l’importance du rôle joué dans la réception de l’oeuvre vulgaire de Pétrarque en France aussi bien que dans le développement du pétrarquisme français. Ensuite, nous avons étudié la question des liens qui relient certaines traductions entre elles. Nous nous sommes occupé tant de l’identification du texte de départ utilisé par chaque traducteur que des relations intertextuelles qui semblent relier certaines mises en français du poème et qui sont apparues au cours du travail d’alignement des textes. La thèse analyse, enfin, la question de la langue de convention de Pétrarque par rapport à sa translation de l’italien en français (assimilation et réutilisation de certains ‘iuncturæ’ typiquement pétrarquiennes) avec le but de vérifier si ces traductions ont pu représenter le premier lieu de codification en français des stylèmes lexicaux les plus typiques du langage littéraire du poète toscan, ainsi que des motifs et de quelques figures de style souvent utilisés par le poète. / This thesis analyses the conditions under which translations of Petrarch’s 'Triumphi' appeared and circulated in France between the years 1470 and 1550. This work has been structured along three research axes. This work first attempts to define the perimeter of the circulation of the French translations of Petrarch’s allegorical poem based on a codicological study of known manuscripts (probable context of production ; hypothesis of dating ; reconstruction of possible contexts of circulation ; reconstruction of the more or less recent history of witnesses) in order to recognize to all of these translations the role played in the reception of Petrarch’s vulgar work in France as well as in the development of French Petrarchism. We were concerned then both with the identification of the source text used by each translator and with the intertextual relations that seem to link certain French translations of the poem and that appeared during the work of aligning the texts. Finally, the thesis analyses the question of the language of Petrarch’s convention in relation to his translation from Italian into French (assimilation and reuse of some typically Petrarchan ‘iuncturæ’) with the aim of verifying whether these translations represented the first place of codification in French of the most typical lexical patterns of the Tuscan poet’s literary language, as well as the motifs and some stylistic figures often used by the poet. / La presente tesi si propone di studiare le condizioni in cui le traduzioni dei Trionfi di Petrarca apparvero e circolarono in Francia tra il 1470 e il 1550. Il lavoro è stato strutturato su tre assi di ricerca. L’opera si propone innanzitutto di definire le reti ove circolarono le diverse traduzioni francesi del poema allegorico del Petrarca sulla base dello studio codicologico dei testimoni noti (probabile contesto di realizzazione ; ipotesi di datazione ; ricostruzione di possibili contesti di circolazione ; ricostruzione della storia più o meno recente dei testimoni), al fine di riconoscere a tutte queste traduzioni il peso giocato nella recezione dell’Opera volgare del Petrarca in Francia e nello sviluppo del petrarchismo francese. Successivamente, è stato svolto uno studio di critica testuale, volto all’identificazione del prototesto italiano utilizzato da ciascun traduttore, esaminando al contempo le relazioni intertestuali che sembrano collegare alcune traduzioni in francese e che sono apparse durante il lavoro di allineamento dei testi. Infine, la tesi analizza la questione della lingua letteraria del Petrarca in relazione alla sua traduzione dall’italiano al francese (assimilazione e riutilizzo di alcune ‘iuncturæ’ tipicamente petrarchesche) al fine di verificare se tali traduzioni abbiano rappresentato, in effetti, il primo luogo di codificazione in francese dei più tipici stilemi lessicali della lingua letteraria del poeta toscano, nonché dei motivi e di alcune figure stilistiche spesso utilizzate dal poeta.

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Five hundred years of Christian martyrdom are represented in the Ecclesiae militantis triumphi (1583). Engraved by Giovanni Battista Cavalieri, the series that was bound into a book reproduces a fresco cycle in the church of San Stefano Rotondo in Rome. While the church belonged to the Jesuit German-Hungarian College, the book accompanied priests in their proselytizing mission in Northern Europe. This thesis will look at the function of the book in relation to various audiences, in different viewing contexts. Analyzed primarily in relation to the intended Jesuit audience as an object of devotion, the book will also be inserted within the Early Christian revival promoted by Gregory XIII (1572-1585). Finally, it will be looked at in relation to an audience composed of individuals interested in factual knowledge about Early Christian history and in the martyr as a historical figure. A general endeavor of the thesis is to situate the Ecclesiae militantis triumphi in relation to late sixteen-century representations of martyrdom, both Catholic and Protestant, as well as in relation to other contemporary Roman printed works.

This thesis is concerned with one key aspect of the reception of the vernacular poetry of Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch), namely translations and imitations of the Rerum vulgarium fragmenta (Rvf) and Triumphi in English. It aims to provide a more comprehensive survey of the vernacular Petrarch’s legacy to English literature than is currently available, with a particular focus on some hitherto critically neglected texts and authors. It also seeks to ascertain to what degree the socio-historical phenomena of religion, politics, and culture have influenced the translations and imitations in question. The approach has been both chronological and comparative. This strategy will demonstrate with greater clarity the monumental effect of the Elizabethan Reformation on the English reception of Petrarch. It proposes a solution to the problem of the long gap between Geoffrey Chaucer’s re-writing of Rvf 132 and the imitations of Wyatt and Surrey framed in the context of Chaucer’s sophisticated imitative strategy (Chapter I). A fresh reading of Sir Philip Sidney’s Astrophil and Stella is offered which highlights the author’s misgivings about the dangers of textual misinterpretation, a concern he shared with Petrarch (Chapter II). The analysis of Edmund Spenser’s Amoretti and Epithalamion in the same chapter reveals a hitherto undetected Ovidian subtext to Petrarch’s Rvf 190. Chapter III deals with two English versions of the Triumphi: I propose a date for Lord Morley’s translation which suggests it may be the first post- Chaucerian English engagement with Petrarch; new evidence is brought to light which identifies the edition of Petrarch used by William Fowler as the source text for his Triumphs of Petrarcke. The fourth chapter constitutes the most extensive investigation to date of J. M. Synge’s engagement with the Rvf, and deals with the question of translation as subversion. On the theoretical front, it demonstrates how Synge’s use of “folk-speech” challenges Venuti’s binary foreignising/domesticating system of translation categorisation.