Après la proclamation de la République de Turquie le 29 octobre 1923, l’un des principaux objectifs du nouveau gouvernement est de parvenir à se libérer de l’intense tutelle économique et financière exercée par les Occidentaux dans l’empire ottoman depuis la deuxième moitié du 19ème siècle. Dans les années 1930, les privilèges accordés à la Banque Impériale Ottomane sont supprimés. La dette obligataire héritée de l’empire ottoman est renégociée en 1933. Elle est amputée de quelque 92 %. Les principales sociétés créées par les Européens dans l’empire ottoman avant 1914 sont rachetées par des organismes étatiques ou para étatiques. Des mesures de plus en plus contraignantes sont prises pour limiter les importations, les sorties de devises. Pendant le deuxième conflit mondial, la Turquie, fournisseur de matières premières et de produits alimentaires parvient à accumuler des excédents de devises, ce qui lui permet, à la fin des hostilités, de se libérer de la dette héritée de l’empire ottoman et des dettes contractées envers les cédants des sociétés rachetées dans les années 1930. / Since the middle of the 19th century, Europeans took more and more influence on the finances and the economy of the Ottoman Empire. After the Turkish Republic was declared on October, 29th 1923, one of the main objectives of the new government is to get rid of this influence. During the years 1930, the privileges granted to the Imperial Ottoman Bank are cancelled. The Public Ottoman debt, inherited from the Ottoman Empire is reduced by about 92%. The main enterprises created by the Europeans before 1914 are bought by state agencies. To avoid outgoings of foreign currencies, many laws are voted which make them more and more complicated. During the second world war, Turkey supplied other countries with raw goods and foods, resulting in positive foreign trade balance. It allowed Turkey to reimburse both the Public Ottoman Debt owners and the shareholders of the companies bought back from Europeans during the years 1930.

The primary aim of this study is to examine the political risks, particularly of indirect expropriation in long-term energy investment contracts, focusing on stabilisation clauses and examining what driving force(s) influence host states to agree to insert such clauses in their host governmental contracts. The secondary aim of this work is to examine the political structure of Azerbaijan and Turkey and the guarantees available to foreign investors under their laws within those nations from a comparative perspective. The work dedicates particular attention to how effective internal factors in Azerbaijan and Turkey are in facilitating contractual stability in their respective energy investment projects. This study applies both comparative and empirical research methods, fieldwork and library based research. It seeks to provide a theoretical and comparative understanding of political regimes, foreign investment laws and constitutional guarantees and investment policies in Azerbaijan and Turkey. The work has provided that the driving forces behind why Azerbaijan and Turkey consented to insert stabilisation clauses in the host government agreements of Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Project (BTC) can be attributed to each of these being in possession of: a weak bargaining position, weak formal and informal institutions, insufficient laws on foreign direct investment, absence of specific petroleum legislations and a keenness to promote investment and economic activities in their regional markets. It is imperative to lenders and insurers that the host state where the investment will be made is a stable environment. In order to be satisfied that this is the case and to future-proof themselves against risk, they require the insertion of stabilisation clauses in host government agreements. Credit-rating agencies assessments exercise influence over the terms to be agreed and, indeed over the investor’s decision whether to participate in a project. Further research into stabilisation clauses might invite the analysis of specific petroleum producing countries from different regions to better understand how internal and external factors are effective in providing stability. The transferability of the research findings could be further strengthened by surveying and interviewing more participants from petroleum companies, non-governmental organisations, law firms, financial institutions, political risk insurance providers, government bureaucrats and international academics.

This study is based on the relationship between the Kurds and the Left in Turkey between 1960s and 1990 in Turkey. The question of identity is discussed in terms of the continuities and ruptures in the discourse(s) of the Left in Turkey on the 'eastern question' and 'Kurdish (national) question' in this period. The main question of the research is how the Kurdish identity was constructed in the discourses of Yön, TKSP (Türkiye Kürdistanı Sosyalist Partisi - Turkish Kurdistan Socialist Party), and the PKK (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistanê - Kurdistan Workers' Party). Three sample publications/organizations representative of the leftist discourse in the period were selected to show the Left's treatment of the Kurdish question by using periodical publications, memoirs, clandestine organizational documents and through discourse analysis.

Title: Alevis in the Federal Republic of Germany Today Author: Klára Pinerová Department: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Near Eastern and African Studies Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Luboš Kropáček, CSc. Alevis supported Atatürk's policy of secularization after World War I. The first President of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, selected elements of Alevi culture with which to construct a new Turkish national identity. Although it appeared that the Alevi identity would dissolve and transform into a single Turkish one, in connection with changed religious policy in the 1980s, the Alevi religious movement instead began to internally mobilize and renew their cultural and religious identity. This was true not only for the Alevi movement in Turkey but also in Germany. Alevis managed to organize and create interconnected networks of organizations across Germany, Turkey and throughout Europe during the last twenty years demonstrate a confident public presence. Alevis in Germany emphasize that they are part of German society, not strangers. They established numerous clubs and organizations representative of the Alevi movement in the struggle for recognition of their rights as a religious group in Germany and in Turkey. They have integrated Alevi religious instruction...

The European Union has long established itself as the world's most powerful regional supranational formation, which is achieved thanks to its economic results, geopolitical influence, and military might. European integration offers countries with an opportunity to boost their development and have greater impact in the international arena. However, the EU accession criteria are quite hard to meet, and many countries face significant difficulties in this respect, which is the case of Turkey. Since 1987, when Turkey officially applied for membership in the EU, the country hasn't completed its integration in the European community yet. This thesis investigates the main economic advantages and disadvantages in the context of Turkey's prospective accession to the European Union as a full-fledged member state.

Health care systems in many countries around the world have been subject to major reform initiatives since 1980s and 1990s. The main rationale for reform was an increasing need to control costs in health care as the countries struggled to adapt to the global economic conjuncture and deal with their financial problems. The movement to reform health care arose in that context and spread amongst health care experts and policy makers. The aim of this study is to understand how reforms were initiated and what forces drove them. This topic is addressed through the case studies of change in health care policies in Turkey and the Czech Republic, both of which having experienced the influence of global economic trends, yet are defined by fundamentally different economic, political and social conditions. The findings of the study support that health policy ideas were diffused to the two countries via international policy networks; domestic contexts facilitated the diffusion. Interest groups were important actors in both countries, but the role played by various groups differed in the two countries. Finally, the countries appear to have tendency to converge to a certain degree with regard to their health financing system. Key words: Health care reform, policy diffusion, globalization, Czech Republic, Turkey.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Kevin Gwinner / Under the leadership of the Van Eekeren family, Land O’ Frost has become one of the fastest growing meat processing manufacturers in the United States. “Premium” is Land O’ Frost’s flagship brand which makes up 57% of the company’s total sales dollars. Of the line of Premium lunchmeats, Honey Smoked Turkey is ranked #3 in total sales dollars. However, if you rank the product’s performance by dividing its all commodity volume (ACV) by the number of pounds sold, it is ranked #7 out of the nine single pack flavors offered in retail. There has been internal speculation that the Honey Smoked Turkey’s sales performance is related to a lack of honey/sweetness flavor in the lunchmeat. As a result, Land O’ Frost needed to determine if the current level of honey/sweetness flavor of the Honey Smoked Turkey needs to be increased in order to stimulate higher growth in sales. A third party consultant conducted a consumer test between Land O’ Frost’s honey smoked turkey and their top two competitors’ honey smoked turkey. Based on the results, the Land O’ Frost product was the least likely preferred and was rated as having the lowest sweetness flavor profile among the three products. In an effort to develop a sweeter tasting honey turkey, different test formulations were developed using different honeys, levels of honey and sweeteners. The lighter the honey grade the less flavor impact was present in the turkey. As a result, a test formula containing twice the amount of light amber honey and the maximum amount of sugar was developed to be sweeter and to offer better marketing claims to potentially attract more customers. Due to product process differences between the Land O’ Frost’s honey smoked turkey and its competitor’s, the decision was made to conduct another consumer test between the current control and the newly formulated test product. The data determined that there was not a significant difference between the two products tested. A triangle test was conducted via a third party and it also confirmed the same conclusion. With the test formula having a slightly higher cost per pound than the current control formula, it was decided internally that the test formula could replace the current formula if the test formula price per pound can be adjusted to the same cost as the control. I would recommend that the level of sugar in the new test formula be slightly decreased until the formula cost per pound is the same as the control. The cost of meat raw materials used by Land O’ Frost often changes due to market price conditions. The new formulated honey smoked turkey’s selling potential would still have a positive impact by utilizing claims such as “double the honey” and “lower sodium” on the package. In this case, the selling potential increase would be more heavily executed from a marketing perspective than from flavor development.

Doctor of Philosophy / Food Science Institute / Kelly J. K. Getty / Salt is used as a preservative in food. Reducing sodium in food, due to its link to hypertension, and replacing NaCl with other types of salt could have an effect on food safety. The main objective was to determine differences in salts and salt substitutes on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in broth and meat and poultry systems. Salts (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, sea salt, and replacement salt) were added (0.5, 1, and 2.5%) to Listeria monocytogenes (five-strain cocktail) inoculated Listeria enrichment broth at 25 °C and sampled at 0, 24, and 48 h. Results showed that MgCl2, regardless of concentration, caused Listeria monocytogenes populations to grow approximately 0.6 log CFU/mL more (P < 0.05) than the other salts. Fresh ground beef, pork, and turkey with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, sea salt, and replacement salt (2.0%) were inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes (five-strain cocktail) to determine growth/survival during 5 d at 4 °C to simulate a pre-blend process. Listeria monocytogenes populations significantly decreased (0.41 log CFU/g) during the storage time in beef, however no differences (P > 0.05) were observed over time in pork or turkey. Salt type did not affect (P > 0.05) Listeria monocytogenes populations during pre-blend storage. However, salts (MgCl2 and NaCl) allowed growth (P < 0.05) of aerobic populations during storage. Emulsified beef and pork products were processed with NaCl, KCl, sea salt and a NaCl/KCl blend (2%) and post-processed surface inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes (five-strain cocktail) to determine growth/survival at 4 °C for 28 d. Pork products showed greater (P < 0.05) Listeria monocytogenes population growth at all sampling times (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 d) than beef products; whereas salt type had no effect on Listeria monocytogenes populations with sampling times pooled for data analysis. Although salt types were not shown to have an impact on Listeria monocytogenes growth/survival in pre-blend and emulsified post-processed surface inoculated meat products, pork and turkey pre-blends and emulsified pork had greater Listeria monocytogenes populations compared to beef products. These studies demonstrate that sodium reduction or replacement may not affect safety of pre-blends and emulsified meat and poultry products.

As a prominent and influential missionary in Turkey in the early 20th century, Samuel Ralph Harlow offers a new perspective that should be included in historical literature on foreign missionaries and human rights. Through his correspondence and academic works, Harlow’s story unveils internal conflict among United States officials and missionaries in regard to Turkish treatment of Greeks and Armenians in the interwar period. Samuel Ralph Harlow represents the position in support of American intervention to rescue Greeks and Armenians from massacre and deportation, but as his superiors’ views on the matter changed, Harlow was silenced. The U.S. may have decided not to intervene after all, but missionaries certainly played a role in the decision. Harlow was an early advocate for foreign intervention for the sake of protecting human rights, and his story shows how American missionaries helped mold U.S. support for protecting vulnerable populations abroad. The Samuel Ralph Harlow Papers at Amistad Research Center are virtually untouched by academics; thus, Harlow deserves a study in his own right. This study involved extensive research on Harlow’s original papers, the United States Government Official Foreign Relations Documents, and the historiography of human rights and missionaries in the Middle East, particularly Turkey.

Based upon anthropological fieldwork and contemporary literature as well as an analysis of media reports and statements by government officials such as current president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, this thesis explores the interrelations between political discourses, lifestyle, and identity construction in contemporary Turkey. In the thesis, it is depicted how certain lifestyle choices are legally limited or (drawing on moral, religious, and nationalist discourses) labeled as 'bad' or 'wrong' by the current AKP government and certain parts of society. The informants interviewed for this thesis, mostly well-educated, young Turkish urbanites, feel like these restrictions of lifestyle choices limit their possibilities to freely construct and express their identities, which leads to feelings of resentment, unhappiness, and discomfort. By analyzing political developments in the 20th and 21st century, it is furthermore illustrated that authoritarianism has been a substantial part of the Turkish state project ever since the founding of the Turkish Republic. The current political events and conflicts about lifestyle and identity construction, it is argued, have to be understood in this context rather than depicting them as based upon a strict dividing line between 'secular' and 'religious' parts of society, as it is often depicted in Western media.