Marijuana is the most prevalent illicit drug used in the world and among Turkish juveniles. Although studies have examined marijuana use among Turkish juveniles, none has tested Hirschi's social bonding theory, one of the most frequently tested and applied criminological theories in the United States and other Western and developed countries. This study investigated the empirical validity and generalizability of Hirschi's theory to juveniles' marijuana use in Turkey, a non-Western and developing country. Data on 2,740 Turkish tenth grade students from the 2006 Youth in Europe survey were used. Results from binary logistic regression analyses were generally consistent with the propositions of Hirschi's theory and the findings of previous empirical studies. Regarding the attachment component of the theory, Turkish juveniles who lived in two-parent families and those who were closely monitored by their parents were less likely to have tried marijuana. In addition, teens who were strongly attached to their school and religion were also less likely to have used the drug. As for the commitment component, language grade was negatively associated with marijuana use. None of the involvement items had significant effects on marijuana use in the predicted direction. Participation in club sports had a positive effect on marijuana use. Belief items, such as acceptance of societal norms, values, and rules, had the predicted inhibiting effects on teens' marijuana use. Of the six sociodemographic/controls included in the analyses, only gender had a significant effect; male students were more likely to have tried marijuana than the female peers. Policy implications of the results for adolescents, parents, and schools are discussed.

Alcohol consumption among adolescents is an important issue because of its link to many negative social and health problems, including depression, suicide, and aggression. Drawing from Hirschi’s social bonding theory and Agnew’s general strain theory, this study examines the effects of family relations on alcohol consumption among Turkish adolescents. Social bonding theory suggests that individuals with stronger social bonds are less likely to use alcohol than individuals with weaker social bonds. General strain theory, on the other hand, proposes that individuals with higher levels of strain due to financial difficulties and/or negative relationships are more likely to consume alcohol compared to individuals with lower levels of strain. In particular, this study proposes to examine how parental attachment, parental monitoring, time spent with family, parents’ religiosity, family economic strain, and negative life events in the family predict alcohol consumption among adolescents in Turkey. 2008 Youth in Europe (YIE) project data is used in the study. In general, the results indicate that social bonding and strain factors have significant effects on the adolescents’ alcohol consumption patterns. These findings will help to inform prevention programs aimed at reducing adolescent alcohol risk behaviors by explaining the importance of family relationships.

Nitrite at the level found in turkey frankfurter formulations vii did not interfere in the hydrazone test as developed by Andrews (1975). The aldehyde levels of frankfurters made principally from MD turkey meat were, on the average, twice as high as the levels in the raw meat. Aldehyde levels generally increased as the frozen storage time of the raw meat increased. There were some variations from this trend due to variation in the fat content of the raw meat. Sixty days was recommended as a maximum frozen storage time. However, because of variation in the fat content from sample to sample , assaying t he level of aldehyde in the raw meat was recommended as a more reliable method of predicting acceptability of further processed products than length of frozen storage. Aldehyde levels of less than two ppm in the raw meat and less than four ppm in the frankfurters were acceptable. The aldehyde measured by Andrews' hydrazone test was identified as formaldehyde.

Thesis (M. Arch. A.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1975. / Also issued by Education/Research Program: Urban Settlement Design in Developing Countries, School of Architecture and Planning, M.I.T., 1975. / Bibliography: p. 93. / M.Arch.A.S.

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