The primary purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the turn interval and the factors that influence turn performance. A secondary purpose was to investigate the relationship between turn time, the components that influence turn time, and performance in competitive swimming. Fifty-eight swimmers (24 female, 34 male) from four NCAA Division I schools were videotaped in the 100 and 200 yd freestyle and backstroke events during three collegiate competitions. The freestyle was shown to be significantly different from the backstroke in race time, turn time, and time during the in phase of the turn for both genders in the 100 and 200 yard events. Significant positive correlations were found between turn time and race time across both genders and all four events. Inspecting the velocity curves of the turns allowed the key outphase variables to be defined. Turn time is an important determinant of race time in collegiate swimming. Using the dolphin kick technique during a turn causes large fluctuations in velocity during the active glide phase of the turn. / School of Physical Education

This thesis contains three cross-sectional studies and an equipment development study, presented in the form of journal submissions, regarding the hydrodynamics experienced by swimmers during the various phases of the freestyle tumble turn.

La thèse porte sur le développement de stratégies non conventionnelles de peptides contraints et la modulation des structures secondaires pour augmenter la reconnaissance biologique de ces peptides.Les peptides jouent un rôle important dans de nombreux processus et sont donc d’un intérêt grandissant pour l’industrie pharmaceutique. Cependant, leur utilisation comme médicament reste limitée à cause de leur flexibilité conformationnelle, leur sensibilité aux protéases et leur faible biodisponibilité et pharmacodynamie. Dans ce contexte, la caractérisation des interactions ligands-récepteurs est cruciale pour comprendre les processus de reconnaissance et le design d’agonistes sélectifs, potentiels nouveaux médicaments. Ainsi, le développement d’outils portant des modifications structurales présente un intérêt grandissant pour trouver de nouveaux médicaments. Ces changements structuraux permettent d’affiner les conformations privilégiées et donc de comprendre la spécificité d’interactions par rapport à des sous-types de récepteurs ayant des propriétés physicochimiques et pharmacologiques particulières.Dans la première partie de ce travail, une stratégie optimisée pour la synthèse de fragments N-terminaux (1-34) de la séquence PTHrP.PTHrP(1-34)NH2 est décrite : H-Ala1-Val-Ser-Glu-His-Gln-Leu-Leu-His-Asp10-Lys-Gly-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Asp-Leu-Arg-Arg20-Arg-Phe-Phe-Leu-His-His-Leu-Ile-Ala-Glu30-Ile-His-Thr-Ala-NH2. D’un point de vue synthètique, la formation de clusters dus à la présence de plusieurs résidus arginine, l’encombrement stérique, la longueur de la séquence et la présence de résidus hydrophobes dans la partie 19-28 du PTHrP rendent la synthèse difficile et donnent un enjeu important à la synthèse. C’est pourquoi, nous avons focalisé nos efforts sur l’optimisation du protocole opératoire. En particulier, nous avons montré l’intérêt d’utiliser une activation sous microondes pour la synthèse, avantages en termes de rendement et de pureté du peptide. La synthèse de PTHrP(1-34) a été optimisée à la fois sous activation par la temperature et sous microondes dans des conditions identiques. Les micoondes ont aussi été utilisé pour la synthèse de PTHrP(1-34)NH2. L’élongation de la chaine peptidique a été suivie par l’analyse UPLC-ESI-MS des fragments obtenus après micro clivage assisté par micro ondes. Cette stratégie nopus a permis , à travers la caractérisation des séquences délétées, d’identifier les points critiques de la synthèse, nécessitant les microondes. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, ont été entreprises le design et la synthèse d’une série de cyclopeptides (i-to-i+5) 1,4- et 4,1-disubstitués pontés par un triazole, analogues de MTII. MTII, Ac-Nle4-c[Asp5-D-Phe7-Lys10]αMSH4-10-NH2 est un super agoniste agissant d’une manière non sélective des récepteurs de la mélanocortine MC1R, MC3R, MC4s, et MC5s. Ce peptide est caractérisé par un lien lactame entre les résidus Asp5 et Lys 10 stabilisant une structure β-turn, cruciale pour l’activité.Cependant MTII n’est pas sélectif des différents sous-type des récepteurs de la mélanocortine. L’importance particulière du système mélanocortine souligne le besoin de trouvé des analogues plus sélectifs, présentant une meilleure pharmacocinétique et une meilleure biodisponibilité. L’introduction du triazole [1,2,3] utilise dans nos analogues vise à stabiliser une conformation , à la place du lien lactame de MTII. La diversité est apportée par une variation de la position du triazole de i à i+5. Il est obtenu par une cycloaddition alcyne/azoture catalysée par le Cu(I) (CuAAC), générant très sélectivement l’adduit 1,4. Les analogues clickés de MTII présentant une position différente du triazole ont été synthétisé en phase solide et en solution. Les études conformationnelles et biologiques ont été conduites pour identifier l’analogue présentant la meilleure conformation β-turn conduisant à la meilleure activité biologique. / PhD Thesis of Chiara TESTANon conventional synthetic strategies of stapled peptides: modulation of secondary structures to optimise biological recognitionPeptides play an important role in many biologically relevant processes and are of outstanding interest in pharmaceutical research. However their use as drugs is limited by their conformational flexibility, instability to proteases, poor oral bioavailability, and pharmacodynamics. In this contest the characterization of ligand-receptor interactions is crucial to understand the biological processes and to design potent and selective agonist, which could be used as new drug candidates.Therefore, the development of an expansive toolbox of structural modifications that can be used to fine tune the predominant conformations to achieve modulation of specificity toward receptor subtypes, physicochemical and pharmacological properties continues to be of great interest in the development of peptide-based drugs.In the first part of the work it is described an optimized strategy for the synthesis of the N-terminal fragments (1-34) of PTHrP.PTHrP(1-34)NH2 sequence is: H-Ala1-Val-Ser-Glu-His-Gln-Leu-Leu-His-Asp10-Lys-Gly-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Asp-Leu-Arg-Arg20-Arg-Phe-Phe-Leu-His-His-Leu-Ile-Ala-Glu30-Ile-His-Thr-Ala-NH2. Considering the presence of clusters of arginines, sterically hindered and hydrophobic amino acid residues in the 19-28 sequence of PTHrP, and the considerable length of the peptide, the synthesis of PTHrP(1-34)NH2 is quite challenging. Therefore we focused our effort in the optimization of a synthetic protocol for this peptide. In particular, we showed the advantages that the use of microwaves have, in obtaining the best results in terms of yield and purity of the final peptide. The synthesis of PTHrP(1-34) was performed following the conventional RT and the MW-assisted SPPS protocol. In both cases the synthesis was performed using the same instrument, the same excess of reagents and molar ratios.Microwaves have also been used to monitor the synthesis of the peptide PTHrP(1-34)NH2. In fact, during the elongation of the peptide chain were analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS intermediate fragments obtained through micro-cleavages assisted by microwaves. This strategy has allowed us, through the characterization of sequences of deletion, to understand what are the critical points of the synthesis that may require the use of microwaves.In the second part of the thesis we reported the design and the synthesis of a series of (i-to-i+5) 1,4- and 4,1-disubstituted [1,2,3]triazole-bridged cyclopeptides, derived from the scaffold of MTII. MTII, Ac-Nle4-c[Asp5-D-Phe7-Lys10]αMSH4-10-NH2, is a potent long acting non-selective super-agonist of melanocortin receptors MC1R, MC3R, MC4s, and MC5s. This peptide is characterized by lactam bridge between residues Asp5 and Lys10 stabilizing a type-II β-turn structure, that is critical for its bioactivity. Nevertheless, MTII is not selective for the different subtype of melanocortin receptors. The particular importance of melanocortin system, underscores the unmet need for highly selective, pharmacokinetically diverse, and bioavailable agonists and antagonists analogs. The introduction of [1,2,3]triazole was aimed to stabilize a β-turn conformation replacing the lactam bridge of MTII with an i-to-i+5 side chain-to-side chain cyclization via CuI-catalyzed azido-to-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) generating 1,4- or 4,1-disubstituted [1,2,3]triazolyl-containing ring structures. Clicked MT-II analogs presenting different permutations of bridges, containing 4 or 5 methylenes, and a triazolyl moiety were synthesized by a combination of solid phase assembly of the peptide and in solution CuAAC. Conformational and biological studies were performed on the peptides synthesized to identify the location and direction of the [1,2,3]triazolyl in the bridge that best reproduce the β-turn conformation leading to highly potent and sel

How do teachers talk about the productiveness of teacher's in-the-moment responses to student mathematical thinking? This is a question current research does not fully answer as most research on teacher moves is focused on what teacher moves researchers have noticed teachers do rather than on what teachers think about these teacher moves. To fill the gap in the research and to answer the question, a group of 13 teachers were given ten classroom situations to compare and contrast for productivity. I analyzed (a) the content of the teachers' discussions by drawing on Teacher Response Coding (TRC) language, and (b) the extent to which the teachers' discussions align with theorized productive responses to student mathematical thinking, or building. From the teachers' group conversations, I articulated principles of productivity— articulations of the main ideas and conclusions of the teachers' conversations with regards to productivity. Focusing on the principles of productivity, I highlighted what teacher moves the teachers said were productive or not productive with respect to teacher's in-the-moment responses to student mathematical thinking. In analyzing the list of unique principles of productivity, I noticed three main themes that the principles were focused around: student mathematics, teacher moves, and mathematics, which reflected some of the ideas in research for productive teacher moves. Additionally, I analyzed the principles for alignment with the practice of building, which led to the conclusion that the ideas of orchestrating discussion and making explicit are the most salient of the sub-practices of building to the teachers. These results based on teachers' discussions around the productivity of teacher moves can help inform teacher education and professional development.

The swimming track start is a complex motor skill that utilizes asymmetric lower limb action. The purpose of this study was to explore whether it could be optimized by applying the commonly accepted view that there are asymmetries in the function and behaviors of the lower limbs. Initially, the study aimed to examine the relationship between various measures of lower limb asymmetry and the swimmers' preferences for forward foot placement in the swimming track start. Participants underwent a 7 week training period whereby both the left foot forward (LFF) and the right foot forward (RFF) track starts were practiced. The philosophy behind this training protocol was to ensure that participants received equal practice with the preferred and non-preferred stance so that a dominant stance, if it existed, could emerge. Consequently, the relationships between the dominant track start stance and the lower limb asymmetry measures could be determined more accurately. Participants were male (N=11) and female (N=11) swimmers, aged 12-16 years, from the UWA-Uniswim National Age Squad. Kinetic and kinematic data were collected for the track start prior to and following the 7 week training intervention. The intervention was finished when a participant had completed approximately 14 dive sessions where both the LFF and RFF track starts were practiced. The performance criterion measure was time to 5 m. Despite significant differences in vertical force and velocity contributions following the intervention, time to 5 m did not improve for either the LFF or the RFF track start. Four different measures of lower limb asymmetry were collected, including footedness, the preferred track start stance, and the dominant take-off limb for the unilateral and bilateral counter-movement jump (CMJ). Sixteen of 22 participants displayed changes in their dominant track start stance. Eleven participants showed biases for one stance (6 for the LFF & 5 for the RFF), and 11 participants remained or became more symmetrical. Results indicated that the preferred track start stance was the only measure of asymmetry that was significantly related to track start performance (x2[2]= 6.71, p=.04 for pre-intervention & x2[2]=7.77, p=.02 for post-intervention). All other measures of lower limb asymmetry were shown to be unrelated to track start preference and performance. It was suggested that the 7 week training intervention did not provide a sufficient amount of time to see conclusive effects on 5 m time or to make conclusive comparisons between the dominant track start stance and measures of asymmetry. Since the preferred track start corresponded with better performance less than 50% of the time, it was suggested that swimmers and coaches experiment with different dive techniques to find the start which is most effective for them and spend more time on them during training.

The National Agency for Education (Skolverket) and The Swedish National Curriculum stated that equality between female and male students is important. The present study investigates students in the subject English in Swedish upper secondary school and municipal school for adult education from the perspective of gender dominance in English conversation with a teacher present, with the focus on turn-taking. Two separate observations were made in three classes in adult education and two classes in upper secondary school. The research questions of this investigation are; which gender dominates the on-going conversation in English with a teacher present, how the turns were allocated, given or taken, and if the gender patterns differ between a municipal school for adults and an upper secondary school. The potential impact of the teacher's sex on the patterns of domination is also taken into consideration. Female dominance as well as male dominance is revealed in the result of the investigated classes' gender patterns. The results also reveal that the teacher's sex could have an impact on the patterns of domination.

La thèse porte sur le développement de stratégies non conventionnelles de peptides contraints et la modulation des structures secondaires pour augmenter la reconnaissance biologique de ces peptides.Les peptides jouent un rôle important dans de nombreux processus et sont donc d'un intérêt grandissant pour l'industrie pharmaceutique. Cependant, leur utilisation comme médicament reste limitée à cause de leur flexibilité conformationnelle, leur sensibilité aux protéases et leur faible biodisponibilité et pharmacodynamie. Dans ce contexte, la caractérisation des interactions ligands-récepteurs est cruciale pour comprendre les processus de reconnaissance et le design d'agonistes sélectifs, potentiels nouveaux médicaments. Ainsi, le développement d'outils portant des modifications structurales présente un intérêt grandissant pour trouver de nouveaux médicaments. Ces changements structuraux permettent d'affiner les conformations privilégiées et donc de comprendre la spécificité d'interactions par rapport à des sous-types de récepteurs ayant des propriétés physicochimiques et pharmacologiques particulières.Dans la première partie de ce travail, une stratégie optimisée pour la synthèse de fragments N-terminaux (1-34) de la séquence PTHrP.PTHrP(1-34)NH2 est décrite : H-Ala1-Val-Ser-Glu-His-Gln-Leu-Leu-His-Asp10-Lys-Gly-Lys-Ser-Ile-Gln-Asp-Leu-Arg-Arg20-Arg-Phe-Phe-Leu-His-His-Leu-Ile-Ala-Glu30-Ile-His-Thr-Ala-NH2. D'un point de vue synthètique, la formation de clusters dus à la présence de plusieurs résidus arginine, l'encombrement stérique, la longueur de la séquence et la présence de résidus hydrophobes dans la partie 19-28 du PTHrP rendent la synthèse difficile et donnent un enjeu important à la synthèse. C'est pourquoi, nous avons focalisé nos efforts sur l'optimisation du protocole opératoire. En particulier, nous avons montré l'intérêt d'utiliser une activation sous microondes pour la synthèse, avantages en termes de rendement et de pureté du peptide. La synthèse de PTHrP(1-34) a été optimisée à la fois sous activation par la temperature et sous microondes dans des conditions identiques. Les micoondes ont aussi été utilisé pour la synthèse de PTHrP(1-34)NH2. L'élongation de la chaine peptidique a été suivie par l'analyse UPLC-ESI-MS des fragments obtenus après micro clivage assisté par micro ondes. Cette stratégie nopus a permis , à travers la caractérisation des séquences délétées, d'identifier les points critiques de la synthèse, nécessitant les microondes. Dans la seconde partie de la thèse, ont été entreprises le design et la synthèse d'une série de cyclopeptides (i-to-i+5) 1,4- et 4,1-disubstitués pontés par un triazole, analogues de MTII. MTII, Ac-Nle4-c[Asp5-D-Phe7-Lys10]αMSH4-10-NH2 est un super agoniste agissant d'une manière non sélective des récepteurs de la mélanocortine MC1R, MC3R, MC4s, et MC5s. Ce peptide est caractérisé par un lien lactame entre les résidus Asp5 et Lys 10 stabilisant une structure β-turn, cruciale pour l'activité.Cependant MTII n'est pas sélectif des différents sous-type des récepteurs de la mélanocortine. L'importance particulière du système mélanocortine souligne le besoin de trouvé des analogues plus sélectifs, présentant une meilleure pharmacocinétique et une meilleure biodisponibilité. L'introduction du triazole [1,2,3] utilise dans nos analogues vise à stabiliser une conformation , à la place du lien lactame de MTII. La diversité est apportée par une variation de la position du triazole de i à i+5. Il est obtenu par une cycloaddition alcyne/azoture catalysée par le Cu(I) (CuAAC), générant très sélectivement l'adduit 1,4. Les analogues clickés de MTII présentant une position différente du triazole ont été synthétisé en phase solide et en solution. Les études conformationnelles et biologiques ont été conduites pour identifier l'analogue présentant la meilleure conformation β-turn conduisant à la meilleure activité biologique.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to facilitate better knowledge both in a written form and by an instructional video record to those who have not become familiar with this popular winter sport with a long tradition yet. The thesis includes a brief history introduction and explains equipment and safety rules. It provides general ski exercises for beginners and thus prepares them for learning of basic ski skills. Games are included as a mean of better acquirements and enjoyment. They are followed by parallel turns which are primarily defined by technique and biomechanics perspectives. Most frequent mistakes and selected preparatory exercises together with turns are presented as well. The DVD is supposed to introduce a beginner skier into commonly practised and well-proven parallel turns.

No description available.

No description available.