The study was designed to determine the nature of Typha communities in the area and correlate the characteristics of these communities with differences in climatic, edaphic and aquatic environment. A seasonal comparison of plant - soil - water relationships was made between Typha glauca and Phragmites communis, the two major competitors for marsh habitats. Phragmites is seen to make high demands on the substrate for calcium, magnesium and phosphorus, requirements which may limit its colonization of nutrient-poor habitats. Except for potassium, Typha is shown to make only moderate demands on the substrate, and also shows the ability to accumulate high concentrations of sodium without toxic effects. Pattern of uptake and recycling of macronutrients is similar in both species, but the graphs of seasonal uptake differ in shape. Onset of seasonal senescence in Typha coincides with achievement of maximum growth, but in Phragmites, a plant of indeterminate seasonal growth, seasonal senescence is not correlated with maximum height. Pattern of uptake and utilization of ions differs, and the ions may be classified into three categories. First are those ions which are utilized early in the growing season, and are then cycled between plant and substrate, e.g., calcium and magnesium. Second are the ions which are utilized early in the growing season and are then cycled to the rhizome for overwinter storage, e.g., potassium and phosphorus. Third are ions which fluctuate passively in response to external concentrations, e.g., sodium and iron. Seasonal studies of uptake and growth of floating mat communities of Typha confirm that (a) the pattern of uptake, and amount of uptake of ions is similar in floating mats, despite lower concentrations of nutrients in the mat matrix, (b) the floating mat matrix contributes to the growth of Typha in the same manner that normal soil contributes to growth in soil rooted communities. Introgressive hybridization in Typha in eastern Canada has been investigated. With hybridization and introgression, T. angustifolia and T. latifolia produce variable series of character recombinations, including T. glauca. Such introgression makes positive identifications to species difficult. Within the study, variability is found to be greater on new habitats, particularly those bordering bodies of shallow water. Older more stable communities are represented by fewer variants, the environment apparently selecting particular genotypes. Sample material was taken both from Typha stands and from stands dominated by other major species, including the following: Acorus calamus, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Calamagrostis canadensis, Agrostis stolonifera, Butomus umbellatus, Decodon verticillatus, Dulichium arundinaceum, Epilobium hirsutum, Eupatorium maculatum, Glyceria canadensis, Impatiens biflora, Juncus effusus, Nuphar advena, Onoclea sensibilis, Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites communis, Sagittaria latif olia, ,S. rigida, Scirpus americanus, cyperinus, S. fluviatilis, S. rubrotinctus , S. validus, Sparganium androcladum, S. eurycarpum, Spiraea alba and Zizania aquatica. Three distinct community types were recognized and described: (a) Typha communities of the deeper waters of open marshes, where nutrients are low in the substrate, but water circulates freely presenting a constant if dilute supply of nutrients; (b) Typha-Sagittaria communities of open marshes, in the shallower water, they are two-layered, with the lower story composed of Sagittaria latifolia or Pontederia cordata; nutrient levels are higher, as the result of accumulation of organic matter in the substrate; (c) Typha- Galium communities, found in the shallow and moist portions of open marshes as well as in closed marshes where water may subside to ground level in the late summer months. Here the mature soils are high in organic matter and nutrients. Typical species in addition to Typha, are Galium palustre, Cicuta bulbifera, Lysimachia terrestris and Glyceria canadensis. Floating mat communities of Typha, derived from land-based communities are also described. They consist of buoyant, leached organic mats. Mature marsh soils are found to be modified by the particular dominant so that unique soils emerge. Typical marsh soil as a colonizing substrate of Typha communities is the Rego Gleysol. Recycling and accumulation of organic matter develops the soils into Humisols. Floating mat soils have been classified as Hydric Fibrisols, according to the Canadian classification. Competition from other marsh species is limited. Most species, regardless of nutrient requirements, can be overtopped by Typha. Scirpus validus can occupy deeper waters. Phragmites communis, possibly the strongest competitor, is probably eliminated from colonization of low nutrient soils because of its high requirement for calcium and magnesium. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

Thesis--Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 96-102).

Errata (4 leaves) inserted / Bibliography: leaves 185-212 / 212 leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Zoology, 1987

Dried cattail and bulrush plant pieces in mesh bags were incubated in the constructed wetland treating Pope & Talbot pulp mill effluent. Two ponds planted with each species and two depth ranges in each pond were chosen, to determine decomposition rates. Bags were withdrawn and analyzed at five time points for the cattail and three for the bulrush. Also a laboratory study was conducted, where ground cattail and bulrush material was incubated aerobically and anaerobically. Both species and control were sampled at five time points. The remaining dry mass and the contents of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and silica was examined. Decomposition rates were determined by fitting the data to the single exponential model with the intercept fixed in 1 (100%). An asymptotic model was used to obtain better fit. The sum of squared errors (SSE) was used as a measure of fit. In the field study the ANOVA revealed no change in decomposition with depth. Neither was there a difference between cattail and bulrush ponds. During the first two days only the cell compounds are drastically reduced. Cellulose and hemicellulose start to decline later. Lignin increased slightly during the first half of the experiment. Decay rates from the single exponential model with the intercept fixed were higher than the ones listed for wetlands by Webster & Benfield (1986). The asymptotic model indicates, that there is a fraction, which does not decompose significantly during the time frame of the experiment. It predicts 36% cattail and 53% bulrush material to be left after one year of decomposition. All samples in the laboratory incubation showed strong leaching during the first day (26.5% for cattail, 23% for bulrush). After this the t-test (95% confidence) showed a significant decay coefficient only for the aerobic cattail samples the model with the best fit. These same samples had an increased cell component, and a very small particle size at the last sampling time (120 days). Neither bulrush nor the anaerobic cattail incubations showed the same effect. Cattail and bulrush plants in the field were labeled to observe the senescence. Their height and in the case of cattail the amount of green and dry leaves was recorded monthly. Plants were harvested once a month until February, and the fiber composition was measured. Cattail was completely dry in January, while bulrush still showed green spots in February. Cattail entered the aquatic system mainly by dropping pieces of leaf tips, less by breaking off and losing the outside leaves. In February the average height of cattail plants was 64.7% of the maximum average height in August. Bulrush plants shortened to 84.1% of the maximum average height from September. Most of the bulrush plants died through nutria, a rodent, which is chopping off the plants. Less material was lost by dropping small pieces off the plant tips. / Graduation date: 1994

Cattails (Typha spp.) are invasive and tend to decrease the biodiversity and area of open water of marshes, particularly where the natural hydrological cycles have been altered, as in Delta Marsh, Manitoba. Understanding the distribution of T. latifolia L., T. angustifolia L., their hybrid, T. x glauca Godr., and the environmental variables associated with their habitats, may give valuable insight for managing cattails. The distribution of these cattail species and hybrid were surveyed in 2011 in prairie pothole and roadside ditch marshes across southwestern Manitoba and southeastern Saskatchewan. Plants were identified by analysis of microscopic leaf-lamina margin characteristics. T. x glauca was most widespread, followed by T. latifolia, whereas T. angustifolia was rare and only found as far west as central Manitoba. Current understanding of the correlations between cattail invasions and their environment is conflicting and largely based on lacustrine wetland studies. A generalized linear model was developed. The model explained approximately 40% of the variation in T. x glauca distribution in the prairie potholes and ditches. The model included the environmental variables of sediment Olsen-P, sediment nitrate-N, water pH, litter depth, surrounding land use, and the interaction between Olsen-P and nitrate-N. Olsen-P was the most important of these variables, because its removal from the model significantly reduced the residual deviance of the model (P=0.05). In a survey of 13 transects throughout Delta Marsh in 2009, hybrid cattail, T. x glauca, was dominant, T. angustifolia was rare, and T. latifolia was absent. ANOVA linear regression (P=0.05) revealed that above-ground biomass was correlated with mean cattail ramet height, cattail ramet density, and standing litter biomass. Cattail ramet density was negatively correlated with sampling date and positively correlated with standing litter biomass. Mean cattail height was correlated with fallen litter biomass. One-way ANOVA (P=0.05) revealed that fallen litter biomass was lowest in quadrats closer to the open water, and mean cattail height was greatest at the quadrats closest to the open water. While mean cattail height differed depending on whether the cattail stand was a hybrid monoculture or a mixed stand of T. x glauca and T. angustifolia, no other cattail population variables were correlated with stand type. As revealed by one-way ANOVA (P=0.05), water conductivity, sediment texture, total-N, nitrate-N, Olsen-P, and organic-C were not important variables in the distributions of T. x glauca or T. angustifolia at Delta Marsh. Therefore, managing the nutrient levels at Delta Marsh would not likely be important for limiting the distribution of the cattails at this marsh. However, reducing the P concentration in pothole and ditch marshes may limit cattails in those environments.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- McMaster University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--College of William and Mary. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Humboldt State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-62). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Submitted by Daniella Sodre (daniella.sodre@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-04T19:26:25Z No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Ivanildo de Oliveira Sales Filho.pdf: 2307907 bytes, checksum: 4516ff389ec21081e2613edfeb72d089 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T19:26:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 DISSERTAÇÃO Ivanildo de Oliveira Sales Filho.pdf: 2307907 bytes, checksum: 4516ff389ec21081e2613edfeb72d089 (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-12 / CAPES, FACEPE e PROPESQ, / A digestão anaeróbia (DA) de resíduos sólidos tem se estabelecido como uma tecnologia de comprovada eficiência no tratamento dos resíduos orgânicos de diversas origens. No entanto, o efluente da DA não atende aos padrões de lançamento nos corpos hídricos, estabelecidos na legislação brasileira, particularmente em termos de teor de sólidos e matéria orgânica, além de serem tóxicas as plantas e ao meio ambiente. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal avaliar a toxicidade e a remoção de matéria orgânica e íons do efluente de um digestor anaeróbio de resíduos sólido de 500 L de volume tratado em wetlands. Para tanto, foram montadas wetlands em escala de bancada, vegetadas com a macrófita Taboa (Typha domingensis) e irrigadas com o efluente diluído com água, tendo como substrato areia lavada. O efluente não diluído e diluído em água a 50% provocou a morte de todas as plantas em apenas duas semanas de irrigação. As plantas irrigadas com o efluente a 25% sobreviveram às 06 semanas de tratamento, mas apresentaram diminuição do crescimento. O efluente na concentração de 12,5% promoveu o crescimento das plantas nas 06 semanas de irrigação, embora essa ainda não seja a melhor diluição. As remoções da DQO, de NTK e de N-NH4+ nas wetlands irrigadas com o efluente a 12,5% e a 25% foram bem semelhantes evidenciando a baixa contribuição do sistema radicular das plantas e do biofilme ainda em formação, indicando apenas uma retenção física da matéria orgânica e de íons no substrato.