Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-16T15:27:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcia Felipe Mendes - 2016.pdf: 3733938 bytes, checksum: a83e0262d1671e990c617cd0061f8d2f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-16T15:27:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcia Felipe Mendes - 2016.pdf: 3733938 bytes, checksum: a83e0262d1671e990c617cd0061f8d2f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-16T15:27:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marcia Felipe Mendes - 2016.pdf: 3733938 bytes, checksum: a83e0262d1671e990c617cd0061f8d2f (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / Because of the toxicological relevance of pesticides introduced into the environment through agricultural practices, it is necessary to develop simple methodologies with low cost, enabling remove these pollutants from the environment, in particular of water intended for human consumption. The adsorption process is an efficient and low cost technique that have wide application. The adsorbent capacity of the leaves of Typha angustifolia L. herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the family Typhaceae, in Brazil it is also popularly known as taboa, was investigated for the removal of pesticides trifluralin, chlorpyrifos and α-endosulfan from aqueous medium. The the analytical method using solid phase extraction (SPE) and chromatography with electron capture detector (GC/ECD) was optimizates and validate. The validation criterions were reached and the analytical methos was considered efficient for trifluralin, chlorpyrifos and α-endosulfan quantification in an aqueous medium, providing credibility to the results obtained in the adsorption experiments. The adsorption capacity of T. angustifolia was evaluated under different parameters: treatment of the material, amount of material, contact time between the plant material and the pesticides solution and concentration of the pesticides solution. The results showed that treatment of the material with distilled water and was satisfactory and, for all doses evaluated the pesticide removal was efficient, with best results obtained at a dose of 3.0 g L-1 , equivalent to 60 mg of adsorbent in 20.0 mL of solution, in which the pesticide removal were between 73 and 80%. The adsorption kinetics of the pesticide by T. angustifolia showed that the adsorption equilibrium was reached in 40 minutes for all pesticides, removing up to 90% and using a very small amount of plant material (3 g L-1 ). The experimental data were evaluated using the kinetic models of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Avrami. One of the limitations encountered in the concentration influence study is the limited solubility of the agrochemical in aqueous medium (between 0.33 and 1.00 mg L-1 ), resulting in the study of a small concentration range in the adsorption experiments. To study the pesticides adsorption mechanism by T. angustifolia material, the experimental data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips non-linear isotherms models. Additional tests showed that the adsorption capacity is unaffected when using natural water in the adsorption experiments. The results indicate that the material obtained from of T. angustifolia leaves, has a great potential to be used as an alternative adsorbent material in pesticide contaminated aqueous solution treatment. / Devido à relevância toxicológica dos agrotóxicos introduzidos no ambiente através de práticas agrícolas, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de metodologias simples e de baixo custo, que permitam remover esses poluentes do meio ambiente, em especial, das águas destinadas a consumo humano. O processo de adsorção é uma técnica que possui grande aplicação, por ser eficiente e de baixo custo. A capacidade adsorvente das folhas de Typha angustifolia L., planta herbácea perene pertencente à família Typhaceae, no Brasil também conhecida popularmente como taboa, foi investigada para a remoção dos agrotóxicos trifluralina, clorpirifós e α-endossulfam de meio aquoso. Foi realizada a otimização e validação da metodologia analítica de extração em fase sólida (SPE) e determinação por cromatografia gasosa utilizando-se o detector por captura de elétrons (GC/ECD). A metodologia (SPEGC/ECD) atendeu aos critérios de validação estabelecidos e foi eficiente para a quantificação dos agrotóxicos em meio aquoso, fornecendo credibilidade aos resultados obtidos nos ensaios de adsorção. A capacidade de adsorção da T. angustifolia foi avaliada sob diferentes parâmetros: tratamento do material, dose de material, tempo de contato entre o material vegetal e a solução dos agrotóxicos e concentração dos agrotóxicos na solução. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o tratamento do material com água destilada foi satisfatório e que para todas as doses de adsorvente avaliadas a remoção dos agrotóxicos foi eficiente, sendo obtido um melhor resultado para a dose de 3,0 g L-1 , equivalente a 60 mg de adsorvente para 20,00 mL de solução, onde se obteve remoção entre 73 e 80% dos agrotóxicos. O estudo cinético do processo de adsorção dos agrotóxicos pela T. angustifolia mostrou que o equilíbrio de adsorção foi alcançado em 40 minutos, para todos os agrotóxicos, com remoção de até 90%, utilizando uma dose muito pequena de material vegetal (3 g L-1 ). Os dados experimentais foram avaliados utilizando-se os modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira ordem, pseudo-segunda ordem e Avrami. Uma das limitações encontradas no estudo da influência da concentração foi a solubilidade limitada dos agrotóxicos em meio aquoso (entre 0,33 e 1,00 mg L-1 ), que fez com que os ensaios de adsorção fossem avaliados para uma pequena faixa de concentração. Para estudar o mecanismo de adsorção dos agrotóxicos pelo material T. angustifolia, os dados experimentais foram aplicados aos modelos não lineares de Langmuir, Freundlich e Sips. Ensaios adicionais mostraram que a capacidade de adsorção é pouco afetada quando se utiliza água natural obtida em represas nos ensaios de adsorção. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o material vegetal, obtido a partir das folhas de T. angustifolia, possui um grande potencial para ser utilizado como material adsorvente alternativo no tratamento de meio aquoso contaminado com os agrotóxicos trifluralina, clorpirifós e α-endossulfam.

Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent dans le cadre du projet PNEEB/Typha (Programme National d’Efficacité Energétique des Bâtiments) pour la valorisation d’un roseau invasif, le Typha Australis, comme isolant thermique pour améliorer l’efficacité énergétique des bâtiments au Sénégal. Un agromatériau à base de terre argileuse et de granulats de Typha Australis est élaboré afin d’évaluer l’influence de la morphologie et de la quantité de fibres sur le comportement du matériau. Pour cela, deux modes de production de granulats sont choisis : Une découpe longitudinale et une découpe transversale. Les propriétés physiques sont étudiées (taux de porosité, densité apparente et absolue, microstructure) et la tenue mécanique est déterminée. L'absorption acoustique est également évaluée, de même que les propriétés hygrothermiques et le comportement au feu. Les résultats montrent que la morphologie du granulat de Typha affecte le comportement en flexion, cisaillement et l’absorption acoustique. Son impact sur le comportement de compression est moins prononcé. Une portion plus importante de fibres de Typha réduit la résistance mécanique. En revanche, les performances hygrothermiques sont accrues en raison de la porosité de ces granulats. La fraction transversale de Typha permet d’améliorer la résistance thermique et d’accroitre les phénomènes de transfert de la vapeur d'eau. Cette étude a également permis de montrer que ces matériaux sont d'excellents régulateurs d'humidité. Enfin, les tests au feu révèlent qu’il s’agit de combustibles ininflammables en raison de la présence d'argile. L’influence de la morphologie des granulats n’est pas relevée. / This work is a part of PNEEB/Typha project (National Program for Energy Efficiency of Buildings) for the valorisation of an invasive reed, the Typha Australis, as a thermal insulator to improve the energy efficiency of buildings in Senegal. An agromaterial based on clay soil and Typha Australis is elaborated in order to evaluate the influence of the amount and fibres morphology on the material behaviour. For this, two production mode of granulates are chosen: longitudinal and transversal cut. Physical properties are studied (porosity, apparent, and absolute density, microstructure) and mechanical strength is determined. Sound absorption is also evaluated, as well as hygrothermal properties, and fire behaviour. Results show that granulate morphology affects the mechanical shear and flexure behaviour, as well as the acoustic absorption. Its impact on the compression strength is less pronounced. A greater portion of Typha fibers reduces the mechanical strength. However, hygrothermal performances are increased due to the aggregates porosity. Typha transverse fraction improves thermal resistance and increase water vapor transfer. This study also shows that these materials are excellent moisture regulators. Finally, fire tests reveal that it can be classified as combustible but non-flammable due to the clay presence. The fibres shape does not have a great influence.

Este estudo foi conduzido em um banhado palustre dominado por Typha domingensis na várzea do rio Maquine e na beira da lagoa dos Quadros, colonizada do Schoenoplectus californicus. Ambos os locais estão situados bacia hidrográfica do rio Maquiné, Planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil. Nestes locais são coletados rametes destas macrófitas como matéria prima para a confecção de artesanato, tendo importância econômica para as famílias da região. Áreas de banhado e beiras de lagoas são consideradas áreas de proteção permanente, tendo seu uso restrito. A pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de se avaliar a resposta da fauna de macroinvertebrados frente ao corte destas macrófitas aquáticas em um experimento de campo e a regeneração vegetal. Os resultados apontam para uma fraca resposta da fauna de macroinvertebrados frente ao distúrbio de corte. As características do distúrbio de corte realizado como a intensidade, freqüência e escala podem não ter sido suficientes para causar uma mudança perceptível. A rápida regeneração vegetal pode ter possibilitado a fraca resposta dos macroinvertebrados. Além disso, é discutido que variáveis ambientais foram importantes durante a condução dos experimentos. / This study was executed in a wetland, dominated by Typha domingensis at the Maquine river mouth and in a shore colonized by Schoenoplectus californicus at the Quadros’ lake. Both places are located at the Maquiné river basin, on Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain, southern Brazil. Macrophyte branches are used in those places as raw material for craftworks, being an important income source for local people. Shallow lakes and lake shores are legally considered as natural protected areas and by so have restrictions on its use by humans. This research aimed to detect if the benthic macroinvertebrates respond to the macrophytes cut and to the vegetal regenaration in field experiments. Results indicate that benthic macroinvertebrates had a weak response to the cut disturbance event. Cut events characteritics such as intensity, frequency and scale of action may have not being strong sufficient to promote a noticeable change. Fast vegetal regeneration may have also acted promoting the weak benthic macroinvertebrates response to the disturbance event, corresponding to high system resilience.

Submitted by Marco Antônio de Ramos Chagas (mchagas@ufv.br) on 2017-04-19T13:01:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4192864 bytes, checksum: 5620a24d933c3a64b3d7cc69f709ce7a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T13:01:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4192864 bytes, checksum: 5620a24d933c3a64b3d7cc69f709ce7a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esse trabalho objetivou: a) Levantar a micobiota associada às seguintes espécies: aguapé (Eichhornia crassipes); alface d'água (Pistia estratiotes); canavieira (Echinochloa polystachya); aguapé de cordão (Eichhornia azurea); taboa (Typha domingensis); capim barrigudo (Paspalum repens); pinheirinho d'água (Myriophyllum aquaticum); cataia gigante (Polygonum spectabile); tripa de sapo (Alternanthera phylloxeroides); salvinia (Salvinia auriculata); nas bacias dos Rios Doce e São Francisco. b) Avaliar, preliminarmente o potencial de Colletotrichum typhae como micoherbicida para T. domingensis. Na bacia do Rio Doce foram coletadas 44 amostras e na do São Francisco coletaram-se 63 amostras de plantas aquáticas apresentando sintomas de doença. Em toda a extensão mediana e inferior do Rio Doce, todas as plantas alvo foram encontradas, à exceção de capim barrigudo. No Rio São Francisco encontraram-se todas as plantas alvo com exceção de M. aquaticum. Associados a T. domingensis foram identificados os fungos C. typhae, Stenella sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium typharum, Phoma sp. e Pestalotiopsis dichaeta. Os testes de patogenicidade efetuados indicam que apenas os isolados de C. typhae eram patogênicos a T. domingensis. O crescimento da colônia de C. typhae em meio artificial foi maior em fotoperíodo de 24 horas. As percentagens de germinação de conídios nos fotoperíodos: 0 hora, 12 horas e 24 horas foram 32,4, 37,9 e 39,1%, respectivamente, não havendo diferença significativa entre os tratamentos. O fungo cresceu bem às temperaturas de 25 e 35 o C, e o intervalo de temperatura adequado para germinação foi de 15 a 20 o C. A faixa ótima de temperatura e período de molhamento foliar para o desenvolvimento da doença foi de 15 a 20 o C e de 24 a 48 horas respectivamente. A incidência diminuiu com o aumento da temperatura e a redução do período de molhamento foliar. No teste de especificidade C. typhae só foi patogênico a T. domingensis. Pelos resultados, obtidos conclui-se que o fungo tem algumas das características desejáveis para utilização no desenvolvimento de micoherbicidas. / The purpose of this work was: a) Surveying the basin of the rivers São Francisco and Doce for the mycobiota associated with the following aquatic weeds: water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), water lettuce (Pistia estratiotes), “canavieira” (Echinochloa polystachya), anchored water hyacinth (Eichhornia azurea), cattail (Typha domingensis), “capim barrigudo” (Paspalum repens), parrot’s feathers (Myriophyllum aquaticum), giant smartweed (Polygonum spectabile), alligator weed (Alternanthera phylloxeroides) and salvinia (Salvinia auriculata); in. b) To undertake a primarinary evaluation of the poterntial of Colletotrichum typhae as mycoherbicide for T. domingensis. Forty four samples of diseased aquatic weeds were collected in the basin of the river Doce and 63 in the basin of the river São Francisco. All the target-plants except for P. repens were found in the lower half of the river Doce. In the river São Francisco all the plants except for M. aquaticum were collected. The fungi C. typhae, Stenella sp., Cercospora sp., Cladosporium typharum, Phoma sp., and Pestalotiopsis dichaeta were found associated with T. domingensis. The pathogenicity tests indicated that only C. typhae isolates were pathogenic to T. domingensis. C. typhae grew better under constant light. Conidial germination percentages varied under different light regimes (0 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours). These were 32.4, 37.9, and 39.1% respectively. These results were nevertheless not statistically significantly different. The fungus grew well between 25 and 35o C and the adequate temperature for conidial germination was between 15 and 20o C. Ideal conditions of temperature and dew period for disease development was 15 - 20o C and 24 - 48 hours of dew. Disease incidence decreased with the increase of temperature and reduction of dew period. The specificity test showed that C. typhae was only pathogenic to T. domingensis. / Dissertação importada do Alexandria

Este estudo foi conduzido em um banhado palustre dominado por Typha domingensis na várzea do rio Maquine e na beira da lagoa dos Quadros, colonizada do Schoenoplectus californicus. Ambos os locais estão situados bacia hidrográfica do rio Maquiné, Planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil. Nestes locais são coletados rametes destas macrófitas como matéria prima para a confecção de artesanato, tendo importância econômica para as famílias da região. Áreas de banhado e beiras de lagoas são consideradas áreas de proteção permanente, tendo seu uso restrito. A pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de se avaliar a resposta da fauna de macroinvertebrados frente ao corte destas macrófitas aquáticas em um experimento de campo e a regeneração vegetal. Os resultados apontam para uma fraca resposta da fauna de macroinvertebrados frente ao distúrbio de corte. As características do distúrbio de corte realizado como a intensidade, freqüência e escala podem não ter sido suficientes para causar uma mudança perceptível. A rápida regeneração vegetal pode ter possibilitado a fraca resposta dos macroinvertebrados. Além disso, é discutido que variáveis ambientais foram importantes durante a condução dos experimentos. / This study was executed in a wetland, dominated by Typha domingensis at the Maquine river mouth and in a shore colonized by Schoenoplectus californicus at the Quadros’ lake. Both places are located at the Maquiné river basin, on Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain, southern Brazil. Macrophyte branches are used in those places as raw material for craftworks, being an important income source for local people. Shallow lakes and lake shores are legally considered as natural protected areas and by so have restrictions on its use by humans. This research aimed to detect if the benthic macroinvertebrates respond to the macrophytes cut and to the vegetal regenaration in field experiments. Results indicate that benthic macroinvertebrates had a weak response to the cut disturbance event. Cut events characteritics such as intensity, frequency and scale of action may have not being strong sufficient to promote a noticeable change. Fast vegetal regeneration may have also acted promoting the weak benthic macroinvertebrates response to the disturbance event, corresponding to high system resilience.

Este estudo foi conduzido em um banhado palustre dominado por Typha domingensis na várzea do rio Maquine e na beira da lagoa dos Quadros, colonizada do Schoenoplectus californicus. Ambos os locais estão situados bacia hidrográfica do rio Maquiné, Planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Sul do Brasil. Nestes locais são coletados rametes destas macrófitas como matéria prima para a confecção de artesanato, tendo importância econômica para as famílias da região. Áreas de banhado e beiras de lagoas são consideradas áreas de proteção permanente, tendo seu uso restrito. A pesquisa foi conduzida com o objetivo de se avaliar a resposta da fauna de macroinvertebrados frente ao corte destas macrófitas aquáticas em um experimento de campo e a regeneração vegetal. Os resultados apontam para uma fraca resposta da fauna de macroinvertebrados frente ao distúrbio de corte. As características do distúrbio de corte realizado como a intensidade, freqüência e escala podem não ter sido suficientes para causar uma mudança perceptível. A rápida regeneração vegetal pode ter possibilitado a fraca resposta dos macroinvertebrados. Além disso, é discutido que variáveis ambientais foram importantes durante a condução dos experimentos. / This study was executed in a wetland, dominated by Typha domingensis at the Maquine river mouth and in a shore colonized by Schoenoplectus californicus at the Quadros’ lake. Both places are located at the Maquiné river basin, on Rio Grande do Sul coastal plain, southern Brazil. Macrophyte branches are used in those places as raw material for craftworks, being an important income source for local people. Shallow lakes and lake shores are legally considered as natural protected areas and by so have restrictions on its use by humans. This research aimed to detect if the benthic macroinvertebrates respond to the macrophytes cut and to the vegetal regenaration in field experiments. Results indicate that benthic macroinvertebrates had a weak response to the cut disturbance event. Cut events characteritics such as intensity, frequency and scale of action may have not being strong sufficient to promote a noticeable change. Fast vegetal regeneration may have also acted promoting the weak benthic macroinvertebrates response to the disturbance event, corresponding to high system resilience.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Introduction: Typha capensis, commonly referred to as bulrush also called "love reed'' growing in Southern Africa's wetlands, is one of South Africa indigenous medicinal plants that are traditionally used to treat male fertility problems and various other ailments. Previous studies revealed that T. capensis has indeed a beneficial effect on male reproductive functions and aging male symptoms. The T.capensis rhizomes are used in traditional medicine during pregnancy to ensure easy delivery, for venereal diseases, dysmenorrhea, diarrhoea, dysentery, and to enhance the male potency and libido. Typha genuses contain flavones and other phenolic compounds, which exhibit anti-oxidative capacity. Materials and Methods: This study encompasses three parts (part 1: Exposure of different cell lines to crude aqueous extracts of T. capensis rhizomes; part 2: HPLC analysis of Typha capensis crude rhizome extract and exposure of different cell lines to the F1 fraction of the summer season; part 3: Compound identification by means of NMR spectrometric analysis and exposure of different cell lines to bioactive compounds (Quercetin and Naringenin) isolated from T. capensis rhizomes. Part 1: TM3-Leydig cells and LNCaP cells incubated with different concentrations of crude aqueous extract of T. capensis rhizomes (0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) and control (without extract) for 24 and 96 hours, after incubation. The following parameters were evaluated: cell morphology and viability (determined by means of MTT assay). Part 2: The crude extract HPLC profiles were obtained by preparing the extracts for different seasons (Autumn, Winter, Spring, Summer). TM3-Leydig cells, LNCaP cells and PWR-1E cells incubated with different concentrations T. capensis rhizomes extract F1 fraction of the summer season (0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) and control (without extract) for 24 and 96 hours, after incubation. The following parameters were evaluated: cell morphology was observed and recorded, viability (determined by means of MTT assay), testosterone production (testosterone ELISA test), cell early apoptosis (determined by means of Annexin V-Cy3 binding), DNA fragmentation (determined by means of the TUNEL assay). Part 3: NMR spectrometric analysis was performed on a 13C spectra were recorded at 400 MHz. TM3-Leydig cells and LNCaP cells incubated with different concentrations of bioactive compounds (Quercetin and Naringenin) isolated from T. capensis rhizomes, for acute exposure (24, 96 hours) and chronic exposure (96 hours), after incubation, the following parameters were evaluated: cell morphology and viability (determined by means of MTT assay), testosterone production (testosterone ELISA test), cell early apoptosis (determined by means of Annexin V-Cy3 binding) and DNA fragmentation (determined by means of the TUNEL assay). Results: Part 1: for TM3-Leydig cells the results reveal no observable morphological changes and no significant influence on cell viability except at highest concentration indicating cellular stress. However, LNCaP cells showed a decline in cell viability at the incubation period 96 hours (-82.4%) more than 24 hours (-64.7%) indicating more cell death. Part 2: HPLC data showed that the most effective fraction was the F1 fraction from the summer harvest. Results revealed that the T. capensis rhizome extract F1 fraction of the summer season significantly enhanced testosterone production in TM3 cells and was more toxic towards cancer cells (LNCaP cells ) compared to the normal cell lines (TM3-Leydig, PWR-1E cells). Part 3: NMR data showed 2 bioactive compounds which were identified as Quercetin and Naringenin. The assays showed that LNCaP cells are more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects and apoptosis induction of both compounds, whereas, the assays resulted in weak effects toward TM3-Leydig cells. However, testosterone production in TM3-Leydig cells was significantly enhanced at low concentrations of Quercetin and Naringenin at all exposure types (acute and chronic) testosterone beak significantly at around 0.100 and 0.125 μg/ml (P<0.0001), stimulatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Typha capensis enhanced the production of testosterone and might be useful to treat male infertility and aging male problems. Results further reveal that the F1 fraction from the summer harvest had highest biological activity. This study, for the first time, investigated the effects of bioactive compounds (Quercetin and Naringenin) yeilded from aqueous extraction of Typha capensis rhizomes in cell lines investigating male reproductive functions. Active compounds present in the rhizomes have caused an increased production of testosterone level in TM3-Leydig cells. Furthermore, the active compounds of Typha capensis rhizomes in the high dose had a negative effect on the percentage of DNA fragmentation in LNCaP cells. When compared to the effect of the low dose, the two compounds induced significant apoptosis in cancer cell line (LNCaP) compared with the normal cell line (TM3-Leydig). The isolated compounds are significantly selective towards the cancer cells than the normal cell compared with the exposure of bioactive compounds used in this study.

Hydrophytes can be cultivated on rewetted drained peatland and used as substrate to produce biogas which can be utilized as vehicle fuel. This results in less GHG from rewetted peat soils and at the same time leads to renewable energy that substitutes fossil fuels. A literature research was conducted to study the impact of different species (Phragmites australis = Pa and Typha latifolia=Tl) and soil nutrient status on GHG emissions of rewetted fens in N Europe. In addition, biogas production and the exposure to different N-load were investigated for these species. Pa has a methane yield of 235 ml CH4 g-1 VS-1 regardless the input of N whereas Tl needs to be fertilized in order to produce high methane yield (204 ml CH4 g-1 VS-1).  Pa sequesters more CO2 and converts it into biomass which makes it a C-sink but by using the GWP factor to convert CH4 into CO2-equivalents, Pa becomes as Tl a GHG-source. Still Pa’s GHG emissions are lower than Tl’s if water depth is maximum 20 cm. Pa also contributes to peat formation and can cope with water fluctuations.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

<p>Detta examensarbete är utfört på plats i Lajaedo, Brasilien och i anslutning till Sanitário de Lajeado – RS, Brasilien, mellan januari till maj 2010. I samband med denna rapport utfördes två andra examensarbeten inom samma områden. Det är menat att denna rapport skall ligga till grund för framtida projekt och beslut om utökad lakvattenrening.Lajeado ligger i södra Brasilien ca 100 km från atlantkusten. 10 km utanför Lajeado ligger en ung avfallsdeponi på ca 15 000 m2 till ytan med tillhörande lakvattenrening med ett utjämningsmagasin, en syrsättningsbassäng samt sedimentering. Deponin tar emot 42 ton fast kommunalt avfall per dag och har ett lakvattenflöde på genomsnitt 0,5 – 1,0 m3/h.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken inverkan vegetation har på reningen av lakvatten inom parametrarna TKN, BOD5 och COD, i småskaliga våtmarker av typen rotzonsanläggning. Då den befintliga reningen på plats har svårt att uppfylla vissa uppsatta lagkrav.Sammansättningen på och mängden av lakvatten beror främst på faktorerna, nederbörd, Temperatur och nedbrytningen i deponin.Vegetationens har många olika betydelser i en rotzonsanläggning. Plantan transporter ner syre till dess rotsystem där syremolekyler diffunderar ut. Vegetation fungerar även som en extern kolkälla vid denitrifikationsteget. Det är viktigt att vegetationen trivs och rotsystemet är välutvecklat, för att få en maximal reduktion av föroreningar i våtmarken.Åtta småskaliga våtmarker byggdes upp i anslutning till lakvattenreningen, i avkapade plasttunnor. Alla våtmarker byggdes upp med unika förutsättningar för att kunna jämföra resultatet. Två olika substrat användes och jämfördes, i fyra kar planterades vegetation och fyra utan, fyra hade kontinuerligt flöde som jämfördes med fyra kar med batch flow.Resultaten visar att växterna inte har någon större inverkan på reningsgraden av BOD5, COD och TKN. Men såg tydliga tecken på högre vattenavdunstning i våtmarkerna med biomassa och generellt högre halter av BOD5, COD och TKN i jämförelse med våtmarkerna utan biomassa. Vegetationen hann inte acklimatisera sig till miljön i våtmarkerna, men det var på god väg. För att få ett bättre resultat och en mer signifikant skillnad mellan våtmarkerna skulle försöken ha pågått under en längre tid. Det behövs mer forskning och projekt under en längre period.Detta examensarbete är utfört på plats i Lajaedo, Brasilien och i anslutning till Sanitário de Lajeado – RS, Brasilien, mellan januari till maj 2010. I samband med denna rapport utfördes två andra examensarbeten inom samma områden. Det är menat att denna rapport skall ligga till grund för framtida projekt och beslut om utökad lakvattenrening.Lajeado ligger i södra Brasilien ca 100 km från atlantkusten. 10 km utanför Lajeado ligger en ung avfallsdeponi på ca 15 000 m2 till ytan med tillhörande lakvattenrening med ett utjämningsmagasin, en syrsättningsbassäng samt sedimentering. Deponin tar emot 42 ton fast kommunalt avfall per dag och har ett lakvattenflöde på genomsnitt 0,5 – 1,0 m3/h.Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka vilken inverkan vegetation har på reningen av lakvatten inom parametrarna TKN, BOD5 och COD, i småskaliga våtmarker av typen rotzonsanläggning. Då den befintliga reningen på plats har svårt att uppfylla vissa uppsatta lagkrav.Sammansättningen på och mängden av lakvatten beror främst på faktorerna, nederbörd, Temperatur och nedbrytningen i deponin.Vegetationens har många olika betydelser i en rotzonsanläggning. Plantan transporter ner syre till dess rotsystem där syremolekyler diffunderar ut. Vegetation fungerar även som en extern kolkälla vid denitrifikationsteget. Det är viktigt att vegetationen trivs och rotsystemet är välutvecklat, för att få en maximal reduktion av föroreningar i våtmarken.Åtta småskaliga våtmarker byggdes upp i anslutning till lakvattenreningen, i avkapade plasttunnor. Alla våtmarker byggdes upp med unika förutsättningar för att kunna jämföra resultatet. Två olika substrat användes och jämfördes, i fyra kar planterades vegetation och fyra utan, fyra hade kontinuerligt flöde som jämfördes med fyra kar med batch flow.Resultaten visar att växterna inte har någon större inverkan på reningsgraden av BOD5, COD och TKN. Men såg tydliga tecken på högre vattenavdunstning i våtmarkerna med biomassa och generellt högre halter av BOD5, COD och TKN i jämförelse med våtmarkerna utan biomassa. Vegetationen hann inte acklimatisera sig till miljön i våtmarkerna, men det var på god väg. För att få ett bättre resultat och en mer signifikant skillnad mellan våtmarkerna skulle försöken ha pågått under en längre tid. Det behövs mer forskning och projekt under en längre period.</p> / <p>The ability for a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat landfill leachate was evaluated in Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eight 0.95 m x 0.6 m experimental (SSF) units with a depth 0.4 m were used. Each wetland had unique conditions. Four units were planted with Typha angustifolia L. and four units were unplanted. Two different substrate dimension were used, four units with sand and four with gravel. Four wetlands operated in batch mode and four units with continuous flow. Batch flow systems were drained and filled up each week. To review vegetations impact on BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds reduced in a wetland. This project lasted between January until May 2010 and samples were analyzed in April to May in four weeks.The result from this project show higher evapotranspiration water loss in units with planted vegetation and higher effluents concentration of BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds, than in unplanted units.The ability for a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat landfill leachate was evaluated in Lajeado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Eight 0.95 m x 0.6 m experimental (SSF) units with a depth 0.4 m were used. Each wetland had unique conditions. Four units were planted with Typha angustifolia L. and four units were unplanted. Two different substrate dimension were used, four units with sand and four with gravel. Four wetlands operated in batch mode and four units with continuous flow. Batch flow systems were drained and filled up each week. To review vegetations impact on BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds reduced in a wetland. This project lasted between January until May 2010 and samples were analyzed in April to May in four weeks.The result from this project show higher evapotranspiration water loss in units with planted vegetation and higher effluents concentration of BOD5, COD and nitrogen compounds, than in unplanted units.</p>