Although research supports the use of measures of typical performance for assessing academic and cognitive skills, there are currently few such measures in existence. Other measures have been used for research purposes, but they are not normed on a large, nationally-representative sample. The Ratings of Everyday Academic and Cognitive Skills (REACS) was created to address the need for a measure of typical academic and cognitive skills. The goal of the REACS is to provide a timely, easy to administer, and comprehensive assessment of a child's typical functioning in various academic and cognitive domains. The purpose for this dissertation was to develop the initial scale and conduct analyses to provide evidence of its reliability and validity. In an attempt to provide preliminary evidence of the validity of scores from this measure, Parent (n = 142) and Teacher (n = 109) REACS forms were collected for data analysis. A subsample of parents and teachers completed forms to examine interrater and test-retest reliability. A group of children (n = 32) were assessed with measures of academic achievement, cognitive ability, and memory for comparison to the REACS. Results generally showed high internal consistency, yet less reliable test-retest and interrater reliability. While the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the parent scale supported a factor structure that approximated the intended structure of the REACS, a better fit was found with a simpler model for the teacher scale. Finally, both the Parent and Teacher REACS forms were found to predict academic achievement better than cognitive ability. The predictive ability of the REACS was enhanced when used in conjunction with a measure of cognitive ability.

Objectives: This retrospective analysis was conducted to derive national estimates of typical, atypical, and combination (typical-atypical) antipsychotic use and to examine factors associated with their use at adult (age ≫-18 years) ambulatory care visits by patients with mental health disorders in the United States. Methods: Data on adult visits with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification diagnosis code for a mental health disorder were extracted from the office-based National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the outpatient facilitybased National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey from 1996 through 2003. The visits were categorized according to whether use of a typical, atypical, or combination antipsychotic was mentioned (either prescribed, supplied, administered, ordered, or continued at the visits). Total weighted visit estimates, weighted visit percentages, and 95% CIs were calculated across the 3 types of visit groups. Bivariate analysis was performed on the association between selected characteristics and the 3 visit groups. Multivariate logistic regression was performed on factors associated with atypical versus typical antipsychotic use. Results: During the 8-year period, there were an estimated 47.7 million adult ambulatory care visits involving a mental health disorder and mention of an antipsychotic (weighted percent: 0.83%; 95% CI, 0.73-0.93). From 1996/1997 to 2002/2003, visits involving atypical and combination antipsychotics increased by 195% and 149%, respectively, and visits involving typical antipsychotics decreased by 71%. Men, blacks, and those with public insurance made more visits in which combination antipsychotics rather than typical or atypical antipsychotics were mentioned. Relative to typical or combination antipsychotic visits, more atypical antipsychotic visits involved antide-pressants (weighted percent: 61.23% atypical, 37.29% typical, and 38.32% combination). Fewer atypical antipsychotic visits compared with typical or combination antipsychotic visits involved psychotic disorders (weighted percent: 32.94%, 51.23%, and 69.93%, respectively) and medications for extrapyramidal symptoms (weighted percent: 6.69%, 29.95%, and 36.64%). In multivariate analyses controlling for sex, race, diagnosis of schizophrenia, region, diagnosis of anxiety, and recent years, atypical versus typical antipsychotic use was significantly less likely at visits by those aged 41 to 64 years compared with those aged 18 to 40 years (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.47-0.84; P = 0.002); significantly less likely at visits by those with public compared with private insurance (Medicare OR = 0.59 [95% CI, 0.40-0.88], P = 0.010; Medicaid OR = 0.44 [95% CI, 0.28-0.69], P < 0.001); and significantly more likely at visits associated with depression compared with those not associated with depression (OR = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.26-2.93; P = 0.003) and those associated with bipolar disorder compared with those not associated with bipolar disorder (OR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.32-3.36; P = 0.002). Conclusions: This retrospective analysis found more atypical than typical or combination antipsychotic use at US ambulatory care visits by adults with mental health disorders other than schizophrenia or psychoses in the period studied. Atypical versus typical antipsychotic use was significantly less likely at visits by adults aged 41 to 64 years and those with public insurance, but significantly more likely at visits by those with depression or bipolar disorder.

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Operant conditioning techniques were used to condition male-typical behaviors in an eight-year-old effeminate boy who had been described as transsexual. A probe of toys and activities was administered, which showed a trend toward his choosing feminine toys and activities. The two phases consisted of positive reinforcement of behavior associated with masculinity.

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In order to enhance competence of companies , flexible human resource strategies have become more and more important in many companies as well as in hospitals. Hospitals now focused in decreased cost to improve profit and maintain their high quality of medical treatment. Flexible nursing manpower has become the main human resource strategy used in hospitals. This study focuses to investigate different working status nursing staffs in hospitals and analysis their organizational commitment , professional commitment and work performance . The critical findings of this study are as follows 1. Different demographic characteristics of nursing staffs have significant difference in organizational commitment , professional commitment and work performance. 2. Different working status nursing staffs in organizational commitment and professional commitment are different but not significant. 3. With the same working status of nursing staffs, they have stronger professional commitment than organizational one. 4. Formal nursing staffs have stronger organizational citizenship behavior than contingent ones. 5. The correlation shows that organizational commitment and professional commitment of formal nursing staffs relates positively to their behaviors of work performance. Based on the findings of this study, suggestions are made at two levels¡GThe hospitals and future research. For the hospitals , enhancing organizational and professional commitment of nursing staffs is good at their behaviors of work performance. Besides , if hospital can rearrange work tasks , it is good idea to use contingent nursing staffs to reduce manpower cost of hospital. For the future researches , they can compare behaviors among different industries and different professional areas.

The term working memory (WM) refers to a set of cognitive processes that allows for the temporary storage and manipulation of information. Neural correlates of the N- back task, a well-established WM measure used in neuroimaging, have been studied extensively in adults but less so in developmental populations. This thesis determines the effect of age on brain activations that mediate cognitive processes for remembering non- verbal/visual stimuli. Block-design fMRI was used to record activity in 84 subjects (6-35 years) during a visual-patterns 0- and 1-back task. Regions activated during the 1-back condition were largely common to all age groups, with adults displaying the largest extent of activations. Children and adolescents showed similar 0-back activations (distinct from 1-back) while adults engaged an analogous 1-back activation pattern during 0-back, suggesting that brain mechanisms underlying memory and attentional processes required for this task in children and adolescents are not yet mature and that strategy usage is still developing.

The term working memory (WM) refers to a set of cognitive processes that allows for the temporary storage and manipulation of information. Neural correlates of the N- back task, a well-established WM measure used in neuroimaging, have been studied extensively in adults but less so in developmental populations. This thesis determines the effect of age on brain activations that mediate cognitive processes for remembering non- verbal/visual stimuli. Block-design fMRI was used to record activity in 84 subjects (6-35 years) during a visual-patterns 0- and 1-back task. Regions activated during the 1-back condition were largely common to all age groups, with adults displaying the largest extent of activations. Children and adolescents showed similar 0-back activations (distinct from 1-back) while adults engaged an analogous 1-back activation pattern during 0-back, suggesting that brain mechanisms underlying memory and attentional processes required for this task in children and adolescents are not yet mature and that strategy usage is still developing.

Assessment practice in Maldivian schools is undergoing change. The newly developed draft of Maldivian National Curriculum with associated documents aligns assessment, instruction, and curriculum to provide optimum learning conditions for students. The Maldivian Ministry of Education (MOE), in collaboration with UNICEF, has introduced quality indicators for the Child Friendly Baraabaru School (CFBS) based on the Maldivian National Curriculum. These indicators stress the importance of maintaining a balance between assessment for learning (formative assessment) and assessment of learning (summative assessment). The dissemination and implementation of best practices in formative assessment are currently underway in Maldivian schools. This study portrays a “snapshot in time” of assessment practices of three teachers and utilizes the findings to provide an insight into the MOE’s initiative of assessment innovations in Maldivian classrooms and schools. The study found that the three teachers have to practice formative assessment within high quality interactions based on thoughtful questions, attend to responses, and with observation and documentation to reflect a valid picture of the whole child. Nevertheless, the study also showed how the three teachers separated assessment from teaching and learning as well as how the teachers documented and reported this assessment data. There is a strong element of competition for academic achievement, as reported in grades and numerical scores. The competition is amongst students, teachers and parents. This competition appears to get in the way of assessment being used to support teaching and learning. Nonetheless, when the research data was explored through a formative assessment lens, there was also evidence of formative assessment being used in the normal day-to-day happenings in the three classrooms. The teachers in this study were not always confident in their use of formative assessment, and did not necessarily recognize when they were using formative assessment strategies. They all wanted all of their students to be successful learners, and they wanted to be good teachers. The study shows some of the complexities that teachers face when implementing new approaches to assessment.

Orientador: Adriana Vitorino Rossi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T04:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Favaro_MarthaMariaAndreotti_M.pdf: 1938335 bytes, checksum: 34f7f06916d0509676423ad381a2e27d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Antocianinas (ACYS) são corantes encontrados em vegetais, responsáveis pela coloração de flores, frutas e folhas de azul a vermelho. A proposta de estudos analíticos envolvendo extração, estabilidade e quantificação de ACYS, visando a obtenção de extratos padronizados a partir de diferentes frutas, leva em consideração as novas perspectivas do uso desses pigmentos como corantes em diversos segmentos da indústria, tais como, farmacêutico, cosmético e alimentício. Neste trabalho, foram estudadas 3 frutas típicas brasileiras congeladas: jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora), amora (Morus nigra) e amora preta (Rubus sp), visando maximizar a quantidade de ACYS extraídas e obter extratos com maior durabilidade. As condições estudadas foram: tipo de solvente, adição de conservantes em solvente aquoso, temperaturas de extração e armazenamento, tempo de armazenamento e, para a jabuticaba, foi estudada a influência do uso da fruta inteira na extração e estabilidade dos extratos. O solvente extrator que apresentou maior capacidade extratora além de oferecer maior estabilidade aos extratos foi etanol 94% v/v. O conjunto de conservantes Nipagin 0,01 % m/v +Nipazol 0,05 % m/v forneceu os melhores resultados, reduzindo a degradação das ACYS e impedindo o aparecimento de fungos. Em condição otimizada, foram encontrados os seguintes teores de ACYS nas frutas, expressos em mg ACYS / 100 g: 40,0±0,2 em casca de jabuticaba, 153±3 em amora e 83±2 em amora preta. Estudos comparativos de diversos procedimentos de quantificação de ACYS, incluindo o método oficial e padrões de ACYS, foram realizados, incluindo-se simplificações, visando aplicação de rotina industrial. Medidas de absorbância dos extratos em pH 1,0 no comprimento de onda de absorção máxima das ACYS mostraram ser adequadas para quantificar ACYS totais sem a necessidade do uso de padrões comerciais / Abstract: Anthocyanins (ACYS) are pigments found in plants that give colors from red to blue to flowers, fruits and leaves. The proposal of analytical studies involving extraction, stability and quantification of ACYS from different fruits takes into account the new perspectives of using these pigments in several segments of the industry, such as, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. In this work, extracts of 3 Brazilian typical frozen fruits: jaboticaba (Myrciaria culiflora), mulberry (Morus nigra) and blackberry (Rubus sp), were studied aiming to maximize the amount of extracted ACYS and to obtain extracts with longer durability. The studied conditions were: type of solvent, addition of preservatives in aqueous solvent, temperature of extraction and storage and storage time. The influence in extraction and stability of the extracts using the whole fruit was studied for jaboticaba. Ethanol 94% v/v was the extractor solvent which resulted in greater capacity of extraction and affered the most stable extracts. The mixture of Nipagin 0,01 % w/v + Nipazol 0,05 % w/v preservatives provided the best results, reducing the degradation of ACYS and preventing the fungi emergence. At optimized conditions, the levels of ACYS in the fruits, expressed in mg ACYS / 100 g were: 40,0±0,2 in jabuticaba, 153±3 in mulberry and 83±2 in blackberry. Comparative studies of different procedures for quantification of ACYS, including the official method and the use the ACYS commercial standards were done, including simplifications to be used in industrial routine. The results showed that the method which uses measurements of absorbance of extracts at pH 1,0 and at the wavelength of maximum absorption of ACYS allows easily quantify total ACYS without necessity of using commercial standard / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química