Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Bibliogr.: f. [131]-153. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Case Western Reserve University, 2006. / [School of Medicine] Department of Pathology. Includes bibliographical references. Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 2, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dr. Kent S. Gates, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2003. / Bibliogr. Publié aussi en version électronique.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 160 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientadores: Hiroshi Aoyama, Celso Eduardo Benedetti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T20:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Medeiros_LucianadeCamposLeite_D.pdf: 2382438 bytes, checksum: d3106e1ce3acaecc348d589d473d3411 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Em nosso laboratório foram purificadas quatro isoformas de fosfatases ácidas, a partir de sementes de soja quiescentes, tendo sido também estudadas suas propriedades cinéticas e físico-químicas. Estudos físicos e estruturais destas enzimas requerem uma grande quantidade da proteína pura, o que exigiria várias purificações convencionais, que, em geral, são bastante trabalhosas. Devido a este fato e a existência de poucas de tais proteínas clonadas e expressas, nos propusemos a clonar e expressar uma proteína tirosina fosfatase (PTP) de soja. O estudo da cinética da PTP recombinante revelou que esta enzima possui características típicas de uma fosfatase e maior especificidade para tirosina-fosfato em relação a outros substratos analisados. Foi feito o estudo de desnaturação térmica da enzima, através de dicroísmo circular, que mostrou que a enzima recombinante apresenta baixa estabilidade térmica. Identificamos por western blot a presença da GmPTP nos diferentes tecidos de soja, germinados tanto no claro como no escuro. Estes resultados, confrontados com os obtidos no PCR quantitativo, mostram uma expressão aumentada do tecido raiz, quando comparada aos outros tecidos avaliados, que está em concordância com o encontrado na literatura, referente à importância fisiológica da enzima neste tecido. Níveis adequados de fósforo são necessários para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de todos os organismos para o bom funcionamento de funções como estrutura molecular, geração de energia e regulação metabólica. A demanda por fósforo e sua conseqüente absorção do solo pelas raízes, aumenta dramaticamente durante o período de rápido crescimento e divisão, por exemplo, na germinação de sementes. Sendo assim, como supridores importantes de fósforo para o metabolismo da planta, podemos citar as fitases e fosfatases, que, além de contribuírem para prover nutrientes, as fosfatases também desempenham papel importante no controle de diferentes funções da planta, particularmente na regulação das cascatas de transdução de sinal. Utilizamos microarranjos de quinases como ferramenta para avaliação do quinoma da raiz nas plântulas de soja germinadas na presença e ausência de luz. Assim, concluímos que fatores ambientais, como a presença de luz e disponibilidade de nutrientes fazem com que diferentes vias estejam ativas e que diferentes fitormônios estejam agindo predominantemente. Relacionando as condições de germinação das plântulas de soja com esses fatores e às quinases mais ativadas no chip, propomos um modelo de sinalização onde o hormônio ácido abscísico responde ao estresse através da ativação de vias como as de MAPKs e de cálcio, causando modulação da atividade de fosfatases e quinases, resultando em respostas como proliferação e rearranjo do citoesqueleto das raízes. Neste trabalho, nós descrevemos a clonagem, expressão de uma de soja, sua caracterização cinética, localização tecidual e investigação da possível relação com a sinalização disparada pela presença ou ausência de luz. A investigação e caracterização de PTPs em plantas podem fornecer informações relevantes no campo de pesquisa do metabolismo vegetal. Sendo assim, nós disponibilizamos dados bioquímicos relevantes os quais sugerem que as plântulas de soja contêm PTP típicas que são principalmente expressas em raízes e aparentemente desempenham papel importante durante a germinação da semente. / Abstract: Our group previously described the purification and characterization of four acid phosphatase isoforms obtained from mature soybean seeds, and determined the kinetic and physico-chemical properties of these enzymes. Structural and physical studies demand high amounts at purity levels of these enzymes, requiring efforts in laborious conventional purifications. Due to this fact and to the existence of few plant proteins that already has been cloned and expressed, we proposed to clone and express a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) from soybean. The kinetic studies of the recombinant PTP revealed an enzyme with phosphatase typical features and higher specificity toward Tyr-phosphate when compared to other analysed substrates. The analysis of thermal inactivation of the enzyme was carried out by circular dichroism, which showed that GmPTP had low thermal stability. The immunolocalization of GmPTP, by western blot, identified the enzyme in different soybean tissues, which were germinated in the presence and absence of light. These results are in agreement with those obtained from the quantitative PCR results, that showed a higher expression of GmPTP in roots when compared with other evaluated tissues. The physiological importance of this tissue to the plant metabolism corroborates our results, because adequate levels of phosphorus are required for the good operation of metabolic functions, as growth and development. The phosphorus demand and the consequent soil absorption through the roots dramatically increase in periods of high growth rate, for instance, during germination. Therefore, phytases and phosphatases are important suppliers for plant metabolism and besides the contribution to provide nutrients, phosphatases could play an important role in regulation of signal transduction cascades. Kinase microarrays were employed as a strong tool to analyse the root kinome in soybean plantlets germinated in light and dark conditions. We concluded that abiotic factors as light presence and nutrients availability were responsible for the activation of different pathways and different phytormones prevalence. Relating the germination conditions of soybean plantlets to these factors and to the analysis of the most activated kinases on the chip, we propose a signaling model to explain that, when the hormone abscisic acid is the main response of stress stimuli, it triggers the activation of MAPK and calcium signaling, and the resulting modulation of kinases and phosphatases activities led to proliferation and cytoskeleton rearrangement in roots. In this work, we described the cloning and expression of a soybean PTP, its kinetic characterization, tissue distribution and investigation of a putative relationship with the signaling pathway triggered by light and dark. The investigation and characterization of PTPs from plants can add relevant information in the plant metabolism research field. Therefore, we provided a wealth biochemical data which suggest that soybean plantlets contain typical PTP, which is mainly expressed in roots and apparently plays a critical role during germination. / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

La protéine tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 est connue pour jouer un rôle important dans le maintien de l’homéostasie de plusieurs tissus et organes par ses effets régulateurs sur plusieurs voies de signalisation intracellulaire. Notre laboratoire a récemment démontré que la délétion embryonnaire de SHP-2 (SHP-2CEI-KO) à l’épithélium intestinal entraîne le développement rapide d’une inflammation colique sévère. La délétion ayant lieu au stade embryonnaire, une altération dans le développement intestinal pourrait être en cause dans l’initiation de cette inflammation. Afin d’éliminer cette possibilité, un modèle de délétion conditionnelle inductible de SHP-2 dans les cellules épithéliales intestinales (SHP-2CEI-KOER) a été généré, la délétion ayant été induite par injection de tamoxifène trois mois après la naissance. Ce modèle a permis d’éliminer la composante développementale, la délétion ayant lieu chez la souris adulte. De manière intéressante, les souris subissant la délétion de SHP-2 développent aussi une inflammation colique suite à 18 jours de traitement au tamoxifène. Cette inflammation s’accompagne d’une diminution de l’activité de la signalisation MEK/ERK MAPK et d’une activation de la signalisation JAK/STAT. Des altérations dans la différenciation des cellules caliciformes et de Paneth sont observées, les souris expérimentales présentant une diminution du nombre de cellules caliciformes ainsi qu’une présence aberrante de cellules intermédiaires (précurseurs des cellules caliciformes) dans leur côlon. Cette diminution du nombre de cellules caliciformes est présente dès le 10e jour de traitement au tamoxifène, précédant donc l’apparition des signes d’inflammation colique, ceux-ci débutant seulement au 12e jour de traitement au tamoxifène. Nos résultats sur une lignée cellulaire capable de se différencier dans un phénotype caliciforme, les LS174T, montrent une activation de la voie Notch suite à l’inactivation de la voie ERK/MAPK, cette activation étant associée à une augmentation de l’expression des gènes associés aux cellules caliciformes. Ces résultats corrèlent avec l’observation que MEK/ERK est inhibée dans l’épithélium déficient pour l’expression de SHP-2 alors que celle de Notch est activée. Ces résultats nous indiquent donc un rôle important de la tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 dans le maintien de l’homéostasie intestinale, et ce, même chez l’adulte. L’inactivation de SHP-2 résulte en effet dans la perte de l’intégrité de la muqueuse colique amenant l’inflammation. De manière intéressante, des polymorphismes (SNP) dans le gène encodant SHP-2 ont été récemment associés à une susceptibilité accrue à développer une colite ulcéreuse chez des patients. Pris ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent donc que SHP-2 pourrait constituer une nouvelle cible dans le traitement des maladies inflammatoires intestinales.

The kinase interaction motif (KIM) family of protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) includes hematopoietic protein-tyrosine phosphatase (HePTP), striatal-enriched protein-tyrosine phosphatase (STEP), and protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type R (PTPRR). KIM-PTPs bind and dephosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and thereby critically modulate cell proliferation and differentiation. PTP activity can readily be diminished by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g. H2O2, which oxidize the catalytically indispensable active-site cysteine. This initial oxidation generates an unstable sulfenic acid intermediate that is quickly converted into either a sulfinic/sulfonic acid (catalytically dead and irreversible inactivation) or a stable sulfenamide or disulfide bond intermediate (reversible inactivation). Critically, our understanding of ROS-mediated PTP oxidation is not yet sufficient to predict the molecular responses of PTPs to oxidative stress. However, identifying distinct responses will enable novel routes for PTP-selective drug design, important for managing diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, we performed a detailed biochemical and molecular study of all KIM-PTP family members to determine their H2O2 oxidation profiles and identify their reversible inactivation mechanism(s). We show that despite having nearly identical 3D structures and sequences, each KIM-PTP family member has a unique oxidation profile. Furthermore, we also show that whereas STEP and PTPRR stabilize their reversibly oxidized state by forming an intramolecular disulfide bond, HePTP uses an unexpected mechanism, namely, formation of a reversible intermolecular disulfide bond. In summary, despite being closely related, KIM-PTPs significantly differ in oxidation profiles. These findings highlight that oxidation protection is critical when analyzing PTPs, for example, in drug screening.

The neuroendocrine (NE) cell is a minor cell population in normal human prostate glands. The number of NE cells is increased in advanced hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas (PCA). The mechanism of increased NE cell population in these advanced tumors is poorly understood. We examined molecular mechanisms which may be involved in the regulation of the transdifferentiation process of human PCA cells leading to a NE phenotype. We compared PCA cell lines LNCaP and PC-3 in the following medium conditions: steroid-reduced (SR), interleukin-6 (IL-6)-supplemented, or dibutyrate cAMP (db-cAMP)-supplemented. We found that androgen-responsive C-33 LNCaP cells responded to all treatments, having a neuronal-like morphology. In contrast, C-81 LNCaP cells, having a decreased androgen responsiveness, had a less pronounced effect although followed a similar trend. Androgen-unresponsive PC-3 cells showed little change in their morphology. Grown in the SR condition, the level of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a marker of neuronal cells, was upregulated in C-33 LNCaP cells, while to a lesser degree in the presence of IL-6. In the presence of db-cAMP, the NSE level in C-33 cells was decreased, lower than that in control cells. An opposite effect was observed for C-81 LNCaP cells. Nevertheless, the NSE level was only elevated in db-cAMP-treated PC-3 cells, but no change was found in PC-3 cells grown in the SR- or IL-6-supplemented medium. Thus, a similar gross phenotypic change may correlate with differential molecular expressions. We also analyzed the expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase α (RPTPα) since it plays a critical role in normal neuronal differentiation and signaling. Our results showed that the expression of RPTPα correlates with the NE phenotypic change of LNCaP cells in the SR condition. In summary, our data clearly show that the molecular process by which cultured human prostate cancer cells undergo a transdifferentiation process to a NE cell-like phenotype is accompanied by differential expressions of different markers, and a gross NE cell-like phenotype can occur by exposing PCA cells to different pharmacological agents.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Phosphatase and tensin homolog, PTEN, is a key tumor suppressor. Mutation of PTEN is associated with both sporadic cancers and a cluster of familial cancer predisposition syndromes called PTEN hamaratoma syndromes. These germline mutations span the length of the PTEN gene with a mutational hot spot localized in exon 5. This exon encodes the catalytic domain of PTEN, which is critical for its tumor suppressor activity. PTEN function is most commonly attributed to lipid phosphatase activity on Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) that leads to inhibition of a cascade with downstream pro-survival effectors including Akt, but PTEN also has phosphatase activity on a small number of proteins. Recently, a mutation, G129E, has been described as a gain of function (GOF) mutation in PTEN knockin mice. This mutant only retains protein phosphatase activity while it completely lacks lipid phosphatase activity. Collectively (in the mouse and in vitro studies), there is no clear mechanism to explain the GOF nature of this mutant. Understanding how mutants of PTEN function in the cells to provide a growth advantage will provide insight into what pathway to therapeutically target. Our central hypothesis is that mutations of PTEN promote tumorigenesis through gain of function activities that result in cell cycle progression. We will determine the signaling pathways that are affected by the gain of function mutant PTEN G129E to better understand the mechanism by which mutants of PTEN confer a growth advantage.