This thesis investigates the variables that explain the behaviour of States in their national arenas regarding the implementation of collectively agreed measures within the framework of fisheries regimes. According to orthodoxy, States set up regimes to manage fish exploitation and subsequently fail to implement the policies they have devised. Overexploitation and scarcity are said to follow. Using the first ten years of the twenty year common fisheries policy, agreed in January 1983, this thesis examines and compares Implementation of Community measures in France and in the United Kingdom. Two competing conceptual approaches are tested: the sectoral policy approach and the national policy style approach. In the policy sector approach, public policy is said to show variation across sectors within countries and similarities across countries. In such a model, policy determines politics. The national policy style approach, on the other hand, predicts that policy will be shaped by national characteristics and variations In policy processes. The study demonstrates that, despite contrasting traditions, patterns of Interest representation, policy making processes, ideological background of government in power in France and the UK and timing in compliance, the substance of policy, in the implementation of fisheries measures, was strikingly similar in the two countries. Sectoral imperatives determined States' decisions more than any other variable. It was also found that the normative dimension within the European Community, absent in other arenas, made States comply in a way, which, although unsatisfactory, was still better than had been the case with the CFP's predecessor, the North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission.

The genus <i>Betula</i> occurs worldwide and is morphologically very variable; this variation is reflected in the two arborescent taxa which occur in Britain. In this work morphological data from birch were recorded from sites throughout Britain, with a view to defining morphological types derived from multivariate analyses such as cluster and discriminant analyses. Once these types had been defined, their distribution was investigated in relation to broad complexes of environmental factors. The multivariate analyses gave three morphological types which were equivalent to <i>B. pendula, B. pubescens</i> ssp. <i>pubescens</i> and <i>B. pubescens</i> ssp. <i>odorata</i> as described in published floras. Of the original characters used in the data base however, a total of 19 separated the three types, although there remained much overlap. A distinct separation, however, occurred between the type with pubescent twigs and hairs (<i>B. pubescens</i> ssp. <i>pubescens</i>) and the other glabrous types, but when these attributes were removed from the analysis, much morphological overlap was evident. Removal of these attributes was though necessary as they were 'masking' the ability of other characters to discriminate between the glabrous types. Each of the morphological types was associated with slightly different, but overlapping, complexes of environmental factors. <i>B. pendula</i> had an affinity with relatively cold winters, warm summers, dry areas towards the south and east, and was not found in the far north-west of Scotland. In contrast, <i>B. pubescens</i> ssp. <i>pubescens</i> was associated with relatively warm winters, cool summers, wet areas and did not show any relationship with areas of low rainfall or latitude. <i>B. pubescens</i> ssp. <i>pubescens</i> showed less environmental specificity, but was associated with wetter areas, relatively high altitude, towards the west, and also showed no association with low rainfall. The response to different photoperiodic treatments varied differently between taxa at different latitudes, but was similar at similar latitudes.

This paper examines the specific case of migration flows from Poland to the UK in the wake of the 2004 EU enlargement. Beginning with an analysis of the prevailing theories of migration, which attempt to both describe and predict the phenomenon, the paper moves on to an empirical analysis of migration flows in both Poland and the UK in the years immediately following enlargement. The effects of these flows on the internal market of the UK are examined through a comparison with other exogenous migration shocks that have impacted other countries in recent history. Finally, an attempt is made to evaluate the prevailing theories analyzed earlier in light of the empirical evidence.

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The Census provides spatially detailed information on internal migration within the UK. It is only available decenially, however, so during inter-censal years it is necessary to rely on the NHSCR as an alternative measure of population movement. The value of the NHSCR in the analysis of migration and its suitability as an input to the procedure for projecting sub-national populations remains uncertain. This thesis examines the relationship between NHSCR and Census-derived migration data for a common period (1980/81) and illustrates the conceptual and measurement differences and similarities between the two. Although a strong correlation between the respective patterns of migration is evidenced, significant spatial and age-sex discrepancies in the measured levels of population movement are observed. The presence of Armed Forces and student moves and the phenomenon of multiple/return migration, particularly amongst young adults, are cited as major reasons for the differences. Given an understanding of the characteristics of each type of data, the thesis undertakes to illustrate spatio-temporal patterns and trends in migration since 1970 using both transition and movement information. A reduction in the level of migration throughout the seventies and early eighties has been followed by an increase in the general propensity to migrate, with increasing decentralisation processes moving people away from the most densely populated areas, but with an increasing attractiveness of the South East, particularly Greater London, to young, mobile adults and a net loss of migrants from North to South. The illustration of contemporary trends in migration using time-series data highlights the potential shortcomings of a sub-national population projection model based primarily on 1981 Census information. The thesis critically examines a number of features of the migration component of the OPCS/DOE projection procedure using NHSCR migration data, and suggests possible improvements to the methodology.

This thesis presents the results of an investigation into the regional gravity field of Great Britain and the adjacent regions. A prerequisite for this study was the development of a computer database designed to store, manipulate and display the information contained within nearly 400,000 gravity and topography point observations for the region. Digital image processing techniques have been applied to the reduction and display of the Bouguer anomaly data. The observed Bouguer anomaly lineaments display a pattern of geological basement structures which correlates closely with those predicted by recent plate tectonic models of the Lower Palaeozoic Caledonian orogeny which assume the convergence of three distinct continental plates. The nature of the isostatic compensation of the topography in the vicinity of the United Kingdom has been investigated using cross spectral analysis of the gravity and topography. The observed cross spectral relationships are compared with those for a theoretical isostatic model which assumes the lithosphere behaves like a thin elastic plate loaded by both surface topography and internal density contrasts overlying an inviscid fluid substratum. For a uniform elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere the best fit between the observed and theoretical relationships is obtained for values of the elastic thickness of the lithosphere of 22.5-24.5 km. A better fit is obtained if the continental lithosphere is assumed to comprise a population of distinct tectonic provinces of equal area with the values of the elastic thickness of the lithosphere for the provinces distributed uniformly between 6-8 km and 86-90 km. Detailed investigations into the structure of the crust beneath the Tertiary igneous complexes of Mull and Skye, northwest Scotland, indicate a possible slight thickening of the crust which is considered to be an important consequence of the mechanism of the emplacement of the complexes.

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No description available.