Zugl.: Kaiserslautern, Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2008.

Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. / Michael Saunders, Committee Chair ; Paul Work, Committee Member ; Jaehong Kim, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.

Regensburg, Univ., Diss., 2009.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2000--Berlin.

Techn. Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Berlin.

A comparison of fouling in osmotically driven processes with that in pressure driven processes is the main focus of the thesis. Forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO) have received considerable attention for water treatment and seawater desalination. This research compared the nature of fouling in FO mode with that in RO starting with the same initial flux in connection with cleaning effects and then comparing to those in ultrafiltration membranes. In all cases, with cleaning as an integral part, the extent of fouling reversibility, and the question whether a critical flux could be determined were examined. The work during the first phase (undertaken at Oxford) quantified the removal of reversible fouling through rinsing by cold and hot water for a range of concentrations using the foulants dextran and carboxymethyl cellulose. The flux-TMP relationship was conventionally compared to that of the clean water flux. The later phase (at Singapore) compared the fouling in FO and RO by alginate in terms of multiple parameters using cellulose tri acetate (CTA) and thin film composite (TFC) membranes. Silica and alginate were selected as model foulants. Whilst experimental water flux profiles in the present study did not exhibit significant differences in trend between FO and RO fouling, foulant resistance for FO was found to be increasingly greater than for RO with the progression of the fouling tests. This was further corroborated by membrane autopsies post fouling tests; both foulant mass deposition density and specific foulant resistance for FO were greater than for RO. The analysis clearly revealed that FO is essentially more prone to fouling than RO which was presumably due to less flux decline in FO (or greater average flux) as compared to that in RO in result of ICP-self compensation effect which is opposite to the prevailing claim in the literature. Additionally, the present study did not find evidence that hydraulic pressure in RO has a role in foulant layer compaction. FO membrane fouling by real waters was the focus of the final phase of the research at SMTC. Pilot scale FO experiments were conducted on spiral wound CTA membrane with treated waste water obtained from a NEWater factory (Singapore) as the feed. In the second stage, experiments were repeated at bench scale with membrane coupons taken from the spiral wound membranes used earlier. The key finding was that the mass transfer coefficients in the Spiral-Wound module were around 50% lower than the corresponding values in the flat sheet unit and this severely limited the fluxes. The reason could be attributed to strong internal concentration polarisation in the former, where tightly wound spacers act to increase the structural parameter.

Este estudo abordou o tratamento de efluentes gerados na operação de lavagem de caminhões de coleta de lixo do tipo IIA e IIB, conforme a NBR 10.004. Os ensaios foram realizados na estação de tratamento localizada na garagem da empresa Koleta Ambiental, Rio de janeiro. Em face dos grandes volumes de água exigidos para a limpeza dos caminhões foi realizado ensaio de tratabilidade a fim de definir qual o método de tratamento mais adequado para o efluente. Foram ensaiados os métodos físico-químico, biológico e ultrafiltração com membrana. O objetivo final era verificar a qualidade da água para posterior reuso a fim de diminuir o desperdício de se usar água potável para a lavagem de caminhões de lixo. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios, porém há a necessidade de se aprofundar a pesquisa para enquadramento de vários parâmetros de qualidade nos padrões das das Resoluções CONAMA 357 e 274, assim como melhorar a avaliação do consumo de energia no processo de filtração com a membrana. / The present study, undertaken at the site of koleta Ambiental S.A., Rio de Janeiro, a company specialized in garbage collection, was related to the tratability tests of the wastewaters generated by garbage truck cleaning. To verify the effectiveness of these tests, a sequence of treatment related to physicochemical, biological and ultrafiltration through membranes tests, was adopted. From the results, one can conclude that further investigations should be carried out, as some water quality parameters of the treated wastewaters, such as chlorides and nitrogen that still do not comply with those prescribed in CONAMA 357 and 274 resolutions. Moreover, as far as the energy consumption related to ultrafiltration tests, must be further assessed, as the results which have been obtained were not conclusive.

Thesis (MTech (Civil Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2004. / When considering water treatment in small rural and peri-urban communities, sustainability is one of the most important factors to be considered. Sustainability needs to be considered from financial, technological and socio-political perspectives. The major problems with sustainability of conventional small water treatment systems are the difficulty of controlling chemical treatment processes, especially when the raw water quality changes, and the production of substandard quality water. Another very important problem is lack of community involvement, especially over the longer term. The acceptance of new technologies by the community is of crucial importance in ensuring successful water supply projects. The anticipation of more stringent drinking water quality regulations and decrease in adequate water sources have brought membrane separation processes such as microfiltration and ultrafiltration on the advantage for potable water supply to rural and peri-urban areas. Membrane processes have the advantage of production of superior quality water and addition of fewer chemicals in the treatment process. The pUIpose of this study was to further investigate the potential of ultrafiltration capillary membranes as a one-step membrane water treatment system for potable water supply to developing communities. To successfully transfer a technology to a particular community, the technology must be suitable and acceptable and a social study was therefore also done to understand the social acceptance factors that govern the acceptance of these new technologies.

Este estudo abordou o tratamento de efluentes gerados na operação de lavagem de caminhões de coleta de lixo do tipo IIA e IIB, conforme a NBR 10.004. Os ensaios foram realizados na estação de tratamento localizada na garagem da empresa Koleta Ambiental, Rio de janeiro. Em face dos grandes volumes de água exigidos para a limpeza dos caminhões foi realizado ensaio de tratabilidade a fim de definir qual o método de tratamento mais adequado para o efluente. Foram ensaiados os métodos físico-químico, biológico e ultrafiltração com membrana. O objetivo final era verificar a qualidade da água para posterior reuso a fim de diminuir o desperdício de se usar água potável para a lavagem de caminhões de lixo. Os resultados mostraram-se satisfatórios, porém há a necessidade de se aprofundar a pesquisa para enquadramento de vários parâmetros de qualidade nos padrões das das Resoluções CONAMA 357 e 274, assim como melhorar a avaliação do consumo de energia no processo de filtração com a membrana. / The present study, undertaken at the site of koleta Ambiental S.A., Rio de Janeiro, a company specialized in garbage collection, was related to the tratability tests of the wastewaters generated by garbage truck cleaning. To verify the effectiveness of these tests, a sequence of treatment related to physicochemical, biological and ultrafiltration through membranes tests, was adopted. From the results, one can conclude that further investigations should be carried out, as some water quality parameters of the treated wastewaters, such as chlorides and nitrogen that still do not comply with those prescribed in CONAMA 357 and 274 resolutions. Moreover, as far as the energy consumption related to ultrafiltration tests, must be further assessed, as the results which have been obtained were not conclusive.

Orientador: Orlando Petrucci Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T03:58:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Torina_AnaliGalluce_M.pdf: 3740234 bytes, checksum: f37f64e7d0f1526a0fef521a621823f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo:Introdução: A resposta inflamatória após a circulação extracorpórea (CEC) em cirurgia cardíaca colabora para o aumento de mortalidade e morbidade pós-operatória. A ultrafiltração modificada (UFM) foi descri ta como capaz de melhorar a função pulmonar, hemodinâmica e inflamatória na população pediátrica submetida a cirurgia cardíaca. Entretanto, isto não está bem documentado e definido em pacientes adultos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da ultrafiltração modificada em pacientes adultos submetidos a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio sob o aspecto inflamatório e clínico com uso de CEC. Material e Método: Foram estudados 37 pacientes divididos em dois grupos: 17 pacientes no grupo controle e 20 pacientes no grupo UFM. Analisamos variáveis demográficas, hemodinâmicas, pulmonares e mediadores inflamatórios na indução anestésica, durante a operação e até 48 horas de pós-operatório em ambos os grupos. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos quanto aos dados demográficos e nas variáveis hemodinâmicas estudadas. Observamos aumento do hematócrito no grupo UFM imediatamente após a ultrafiltração quando comparado com o grupo controle (P<0,05), contudo, esta diferença não se manteve até o final do período de observação. A resistência das vias aéreas diminuiu no grupo UFM durante o intraoperatório. Observamos menor sangramento pós-operatório (P<0,01) e menor necessidade de transfusão (P=0,01) no grupo UFM. Não foi observado diferença entre os grupos para a IL6, P-selectina, E-selectina. A I-CAM apresentou aumento no grupo UFM logo após a ultrafiltração (P< 0,01). O receptor do fator de necrose tumoral alfa II (receptor TNF-? II) mostrou elevação dos níveis séricos ao final de 48 horas de observação no grupo UFM. Conclusão: A UFM não demonstrou diferença entre os grupos em relação aos parâmetros hemodinâmicos, respiratórios e inflamatórios estudados. O UFM proporcionou menor sangramento pós-operatório e menor necessidade de transfusão de concentrado de hemáceas. A UFM demonstrou ser segura e sem complicações relacionadas, podendo ser útil para o manejo da volemia intraoperatória / Abstract: Introduction: The systemic inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery increases mortality and postoperative morbidity. The modified ultrafiltration (MUF) has been described in children and has been shown improvements on pulmonary function, hemodynamics, and inflammatory response. However, in adults, the same benefits were not well documented. Objective: Assess the inflammatory response and clinical outcomes of the modified ultrafiltration in adults underwent elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Material and Methods: Thirty-seven patients were evaluated either into two groups: Control group without MUF (N=17) and MUF group (N=20) submitted to 15 minutes of modified ultrafiltration. The demographics, hemodynamics, pulmonary and inflammatory mediators at the induction of anesthesia, during operation and up to 48 hours postoperatively were evaluated. Results: The demographics data and hemodynamic variables were comparable in both groups. The hematocrit was higher in the MUF group immediately after ultrafiltration when compared the the control group (P <0.05). However, this difference was not steady by the end of the observation period. The airway resistance decreased in the MUF group right after the ultrafiltration. The MUF group showed lower postoperative bleeding (P <0.01) and lower requirements of blood units transfusion (P = 0.01). The IL-6, P-selectin, and Eselectin, were comparable in both groups. The I-CAM showed an increase in the MUF group after ultrafiltration (P <0.01). The tumor necrosis factor receptor II was higher by 48 hours of postoperative time in the MUF group. Conclusion: The MUF showed no differences between groups regarding hemodynamic, respiratory function, and inflammatory mediators. The MUF provided lower postoperative bleeding and lower requirements for red blood cells units transfusion. The MUF showed to be safe and without complications, and might be useful for the fluid management during the cardiac surgeries. We were unable to demonstrate a significant impact of MUF on the outcome of adults after coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries / Mestrado / Pesquisa Experimental / Mestre em Cirurgia