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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Infrared Spectroscopy of Graphene in Ultrahigh Magnetic Fields

Booshehri, Layla 06 September 2012 (has links)
Graphene – a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice of sp2-bonded carbon atoms – possesses unusual zero-gap band structure with linear band dispersions, accommodating photon-like, massless electrons that have exhibited a variety of surprising phenomena, primarily in DC transport, in the last several years. In this thesis dissertation, we investigate graphene’s AC or infrared properties in the presence of an ultrahigh magnetic field, produced by a destructive pulsed method. The linear dispersions of graphene lead to unequally spaced Landau levels in a magnetic field, which we probe through cyclotron resonance (CR) spectroscopy in the magnetic quantum limit. Specifically, using magnetic fields up to 170 T and polarized midinfrared radiation with tunable wavelengths from 9.22 to 10.67 μm, we experimentally investigated CR in large-area graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. Circular-polarization-dependent studies revealed strong p-type doping for as-grown graphene, and the dependence of the CR fields on the radiation wavelength allowed for an accurate determination of the Fermi energy. Upon annealing the sample to remove physisorbed molecules, which shifts the Fermi energy closer to the Dirac point, we made the unusual observation that hole and electron CR emerges in the magnetic quantum limit, even though the sample is still p-type. We theoretically show that this non-intuitive phenomenon is a direct consequence of the unusual Landau level structure of graphene. Namely, if the Fermi energy lies in the n = 0 Landau level, then CR is present for both electron-active and hole-active circular polarizations. Furthermore, if the Fermi level lies in the n = 0 Landau level, the ratio of CR absorption between the electron-active and hole-active peaks allows one to accurately determine the Fermi level and carrier density. Hence, high-field CR studies allow not only for fundamental studies but also for characterization of large-area, low-mobility graphene samples.
2

Magnetization measurements in ultrahigh magnetic fields

Kirste, Alexander 15 September 2004 (has links)
Obwohl ultrahohe Magnetfelder jenseits von 100 T mittels spezieller Methoden experimentell nutzbar wurden, sind Magnetisierungsmessungen in diesen Feldern noch immer sehr kompliziert. Magnetfelder im Megagauß-Bereich lassen sich heute allein durch die semidestruktive Single-Turn-Coil (STC)-Methode und durch die vollständig destruktive Flußkompression erzeugen. In beiden Fällen sind die gepulsten Felder auf eine Dauer von wenigen Mikrosekunden und ein nutzbares Feldvolumen von wenigen Kubikzentimetern beschränkt. Dadurch bedingt sind nur solche Methoden für Magnetisierungsmessungen anwendbar, die sich an diese ungünstigen Randbedingungen anpassen lassen. Die Faraday-Rotation kann für optisch transparente Proben sinnvoll sein, jedoch ist die induktive Messung mittels kompensierter Pick-up-Spulen die einzige direkte Methode. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung und Anwendung eines solchen Meßsystems in einem STC-Feldgenerator. Im Hinblick auf das Meßsystem hat sich die sehr gute geometrische Kompensation der Pick-up-Spulen als wesentlich herausgestellt. Wichtig sind daneben aber auch eine hohe Bandbreite bzw. eine unverzerrte Sprungantwort. Als äußerst effektiv hat sich insbesondere die umfassende elektromagnetische Abschirmung des Meßsystems erwiesen, so daß die vom STC-Generator ausgehenden Störungen weitgehend unterdrückt werden. Besondere, für Magnetisierungsmessungen ungünstige Eigenschaften des STC-Systems, werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Magnetisierungsmessungen bei tiefen Temperaturen an den van Vleck-Paramagneten TmPO4 und TmPO4 ergaben Anomalien bei rund 30 T bzw. 50 T für ein Feld parallel zur tetragonalen Achse. Dieser Effekt resultiert aus einer Überkreuzung der beiden niedrigsten Energieniveaus in starken Magnetfeldern und führt zu einem scharfen Sprung in der Magnetisierung. Temperaturabhängige Messungen belegen den wesentlichen Einfluß des magnetokalorischen Effekts in kurzen gepulsten Feldern. Pulverproben der intermetallischen Verbindungen RMn2Ge2 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Y) wurden bei Helium-Temperaturen in Feldern bis zu 150 T untersucht. Abhängig vom Selten-Erd-Ion wurden in allen Verbindungen ein oder mehrere feldinduzierte metamagnetische Phasenübergänge beobachtet. Sie können auf eine Änderung der magnetischen Struktur des Mn-Untersystems zurückgeführt werden. Die kritischen Felder für den Übergang zur ferromagnetischen Phase betragen zwischen 90 T und 118 T (YMn2Ge2: 55 T). Detaillierte Rechnungen werden im Rahmen eines erweiterten Molekularfeld-Modells durchgeführt. / Although ultrahigh magnetic fields in excess of 100 T have become available by specialized techniques, magnetization measurements in these fields are still a challenging task. Nowadays, magnetic fields in the megagauss range can be produced only by the semidestructive single-turn coil (STC) technique and by the fully destructive flux compression. In both cases these pulsed fields are limited to microsecond pulse duration and a usable field volume of not more than a few cubic centimeters. As a result, only those methods can be used for magnetization measurements, which can be adapted to these difficult boundary conditions. The Faraday rotation can be suitable for optically transparent samples, but the only direct technique is the induction method based on compensated pick-up coils. The present work deals with the development of such a measurement system and its application to various materials in fields up to 150 T produced by the STC. Regarding the measurement system, geometrically very well compensated pick-up coils turned out to be absolutely necessary as well as a large bandwidth and an appropriate transient response. In particular a comprehensive electromagnetic shielding, which makes use of a wire metal, proved to be very effective in suppressing disturbances produced by the STC system. Besides, some inherent characteristics and limitations of the STC generator with respect to magnetization measurements are revealed and discussed. Magnetization measurements were performed on the van Vleck paramagnets TmPO4 and PrVO4, and anomalies were found at about 30 T and 50 T, respectively, at low temperatures for a field along the tetragonal axis. This effect is due to a crossing of the lowest energy levels in high magnetic fields and results in a sharp jump in magnetization. Temperature dependent measurements provide evidence that the magnetocaloric effect plays an essential role in short pulse fields produced by the STC. Powder samples of the intermetallic compounds RMn2Ge2 (R = Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Y) have been investigated at liquid helium temperature up to 150 T. Depending on the rare-earth ion one or more field-induced metamagnetic phase transitions have been observed in all compounds, and they are found to be associated with a change in the magnetic structure of the Mn subsystem. The phase transitions to the ferromagnetic phase occur between 90 T and 118 T (YMn2Ge2: 55 T). Detailed calculations are performed using an extended molecular field model.

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