Successful creations of multiple hydraulic fractures in horizontal wells are critical for economic development of unconventional reservoirs. The recent advances in diagnostic techniques suggest that multi-fracturing stimulation in unconventional reservoirs has often caused complex fracture geometry. The most important factors that might be responsible for the fracture complexity are fracture interaction and the intersection of the hydraulic and natural fracture. The complexity of fracture geometry results in significant uncertainty in fracturing treatment designs and production optimization. Modeling complex fracture propagation can provide a vital link between fracture geometry and stimulation treatments and play a significant role in economically developing unconventional reservoirs. In this research, a novel fracture propagation model was developed to simulate complex hydraulic fracture propagation in unconventional reservoirs. The model coupled rock deformation with fluid flow in the fractures and the horizontal wellbore. A Simplified Three Dimensional Displacement Discontinuity Method (S3D DDM) was proposed to describe rock deformation, calculating fracture opening and shearing as well as fracture interaction. This simplified 3D method is much more accurate than faster pseudo-3D methods for describing multiple fracture propagation but requires significantly less computational effort than fully three-dimensional methods. The mechanical interaction can enhance opening or induce closing of certain crack elements or non-planar propagation. Fluid flow in the fracture and the associated pressure drop were based on the lubrication theory. Fluid flow in the horizontal wellbore was treated as an electrical circuit network to compute the partition of flow rate between multiple fractures and maintain pressure compatibility between the horizontal wellbore and multiple fractures. Iteratively and fully coupled procedures were employed to couple rock deformation and fluid flow by the Newton-Raphson method and the Picard iteration method. The numerical model was applied to understand physical mechanisms of complex fracture geometry and offer insights for operators to design fracturing treatments and optimize the production. Modeling results suggested that non-planar fracture geometry could be generated by an initial fracture with an angle deviating from the direction of the maximum horizontal stress, or by multiple fracture propagation in closed spacing. Stress shadow effects are induced by opening fractures and affect multiple fracture propagation. For closely spaced multiple fractures growing simultaneously, width of the interior fractures are usually significantly restricted, and length of the exterior fractures are much longer than that of the interior fractures. The exterior fractures receive most of fluid and dominate propagation, resulting in immature development of the interior fractures. Natural fractures could further complicate fracture geometry. When a hydraulic fracture encounters a natural fracture and propagates along the pre-existing path of the natural fracture, fracture width on the natural fracture segment will be restricted and injection pressure will increase, as a result of stress shadow effects from hydraulic fracture segments and additional closing stresses from in-situ stress field. When multiple fractures propagate in naturally fracture reservoirs, complex fracture networks could be induced, which are affected by perforation cluster spacing, differential stress and natural fracture patterns. Combination of our numerical model and diagnostic methods (e.g. Microseismicity, DTS and DAS) is an effective approach to accurately characterize the complex fracture geometry. Furthermore, the physics-based complex fracture geometry provided by our model can be imported into reservoir simulation models for production analysis. / text

The government of British Columbia faces a host of challenges as it attempts to establish a liquefied natural gas export industry and reignite unconventional shale gas production in northeast BC. Not only must it contend with a competitive and saturated global marketplace, but it must also address conflict with Treaty 8 First Nations whose treaty rights and traditional territories were impacted by early development. Shale gas impacts are intensely local, but First Nations have struggled to gain meaningful influence in colonial decision-making processes to ensure development decisions respect community values and authority. This research, conducted in partnership with Fort Nelson First Nation, explores the challenges and opportunities faced by the Nation in their efforts to reshape governance of the shale gas industry in their territory to address its environmental impacts. The research is situated within a review of multiple literatures including political economy, Indigenous governance, and critical studies of natural resource governance, social conflict and co-management in Indigenous-settler contexts. Through interviews and participant observation with the Fort Nelson First Nation, the thesis documents how those involved in shale gas governance at the local level perceive existing processes, and investigates under what conditions a more localized governance might resolve shale gas conflict in northeast BC. It develops an argument that shale gas governance must be rescaled to address landscape scale impacts and enhance the authority of local First Nations interests and knowledge. While collaborative governance reforms like co-management may not wholly eliminate deeply seated colonial authority, they can be effective and empower local First Nations communities under certain conditions. However, this case poses a unique set of context-specific challenges to governance reform, which the Fort Nelson First Nation are confronting as they work towards their governance and land use goals for their traditional territory. As the Nation continues to move forward, it is uncertain how they will negotiate the non-renewable industry’s political economy, and the current pro-development shale gas politics in BC. As such, this case offers a rare lens into local community experience with this relatively new and contentious global energy industry. / Graduate

The Eagle Ford is a well-known source rock for both sandstone (Woodbine) and carbonate (Austin and Buda) hydrocarbon reservoirs in East and South Texas. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that source rocks, such as the Eagle Ford, are capable of producing significant volumes of gas and oil. At the same time, variations in well producibility indicate that these rocks, like conventional reservoirs, display considerable geological heterogeneity. Yet, only limited research has been published on the subsurface stratigraphy and character of Eagle Ford facies. Understanding the types, controls, and distribution of these heterogeneities requires in-depth rock-based studies. In order to characterize Eagle Ford facies, 27 cores from 13 counties were investigated for rock textures, fabrics, sedimentary structures, and fossil assemblages. These studies were supported by light and electron microscopy as well as analysis of elemental chemistry and mineralogy. Regional subsurface stratigraphic correlations and facies distributions were defined using wireline logs calibrated from core studies. In South Texas, the Eagle Ford Formation was deposited during a second-order transgressive/regressive cycle on the flooded, oxygen-restricted Comanche Shelf. Nine depositional facies consisting predominately of organic-rich, fine-grained (5.0 % TOC) to coarser-grained (3.05 % TOC) fabrics were identified. Facies developed in low-energy environments episodically interrupted by higher-energy, event sedimentation (current winnowing, cohesive and non-cohesive density flows, and turbidity flows). Locally, these rocks show evidence of early diagenetic recrystallization of calcite. Concurrent water anoxia and organic matter preservation persisted locally into later Austin deposition, resulting in formation of a three-fold division of the Cenomanian-Coniacian Eagle Ford Formation. Common facies of lower and upper Eagle Ford members include (1) unlaminated, fissile, clay- and silica-rich, organic-rich mudrocks, (2) laminated, calcareous, organic-rich mudrocks, and (3) laminated, foraminifera- and peloid-rich, organic-rich packstones. The transitional Eagle Ford member consists of highly-cyclic (1) ripple-laminated, organic-rich wackestone (cycle base) and (2) burrowed, organic-lean lime wackestones (cycle top). Transitional Eagle Ford facies developed in oxygen-restricted, basinal depositional environments as distal equivalents to burrowed, foraminiferal lime wackestones of the Austin Formation. Facies complexities in the Eagle Ford stem from complicated and interrelated processes of sediment production and distribution, diagenesis, and water column chemistry. Integrated core studies shed light on both controls of facies formation and their spatial distribution. These findings provide a framework for upscaling the fine-scale, heterogeneous character of shelfal Eagle Ford mudrocks; thus allowing development of predictive models into the distribution of key reservoir properties in the subsurface. / text

Graphene is widely considered to be a promising candidate for a new generation of electronics, but there are many outstanding fundamental issues that need to be addressed before this promise can be realized. This thesis focuses on the production and properties of graphene grown epitaxially on the carbon terminated face (C-face) of hexagonal silicon carbide leading to the construction of a novel graphene transistor structure. C-face epitaxial graphene multilayers are unique due to their rotational stacking that causes the individual layers to be electronically decoupled from each other. Well-formed C-face epitaxial graphene single layers have exceptionally high mobilities (exceeding 10,000 cm^2/Vs), which are significantly greater than those of Si-face graphene monolayers. This thesis investigates the growth and properties of C-face single layer graphene. A field effect transistor based on single layer graphene was fabricated and characterized for the first time. Aluminum oxide or boron nitride was used for the gate dielectric. Additionally, an all graphene/SiC Schottky barrier transistor on the C-face of SiC composed of 2DEG in SiC/Si2O3 interface and multilayer graphene contacts was demonstrated. A multiple growth scheme was adopted to achieve this unique structure.

With the number of vehicles increasing in the system every day, many statewide policies across the United States aim to increase the use of non- motorized transportation modes. This could have safety implications because the interaction between motorists and non-motorists could increase and potentially increasing pedestrian-vehicle crashes. Few models that predict the number of pedestrian crashes are not sensitive to site-specific conditions or intersection designs that may influence pedestrian crashes. Moreover, traditional statistical modeling techniques rely extensively on the sparsely available pedestrian crash database. This study focused on overcoming these limitations by developing models that quantify potential interactions between pedestrians and vehicles at various intersection designs using as surrogate safety measure the time to conflict. Several variables that capture volumes, intersection geometry, and operational performance were evaluated for developing pedestrian-vehicle conflict models for different intersection designs. Linear regression models were found to be best fit and potential conflict models were developed for signalized, unsignalized and roundabout intersections. Volume transformations were applied to signalized and unsignalized conditions to develop statistical models for unconventional intersections. The pedestrian-vehicle conflicting volumes, the number of lanes that pedestrians are exposed to vehicles, the percentage of turning vehicles, and the intersection conflict location (major or minor approach) were found to be significant predictors for estimating pedestrian safety at signalized and unsignalized intersections. For roundabouts, the pedestrian-vehicle conflicting volumes, the number of lanes that pedestrians have to cross, and the intersection conflict location (major or minor approach) were found to be significant predictors. Signalized intersection models were used for bowtie and median U-turn intersections using appropriate volume transformations. The combination of signalized intersection models for the intersection area and two-way unsignalized intersection models for the ramp area of the jughandle intersections were utilized with appropriate volume transformations. These models can be used to compare alternative intersection designs and provide designers and planners with a surrogate measure of pedestrian safety level for each intersection design examined.

Production of oil and gas from shale is often described as a revolution to energyproduction in North America. Since the beginning of this century the shale oilproduction has increased from practically zero to currently supply almost half of theU.S. oil production. This development is made possible by the technology ofhorizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Since the production has not been ongoingfor that long, production data is still fairly limited in length and there are still largeuncertainties in many parameters, for instance production decline, lifespan, drainagearea, geographical extent and future technological development. More research isneeded to be able to estimate future production and resources with more certainty. At the moment shale oil is extracted only in North America but around the worldinvestigations are starting to assess if the conditions are suitable from shale oilextraction elsewhere. The global technically recoverable resource has been estimatedto 345 Gb, 10% of all global technically recoverable resources. Health andenvironmental aspects of shale oil and gas production have not yet been investigatedthoroughly and there is a risk that these parameters may slow down or limit thespreading of shale development. This report aims to examine production patterns of shale oil wells by applying declinecurve analysis. This analysis comprises of analyzing historical production data toinvestigate how the future production may develop. The area of the study is the EagleFord shale play in Texas, U.S. The goal is to fit decline curves to production data andthen use them for making estimates of future production in the Eagle Ford. The production in the shale oil wells included in the study reach their peak already within a few months after production starts. After this point, production is declining.After one year, production has decreased by 75% and after two years the productionis 87% of the peak production. The hyperbolic decline curve has a good fit toproduction data and in many cases the curve is close to harmonic. It is too early todetermine whether the alternative decline curve that is tested, the scaling declinecurve, has a better fit in the long term. The report also investigates how the density of the petroleum affects the declinecurve. The result is that lighter products decline faster than heavier. A sensitivity analysis is performed to illustrate how different parameters affect thefuture production development. In addition to the wells’ decline rate, the assumptionson the maximum number of wells, the maximal production and the rate at which newwells are added affect the ultimately recoverable resource. These parameters all havelarge uncertainties and makes resource estimations more difficult.

Reservoir characterization is one of the most important problems in petroleum engineering. It involves forward reservoir modeling that predicts the fluid behavior in the reservoir and inverse problem that calibrates created reservoir models with given data. In this dissertation, we focus on two problems in the field of reservoir characterization: depth of investigation in heterogeneous reservoirs, and history matching and uncertainty quantification of channelized reservoirs. The concept of depth of investigation is fundamental to well test analysis. Much of the current well test analysis relies on analytical solutions based on homogeneous or layered reservoirs. However, such analytic solutions are severely limited for heterogeneous and fractured reservoirs, particularly for unconventional reservoirs with multistage hydraulic fractures. We first generalize the concept to heterogeneous reservoirs and provide an efficient tool to calculate drainage volume using fast marching methods and estimate pressure depletion based on geometric pressure approximation. The applicability of proposed method is illustrated using two applications in unconventional reservoirs including flow regime visualization and stimulated reservoir volume estimation. Due to high permeability contrast and non-Gaussianity of channelized permeability field, it is difficult to history match and quantify uncertainty of channelized reservoirs using traditional approaches. We treat facies boundaries as level set functions and solve the moving boundary problem (history matching) with the level set equation. In addition to level set methods, we also exploit the problem using pixel based approach. The reversible jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach is utilized to search the parameter space with flexible dimensions. Both proposed approaches are demonstrated with two and three dimensional examples.

abstract: Counterinsurgency (COIN) is a long process that even great powers struggle with. Nevertheless, South Korea as a middle power was successful with COINs in Vietnam and Iraq. What were the drivers for the Republic of Korea (ROK) military's success? This dissertation maintains that the unusual nature of missions coupled with political/socio-cultural advantages are sufficient conditions for success of the middle power COIN. COIN missions are seen as unusual to middle powers. A rare mission stimulates military forces to fight harder because they recognize this mission as an opportunity to increase their national prestige. COIN mission success is also more probable for middle powers because their forces make the best of their country's political/socio-cultural advantages. The ROK military's COINs are optimal cases to test these hypotheses. The ROK military's COIN in Vietnam was an extremely rare mission, which increased its enthusiasm. This enthusiasm was converted into appropriate capabilities. By identifying battleground dynamics, the ROK forces initially chose an enemy-oriented approach based upon the method of company-led tactical base, and then later introduced a population-led method. South Korea's political/socio-cultural advantages also contributed to its military success in Vietnam. The Confucius culture that South Koreans and Vietnamese shared allowed the ROK forces to win the hearts and minds of the Vietnamese population. The mission in Iraq was also a rare and important one for national prestige. Accordingly, South Korean forces were equipped with pride and were enthusiastic about missions in Arbil. They changed their organization from a rigid one to a more flexible one by strengthening civil-military units. The ROK military possessed the ability to choose a population-centric approach. South Korea's political and cultural climate also served as an advantage to accomplish COIN in Iraq. The culture of Jung allowed ROK soldiers to sincerely help the local Iraqis. This project contributes to developing a theory of the middle power COIN. The findings also generate security policy implications of how to deal with contingent situations led by the collapse of the North Korean regime and how to redefine the ROK military strategy for the future. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Political Science 2011

Title: Electronic properties and structure of selected rare earth and uranium compounds; influence of impurities Author: Jiří Pospíšil Abstract: This thesis is devoted to studies of influence of impurities and/or chemical varieties on magnetic and superconducting properties of selected metallic materials containing rare earth and uranium. The research generally consisted of the defined preparation of studied materials, detailed composition and structure characterisation, experiments focussed on determination of mutually related magnetic, transport and thermal properties followed by data analysis of relations between material composition/quality and material properties. The technology phase was carried out in two ways - 1) preparation of the best pure materials as possible and 2) controlled doping of pure materials. Three main study cases have been chosen: SmPd2Al3 - the representative of the complex magnetism of the Sm3+ ion, the so far unexplored superconductor YPd2Al3 were selected as the RE materials candidates and the controversial ferromagnetic superconductor UCoGe. The key ingredient of the initial technology phase was the refining the commercially available best element metals to the laboratory best achievable purity grade by the unique Solid State Electrotransport (SSE) method. SSE has been also...

Submitted by Luan Henrique Giroto Ferreira (luan.giroto@gmail.com) on 2018-06-28T23:37:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O ACERVO GLOBO E AS POSSIBILIDADES DE USO E FUNÇÃO DAS TIPOLOGIAS DOCUMENTAIS PARA DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ARQUIVOS EM EMISSORAS DE TELEVISÃO - Disssertação Luan Giroto.pdf: 1336329 bytes, checksum: fa5ceaf1b77afaea5aba7eca13fc03f6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Satie Tagara (satie@marilia.unesp.br) on 2018-06-29T16:16:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_lhg_me_mar.pdf: 1336329 bytes, checksum: fa5ceaf1b77afaea5aba7eca13fc03f6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-29T16:16:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ferreira_lhg_me_mar.pdf: 1336329 bytes, checksum: fa5ceaf1b77afaea5aba7eca13fc03f6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com a vasta produção de documentos que ultrapassam o suporte papel no contexto arquivístico, vêm sendo discutida novas dimensões conceituais que possam compreender a informação registrada sem se limitar aos formatos, formas ou suportes. Considerando que os arquivos em emissora de televisão possuem diferentes configurações de registro da informação e que são significativos os estudos para área da Ciência da Informação e da Arquivologia, verificou-se os processo informacionais relacionados aos documentos existentes na emissora de televisão da Rede Globo. Cada suporte apresenta possibilidade de uma diversidade de formatos, estruturas e acessos a partir de suas características e pode-se entender o contexto vinculado a estes arquivos como uma nova possibilidade de mercado de atuação profissional e campo científico em construção. Para tanto, procedeu-se à pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa do tipo descritiva utilizando o método de pesquisa documental e de estudo de caso. O universo de pesquisa foi ao acervo da Rede Globo de Televisão em São Paulo por se tratar de seu rico apoio às pesquisas acadêmicas e do vasto acervo audiovisual de documentos custodiados. Desse modo, observou-se mediante a visita técnica ao acervo que os documentos em suportes diferentes ao papel utilizados como documentos possuem amplo uso nos produtos oferecidos pela instituição, o que permite concluir que auxiliam no desenvolvimento, na promoção e na construção da memória organizacional da emissora. / With the wide production of documents exceeding the paper in archival context, new conceptual dimensions that can understand the information without being confined to the formats, forms or supports have been discussed. Considering that the documents have different configurations of information registration and that they lack studies in the area of information science and archivology, the objective is to verify the contribution of non-conventional documents to the production of new activities of a television station. Each support presents a diversity of formats, structures and availability from its characteristics and one can understand the context linked to these archives as a new possibility of market and scientific field in construction. To do so, we proceed to the qualitative approach of descriptive and exploratory type with case study method and content analysis. The universe of research was due to the influence of Rede Globo television in support of academic research and the rich creative collection of documents in custody. In this way, it is observed that documents in different media such as clothes, dishes, coins and iconographic documents used have wide use in the products offered by the institution, which allows to conclude that they assist in the development, promotion and construction of the organizational memory of the broadcaster.