Background: Joint attention (JA) is selectively and pervasively impaired in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and has been found to link to later outcomes in language, theory of mind, play and social development. This study investigated the effectiveness of a social interactive intervention to improve initiating JA skills in children with ASD. The intervention was based on the mirror neuron hypothesis, in that techniques used encouraged the children to take on their communication partners’ perspective through a process of embodied simulation. Method: Three participants diagnosed with ASD, under the age of 5, were recruited as well as 3 typically developing children for the setting of training criteria. A multiple-baseline design across participants was implemented. Results: All three participants displayed improvements in their ability to initiate JA. Skills generalized to other settings and communication partners. Improvements were observed by both trained and naïve observers. Conclusions: A social interactive model, based on the mirror neuron hypothesis, utilizing specific techniques which follow the child’s lead may be used to effectively improve initiating joint attention (IJA) in some children with ASD.

Trata-se aqui de pesquisa teórica que tem por objeto a relação entre o tema do limite das exculpantes penais e o uso da inexigibilidade de conduta diversa como topoi, tendo em vista a justiça do caso concreto. A idéia é demonstrar que, a partir dessa relação, é possível garantir a segurança que um dia a razão penal prometeu ao indivíduo. Autônomo, igual, livre, e ainda dotado de razão e subjetividade, o indivíduo que a razão moderna contempla é aquele que fez a passagem da dependência para a emancipação e, assim, tornou-se capaz de responsabilidades. Concebido desse modo, ele se liga, de um lado, ao consenso que gerou o Estado pela via do contrato social, e, de outro, à legalidade penal que daí resultou. Neste caso e para justificá-la, o direito penal elegeu a promessa de segurança jurídica como peça central de seu discurso. Ela seria deduzida, ora dos crimes (e das penas correspondentes) como previsão determinada e escrita, ora do delito como sistema fundado numa ação combinadamente típica, ilícita e culpável. A experiência jurídica, no entanto, mostra-se desapontada com aquela promessa. É o que se dá no setor da culpabilidade, especificamente com as exculpantes. Fora dos casos–padrão, suas insuficiências [lacunas] ficam evidentes quando exigências de justiça material se articulam com casos-limite. Assim são considerados aqueles casos para os quais a lei penal não contempla hipóteses que permitam deduzir todas as conseqüências de uma ação na qual o indivíduo não pôde, por conta de circunstâncias anormais, tomar a norma como fonte de inspiração. Nesse ponto, instaura-se um problema cuja solução é encontrada no conceito de inexigibilidade de conduta diversa. Sem lugar definido nos domínios da legalidade, seu uso é sustentado, não a partir do sistema penal, mas do problema concreto, e assim é assumido como topoi, uma categoria emprestada das teorias da argumentação._________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT: What we have here is theoretical research that deals with the relation between the theme of the limit of penal exculpates and of the use of undemanding diverse conduct as topoi, taking into consideration the justice of the case itself in a concrete way. The idea is to demonstrate that from this relation it is possible to guarantee the security that penal reason once promised the individual. Independent, equal, free, and yet endowed with reason and subjectivity, the individual that modern reason contemplates is that who made the passage from dependency to liberation thus becoming capable of responsibilities. Conceived this way, he associates himself, on one end to the consensus that generated the State through the way of a social contract and, on the other end, to the penal legality that arose afterwards. In this case and also to justify it, penal law chose to promise judicial security as the main piece of its speech. Such promise would be inferred, at times from the felonies (and from the corresponding arbitrated punishments) as determined and written foresight, and at times from the felony itself as a founded system within a combined action i.e. typical, illegal and culpable. However, the judicial experience shows itself disappointed with such promise. This is what happens in the field of culpability, more specifically with exculpates. Aside from average cases, their insufficiencies (omissions) are evident when demands from material justice articulate themselves with borderline cases. This is how cases are considered, those for which the penal law does not contemplate hypothesis that allow inferring all the consequences of an action in which the individual was not able, because of abnormal circumstances, to take such norms as a source of inspiration. At this point, a problem is established and the solution is found in the concept of undemanding of diverse conduct. Without a defined place in the realms of legality, its usage is sustainable, not because of the penal system, but of the concrete problem in itself and thus it is absorbed as topoi, a category borrowed from the theories of argumentation.

iv Abstrakt anglicky Thesis is focused on subject of foundation engineering for undemanding constructions at construction sites with difficult basis conditions. In first part of thesis the selected methods for depth foundation construction are discussed. These methods were used or have potential to be used at examined locations. Examined locations with difficult basis conditions are described in second part of thesis. Final part of thesis contains preparation for detailed IGP for foundaton construction in locality Praha - Řeporyje. Main objective of thesis is to assess various methods of special foundation engineering in difficult basis conditions and to evaluate their suitability for using in given geological conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alberto Menezes.pdf: 815456 bytes, checksum: 2932580630d7596a47a54f88677a7778 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-14 / What we have here is theoretical research that deals with the relation between the theme of the limit of penal exculpates and of the use of undemanding diverse conduct as topoi, taking into consideration the justice of the case itself in a concrete way. The idea is to demonstrate that from this relation it is possible to guarantee the security that penal reason once promised the individual. Independent, equal, free, and yet endowed with reason and subjectivity, the individual that modern reason contemplates is that who made the passage from dependency to liberation thus becoming capable of responsibilities. Conceived this way, he associates himself, on one end to the consensus that generated the State through the way of a social contract and, on the other end, to the penal legality that arose afterwards. In this case and also to justify it, penal law chose to promise judicial security as the main piece of its speech. Such promise would be inferred, at times from the felonies (and from the corresponding arbitrated punishments) as determined and written foresight, and at times from the felony itself as a founded system within a combined action i.e. typical, illegal and culpable. However, the judicial experience shows itself disappointed with such promise. This is what happens in the field of culpability, more specifically with exculpates. Aside from average cases, their insufficiencies (omissions) are evident when demands from material justice articulate themselves with borderline cases. This is how cases are considered, those for which the penal law does not contemplate hypothesis that allow inferring all the consequences of an action in which the individual was not able, because of abnormal circumstances, to take such norms as a source of inspiration. At this point, a problem is established and the solution is found in the concept of undemanding of diverse conduct. Without a defined place in the realms of legality, its usage is sustainable, not because of the penal system, but of the concrete problem in itself and thus it is absorbed as topoi, a category borrowed from the theories of argumentation / Trata-se aqui de pesquisa teórica que tem por objeto a relação entre o tema do limite das exculpantes penais e o uso da inexigibilidade de conduta diversa como topoi, tendo em vista a justiça do caso concreto. A idéia é demonstrar que, a partir dessa relação, é possível garantir a segurança que um dia a razão penal prometeu ao indivíduo. Autônomo, igual, livre, e ainda dotado de razão e subjetividade, o indivíduo que a razão moderna contempla é aquele que fez a passagem da dependência para a emancipação e, assim, tornou-se capaz de responsabilidades. Concebido desse modo, ele se liga, de um lado, ao consenso que gerou o Estado pela via do contrato social, e, de outro, à legalidade penal que daí resultou. Neste caso e para justificá-la, o direito penal elegeu a promessa de segurança jurídica como peça central de seu discurso. Ela seria deduzida, ora dos crimes (e das penas correspondentes) como previsão determinada e escrita, ora do delito como sistema fundado numa ação combinadamente típica, ilícita e culpável. A experiência jurídica, no entanto, mostra-se desapontada com aquela promessa. É o que se dá no setor da culpabilidade, especificamente com as exculpantes. Fora dos casos padrão, suas insuficiências [lacunas] ficam evidentes quando exigências de justiça material se articulam com casos-limite. Assim são considerados aqueles casos para os quais a lei penal não contempla hipóteses que permitam deduzir todas as conseqüências de uma ação na qual o indivíduo não pôde, por conta de circunstâncias anormais, tomar a norma como fonte de inspiração. Nesse ponto, instaura-se um problema cuja solução é encontrada no conceito de inexigibilidade de conduta diversa. Sem lugar definido nos domínios da legalidade, seu uso é sustentado, não a partir do sistema penal, mas do problema concreto, e assim é assumido como topoi, uma categoria emprestada das teorias da argumentação

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