This dissertation investigated a very specialised, highly sensitive and complex research area in policing known as undercover policing or covert policing operations. This is the first examination to be conducted in the Australasian policing context and the only known research to explore, empirically, undercover operatives' experiences of returning to mainstream police duties after completing their covert duties.----- There were two main research objectives in this dissertation. The first was to develop research methodology specific for use with undercover police officers. The second main objective was to conduct an empirical investigation to identify the psychological processes associated with the reintegration or re-assimilation of undercover police officers into mainstream policing environments. Social identity theory was applied to deconstruct undercover police officers' reintegration experiences.----- Given the closed and protected nature of covert policing, careful consideration to methodological and ethical issues required high priority in the development of research practices. Addressing these considerations in research practices protected the anonymity and security of those involved in the research. Tailoring research methods to suit the officers' circumstances and satisfy police managements' security concerns improved the practical application of research methods and research relations with police members and, therefore, the quality of the findings.----- In developing a research methodology for specific use with undercover police officers, a multi-method approach was adopted. Data triangulation with the use of a variety of data sources and methodological triangulation with the use of multiple methods and multiple indicators were employed. This technique proved constructive in creating a more holistic perspective of undercover policing and officers' experiences of re-assimilation.----- In theoretical terms, the major issue under investigation is of negotiating dual memberships or multiple identities. Three studies are reported. The first study is a field study, in which the researcher spent more than 18 months in the covert policing context, as a participant observer. Through field research, the researcher was able to learn about the Australasian covert policing context; obtain in-house police documents; define research issues and hypotheses; understand methodological considerations; identify a psychological theoretical framework; and examine &quotthe fit " between theory and the social dynamics of covert policing. Other benefits of becoming immersed in the working life of undercover police officers and the police organisation included understanding the ways of proceeding and the social and organisational structure that exists among covert personnel.----- The second study interviewed 20 former covert police personnel, from two police jurisdictions, who had been reintegrated for more than three years. The majority of officers found returning to mainstream police duties a difficult experience and two separate profiles of reintegration experiences emerged from the data. This study identified the presence of more than one police identity among former operatives. It found that some officers internalise aspects of the undercover policing norms and use these police norms to define aspects of the self both as a police officer and as an individual. That is, role-playing the undercover police persona became an extension of the officer as an individual and contributed positively to their personal self-worth. It was noted that the majority of officers expressed cognitive confusion over how to behave in the mainstream policing environment after covert duties had ceased.----- The other profile to emerge from the data was of officers who characterised their undercover policing experiences as being more integrated into their overall police persona. Officers interviewed in this study employed different identity decision-making strategies to restructure their police identities. In sum, this study found that the extent, to which the undercover and mainstream memberships were integrated cognitively, influenced officers' experiences of reintegration.----- The third study is a cross-sectional design using survey methods. Thirty-eight trainees, 31 currently operational and 38 former undercover operatives from four police jurisdictions took part in this study. A group of mainstream police officers matched according to former operatives' age, gender and years of policing experience was also included. This study found that police identities change over the phases of undercover police work and that changes in former operatives' mainstream police identity were a function of covert police work. Cross-sectional comparisons revealed that former operatives' undercover police identity had declined since covert policing, however, officers' mainstream police identity had not significantly increased. Failure to increase identification with mainstream police after undercover police work has ceased has a number of implications in terms of predicting re-assimilation. Operatives most likely to experience difficulties were those who resisted the mainstream police identification and reported difficult relations with their mainstream peers. Trends analysis revealed that despite the physical change, 'cognitive' re-assimilation actually commences in the second year of the operatives' reintegration. These exploratory analyses revealed that following return to the mainstream policing environment, identity stressors were mostly likely to be experienced in the first year of reintegration.----- To determine psychological adjustment since undercover police work, the person-environment fit was also investigated in the study. Operatives' current perceptions of working in the mainstream context were reported using a number of behavioural and organisational indicators. Overall, this study found that former operatives remain committed to their policing profession, however, those who experienced identity stress during the re-assimilation process were less satisfied with their current work duties and failed to find their work interesting, tended to perceive undercover duties as having been detrimental to their career, and expressed greater intentions to leave the service within 12 months of the survey. Overall former operatives' satisfaction and commitment levels were not significantly different from mainstream officers. Mainstream police, however, reported being under greater pressure and felt more overworked in the mainstream context than former operatives. In summary, these organisational indicators revealed that the difficulties of re-assimilation and intentions to leave the service are more related to the stress of modifying officers' police identity during this period than the workload characteristics of mainstream policing.----- Overall these studies demonstrated that the process of negotiating police identities is an important psychological dynamic present in undercover operatives' reintegration experiences. The identity stress experienced during this period was shown to have a number of organisational-behavioural consequences, such as problematic intergroup relations and greater intentions to leave the police service after undercover police work. Based on findings from this research a number of practical recommendations are made and suggestions for the direction of future research are outlined. Contributions to theory are also discussed.

Thesis (M.A.)--Carleton University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-109). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 82-85). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Text in Afrikaans / Infringement, by the executive, of the right to privacy of the individual is an everyday occurrence. Section 14 of the Constitution, Act 108 of 1996 protects the right to privacy. The Criminal Procedure Act, Act 51 of 1977 authorises the police service, to search for and seize articles, to enter premises, ascertain bodily features of accused and to employ traps and undercover operations. On the one hand the Criminal Procedure Act authorises the police to infringe the privacy of the individual but on the other hand it guarantees the privacy of the individual. The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act are qualified by the Constitution, specifically by section 36 and 35(5). The authorisation of a police officer should be obtained before a person could be arrested without a warrant, which should, in any event, be the last resort. The written permission of an officer must be obtained prior to the making of an application for a warrant to a magistrate. A police officer should be prohibited from issuing a search warrant, as the general perception of the public is that members of the police may not be sufficiently independent. The exercising of magistrates' discretion regarding the decision as to whether a search warrant should be issued or not should be extended. A search warrant should comply with strict requirements as to who may execute the warrant, when, how and when the warrant will become invalid. Search and seizure without a warrant should not be allowed at all, except in circumstances where there is an immediate threat or danger to a person, property or the public safety. In cases of urgency, it should be made possible to obtain the telephonic permission from a magistrate to search property. Where necessary to ascertain the bodily features of an accused through surgery, a compulsory application in terms of section 37(3) should be made to the court for authorisation, irrespective of whether the accused consents to the surgery or not. More importance should be attached to the rights of the individual and the powers of the executive should be limited. / Jurisprudence / LL.D

The diploma thesis is concerned with the topic of organized crime in the territory of the Czech Republic, in terms of both criminological and criminal law. Chapter One describes the problems with the terminological definition of the term "organized crime", defines the characteristics of this phenomenon and their specificity in relation to other forms of criminal activity. Chapter Two focuses on the causes and developmental changes of organized crime in the Czech Republic in order to highlight the seriousness of this phenomenon. The risks of organized crime are further elaborated in Chapter Three, which aims to familiarize readers with the most frequent organized crime groups operating within the territory of the Czech Republic. The specificity of the crime committed by the organized crime groups is pointed out by using real criminal cases. In order to complete a picture of the activities and structure of the organized criminal groups operating within our territory, this chapter is interleaved with the current statistical data obtained from the Criminal Statistics System of the Czech Republic. Chapter Four focuses on the main means and institutions in the field of the fight against organized crime, their development and the way how they affect the organized crime in our territory. To this end, this...

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The research was conducted as a result of the long standing criticism against undercover operations due to the conduct of informers and agents during these operations. Since both undercover operations and informers are controversial issues it may cause serious judicial problems if the system is not applied correctly. The problem was investigated by means of qualitative research. A thorough literature study and semi-structured interviews were used to gather the required data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with advocates of the Director of Public Prosecutions Free State and detectives from the Organised Crime Unit of the South African Police Service. It has been found that undercover operations are an effective manner to address organised crime and especially precious metals related crimes. Undercover operations are an excellent barometer to determine the extent of organised crime. It gives investigators a clear view of the compilation of a syndicate and the roles of leaders, runners and associates. Informers are invaluable sources of information. Without the use of informers it will be virtually impossible to engage in undercover operations, since the police will have no intelligence to engage into an investigation of this nature. The implications of the findings are that it is the responsibility of investigators, agents and informers to keep the system transparent, fair and acceptable. Their conduct may never violate their mandate and the boundaries of the investigation. Undercover operations are justified when the system is properly administered, structured, controlled and without bias. / Forensic Investigation / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The research was conducted as a result of the long standing criticism against undercover operations due to the conduct of informers and agents during these operations. Since both undercover operations and informers are controversial issues it may cause serious judicial problems if the system is not applied correctly. The problem was investigated by means of qualitative research. A thorough literature study and semi-structured interviews were used to gather the required data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with advocates of the Director of Public Prosecutions Free State and detectives from the Organised Crime Unit of the South African Police Service. It has been found that undercover operations are an effective manner to address organised crime and especially precious metals related crimes. Undercover operations are an excellent barometer to determine the extent of organised crime. It gives investigators a clear view of the compilation of a syndicate and the roles of leaders, runners and associates. Informers are invaluable sources of information. Without the use of informers it will be virtually impossible to engage in undercover operations, since the police will have no intelligence to engage into an investigation of this nature. The implications of the findings are that it is the responsibility of investigators, agents and informers to keep the system transparent, fair and acceptable. Their conduct may never violate their mandate and the boundaries of the investigation. Undercover operations are justified when the system is properly administered, structured, controlled and without bias. / Forensic Investigation / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the link between attitudes and actions to influencers’ undercover marketing in social media from a consumer perspective, as this is lacking in today's research. Theoretical reference frame: The study uses theories, concepts and previous research that are within the field of the study. These include: Attitudes to Advertising -The Attitude Model, The Functional Attitude Theory and Word-of-Mouth. Method: The study is based on a qualitative method in the form of semi-structured interviews. The interviews consisted of four different themes based on seven questions. Respondents have been selected using an non-probability selection. A total of 14 respondents participated in the survey. Results: The results indicate that respondents either have a negative or a positive attitude towards influencers’ undercover marketing in social media. The actions the respondents make when they come into contact with the phenomenon is that they either buy or do not buy the product that is presented. Further actions respondents make is seeking information about the products, stop following the influencers and spreading negative or positive information to other consumers. Conclusion: The conclusion is that consumers have different attitudes towards influencers undercover marketing in social media and depending on their preconceptions of undercover marketing, their actions differ. Consumers with a positive attitude to the concept usually buy the product and spread positive Word-of-Mouth to other consumers. Consumers who on the other hand have a negative attitude towards influencers undercover marketing in social media tend to refrain entirely from a purchase and spread negative Word-of-Mouth to other consumers. / Syfte: Syftet med studien är att få en förståelse för kopplingen mellan attityder och ageranden till influencers dolda marknadsföring på sociala medier utifrån ett konsumentperspektiv, då detta saknas i dagens forskning. Teoretisk referensram: Studien använder sig av teorier, begrepp och tidigare forskning som behandlarundersökningsområdet. Dessa innefattar: Attityder till reklam -Attitydmodellen, Teorin om funktionella attityder och Word-of-Mouth. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ metod i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Intervjuerna består av fyra olika teman baserat på sju frågor. Respondenterna har valts ut med hjälp av ett icke sannolikhetsurval. Sammanlagt deltog 14 respondenter till undersökningen. Resultat: Resultaten visar att respondenterna antingen hade en negativ eller positiv attityd till influencers dolda marknadsföring på sociala medier. De ageranden respondenter gör efter de kommit i kontakt med fenomenet är att antingen köpa de produkter som presenteras eller att avstå från köp. Ytterligare ageranden är att söka information om produkterna, sluta följa influencers konton samt sprida positiv eller negativ information till andra människor. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att konsumenter har varierande attityder till influencers dolda marknadsföring på sociala medier och att man beroende på vilken attityd man har agerar utifrån det. Konsumenter med en positiv attityd till konceptet brukar vanligtvis köpa produkten och sprida positiv Word-of-Mouth till andra konsumenter. Konsumenter som däremot har en negativ attityd till influencers dolda marknadsföring på sociala medier tenderar att avstå helt från ett köp och sprider negativ Word-of-Mouth till andra konsumenter.

Past research has highlighted various problematic issues related to the use of the RCMP undercover operation entitled the “Mr. Big” sting. In a landmark decision, R v. Hart [2014], the Supreme Court of Canada recognized many problems with it and implemented a new admissibility test that would render confessions obtained by the undercover operation presumptively inadmissible. This research project explores the impact that this new evidentiary rule has had on cases involving “Mr. Big” confession evidence since the Hart decision (2014 to 2016). A content analysis was conducted on 16 cases that applied the new admissibility test. The case analysis revealed several important findings from cases that have applied the new admissibility test following Hart. In order to situate these findings, General Systems Theory was used to illustrate the impact that the court’s interpretation of the new evidentiary rule could have on the different components of the criminal justice system. It will be important for future research to further examine the impact of the new admissibility test in order to enhance our understanding of the influence it has had on cases involving “Mr. Big” sting confession evidence.