Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Cezar Bourgogne de Almeida.pdf: 975059 bytes, checksum: d37b03186450c67dfee89ca3eb92891c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-28 / In this dissertation, there is a deeper approach in the study of controlled action and undercover agents, which are used as investigative means forseen within the Brazilian legislation to battle organized crime. To provide a better comprehension of the subject, this work begins with an analysis of the Democratic State of Law, and the necessity of that and its need for efficiency related to the counter attack of organized crime, therefore enabling a better comprehension of the subject. This type of crime, even though it is not a recent phenomena, has evolved altogether with the improvements from the communication means. This such criminals have had their power, business structure increased, they have also become transnational businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and features of this evolution: understanding the organized crime and knowing the resources there are available for its counter strike, some of them which are foreseen in international agreements which were incorporated in our justice ruling. With those concepts established, a more profound analysis becomes feasible for those investigative means that were chosen, their approach in other countries, the requirements necessary for utilization and the full gamut of operational resources that are imperative to confront criminal organizations / Nessa dissertação se aprofunda o estudo da ação controlada e da infiltração de agentes, que são meios investigatórios previstos na legislação brasileira para o combate ao crime organizado. Para compreender o tema, inicia-se o trabalho com uma análise do Estado Democrático de Direito e a necessidade de sua eficiência em relação ao combate à criminalidade organizada. Essa criminalidade, embora não seja um fenômeno recente, muito evoluiu com o incremento dos meios de comunicação. Ela ganhou poder, estrutura empresarial e tornou-se transnacional. Assim, faz-se necessário compreender as características dessa evolução; o que é crime organizado e conhecer os recursos disponíveis para seu combate, alguns previstos em tratados internacionais incorporados ao nosso ordenamento jurídico. Estabelecidos esses conceitos, torna-se possível uma profunda análise dos meios investigatórios escolhidos, passando-se a estudar seus conceitos, suas leituras em outros países, seus requisitos para utilização e toda a operacionalidade dos mecanismos, que, se bem utilizados, são ferramentas indispensáveis para fazer frente às organizações criminosas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Victoria de Paula Souza de Mathis.pdf: 652735 bytes, checksum: a8c2b4a8be6a8923c793e255f425527a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-18 / This thesis analyzes the institute of the undercover agent law within the context of the democratic criminal procedure, whose structural and axiological basis is the notion of human dignity. Organized crime is a reality and its handling requires the criminal procedure to provide effective solutions. This research is aimed at identifying whether the infiltration of agents as a special means of investigation, reserved for crimes committed by criminal organizations, is supported by the constitution. It concludes that it is both a highly efficient technique, as well as highly restrictive in terms of fundamental rights. For this reason, it is only accepted as a means of investigation in situations involving crimes of severe gravity, committed by criminal organizations, extremely difficult to investigate and clarify, and as long as the evidence cannot be obtained through alternative means. The constitutionality of the practice of infiltration of agents is defined by the limits of the actions of the Law enforcement agent himself, and for this reason there needs to be a very clear and precise Law defining such limits and actions. This study concludes that the infiltration of a law enforcement agent within a criminal organization, with the objective of investigating crimes, acting passively in regards to the committal of crimes, with a scope of actions limited to the collection of evidence and the observation of actions of other members of the aforementioned organization, is constitutional. On the other hand, the committal of crimes by such infiltrated law enforcement agent is accepted as long as it is proportional to the objectives of the investigation, with the infiltrated agent being liable for any excesses identified. This, however, does not include the practice of intentional crimes against life, sexual freedom or torture. Under no circumstances will the committal of such crimes be tolerated / A presente tese tem como objetivo analisar o instituto da infiltração de agentes, no contexto do processo penal democrático, cuja diretriz estrutural e axiológica é a dignidade da pessoa humana. O crime organizado é uma realidade e demanda do processo penal soluções efetivas para enfrentá-lo. Procurou-se verificar se a infiltração de agentes como técnica especial de investigação, reservada aos crimes praticados por organização criminosa, encontra guarida constitucional. Constatou-se que a infiltração de agentes é técnica muito eficiente, mas é também muitíssimo restritiva de direitos fundamentais. Por este motivo, só será admitida para a investigação de crimes de extrema gravidade, praticados por organização criminosa, de difícil elucidação, e desde que a prova pretendida não possa ser obtida de outra forma. A constitucionalidade da infiltração de agentes diz com os limites de atuação do policial infiltrado. Razão pela qual é preciso que a lei os defina, de forma clara e precisa. Concluiu-se que é constitucional a infiltração de policial que se insere em organização criminosa, a fim de investigar crimes e que atue de forma passiva, sem praticar crimes, limitando-se a coletar provas e observar a conduta dos demais integrantes. Por outro lado, admite-se a prática de crimes pelo agente se inexigível conduta diversa e desde que sua atuação seja proporcional à finalidade da investigação, respondendo pelo excesso. Excepciona-se, no entanto, a prática de crimes dolosos contra a vida, liberdade sexual e de tortura. Em nenhuma hipótese será admitida a prática dos crimes mencionados

The current study utilizes Critical Discourse Analysis and Thematic Analysis to study newspaper coverage of F.B.I. sting operations in The New York Times, Washington Post, and USA Today. F.B.I. sting operations are a modern counter-terrorism policy designed to preempt acts of terrorism. This study develops a theoretical approach to understanding F.B.I. sting operations by reviewing the critique of security. The critique of security suggests that nations construct threats in order to produce and maintain ideological and practical hegemony. Thematic categories of the newspaper discourse are formulated and analyzed in the context of security. The study employs aspects of grounded theory for theoretical positioning. Findings suggest newspaper coverage of F.B.I. sting operations reflect and expand security in a number of important ways. Newspaper coverage provides information on a significant tactic used in the War on Terrorism and gives insight to the justification and reasoning for using that tactic. These pieces of information explain the interplay of security and counter-terrorism policy. However, findings also suggest security fosters positive relationships between nations, which requires repositioning aspects of the critique of security developed previously. Finally, newspaper discourse of F.B.I. sting operations helps contextualize the way modern counter-terrorism policy is ideologically configured. Findings show the dominant ideological configuration is security. The study considers how this framework contributes to a flawed understanding of the nature of peace.

Text in English / The organized and sophisticated way in which criminal targets conduct the crime of drug trafficking, necessitates the use of undercover agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations. The goal of this research was to determine how agents should be recruited and managed for undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations. The correct recruitment and management processes when dealing with agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations, which enable investigators to follow a logical sequence, was explored by the researcher. The entire recruitment process of agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations was discussed, from studying the criminal target, identification of a suitable agent and then the recruitment process itself. Legal aspects and administrative processes to be utilized to manage agents were discussed. The researcher utilized national and international literature sources to gather new and current information on the recruitment of agents in undercover drug trafficking investigations. Interviews were conducted with retired and experienced former South African Police Service (SAPS) officials who managed and recruited agents during their employment in the SAPS. The general purpose of this research was to provide practical recommendations on the best practices for the recruitment and management of agents in undercover drug trafficking criminal investigations. / Police Practice / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

The problem that was identified is that physical surveillance is not generally used by general detectives in the South African Police Service as a technique during their investigations. According to the researcher’s experience, this can be due to lack of understanding or experience or may stem from ignorance. A lack of training on the use of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process was also identified as a problem. This study therefore investigated the role and use of physical surveillance within the forensic investigation process. The focus of the research was on basic static (stationary), foot and vehicle surveillance as these types of surveillance are usually conducted in conjunction with each other. An empirical research design was used to conduct the research. A qualitative research approach enabled the researcher to obtain first-hand information from interviews with general detectives. Information was also obtained from a thorough literature study and from the researcher’s own experience on the topic. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of physical surveillance, its elements, its influence and its values. A physical surveillance operation is a forensic tool used to gather evidence, to recover stolen property, and to identify and arrest the perpetrator. The use of physical surveillance during investigations serves the purpose of gathering evidence and information that can be used as intelligence. Successful forensic investigation requires skill and places extraordinary demands on detectives to utilise all available methods and techniques. The recognition of the use of physical surveillance as a method of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. The research has revealed that general detectives do not acknowledge the importance of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process. It is of vital importance that all detectives be properly trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to make use of this valuable investigative tool. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Suite à l’abandon agricole, le nouveau milieu forestier en développement est souvent peu diversifié en espèces d’arbres de grande valeur économique. La solution qu’est la plantation d’enrichissement sous couvert doit intégrer l’effet d’interception lumineuse des manchons protecteurs contre le broutage. À cette fin, des ouvertures du couvert par bandes larges de 3, 6 et 9 mètres, combinées à deux manchons protecteurs à petites et grandes mailles et à un témoin, sont comparés. L’expérience analyse l’effet niveaux de lumière sur la croissance de plants de bouleaux jaunes et de chênes à gros fruits allant de 8 à 46 %. L’ouverture de 9 mètres a été la plus avantageuse pour la croissance en hauteur et en diamètre du bouleau jaune, et ce pour les deux types de protections. Le protecteur à petites mailles a limité la croissance de l’espèce dans les trois largeurs d’ouvertures. Le diamètre du chêne à gros fruits a été le plus faible dans cette même protection. Avec une lumière accrue, le diamètre du chêne à gros fruits a augmenté ainsi que la longueur moyenne des branches et la surface foliaire du bouleau jaune. La bonne croissance juvénile ou initiale du bouleau jaune en fait une espèce d’intérêt pour l’enrichissement en forêts. Une ouverture intermédiaire d’une largeur de six mètres est envisageable pour réduire les perturbations et les coûts. La protection de type grandes mailles améliore davantage la croissance que l’autre, sous toutes les tailles d’ouvertures. / Following abandonment of agricultural land, regrowth forests typically show a low diversity of tree species. One possible solution, enrichment underplanting, must consider protection against browsing, which hinders sunlight from reaching the seedlings. We examined the effects on growth of three different widths of strip opening (3, 6 or 9 meters) mixed with two protective sleeves (a small mesh and a large one). In the experiment, light levels reaching seedlings of yellow birch and burr oak range from 8 to 46 %PAR. The nine meters strip was the best to promote diameter and height growth of yellow birch, regardless of the protective sleeves used. The small mesh sleeve produced a smaller growth in all the openings, for both species in diameter and only for yellow birch in height. Burr oak diameter was also reduced by the small mesh protection. With increased light, mean length of branches and leaf area for yellow birch increased, as well as diameter for burr oak. Good growth of yellow birch makes it a species of interest for enrichment planting. A strip opening of 6 meters width could be enough to ensure artificial regeneration of yellow birch, while limiting disturbances and reducing costs. Large mesh sleeve would be best to maximize growth.

The problem that was identified is that physical surveillance is not generally used by general detectives in the South African Police Service as a technique during their investigations. According to the researcher’s experience, this can be due to lack of understanding or experience or may stem from ignorance. A lack of training on the use of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process was also identified as a problem. This study therefore investigated the role and use of physical surveillance within the forensic investigation process. The focus of the research was on basic static (stationary), foot and vehicle surveillance as these types of surveillance are usually conducted in conjunction with each other. An empirical research design was used to conduct the research. A qualitative research approach enabled the researcher to obtain first-hand information from interviews with general detectives. Information was also obtained from a thorough literature study and from the researcher’s own experience on the topic. To conduct effective investigation, it is important for investigators to be familiar with the concept of physical surveillance, its elements, its influence and its values. A physical surveillance operation is a forensic tool used to gather evidence, to recover stolen property, and to identify and arrest the perpetrator. The use of physical surveillance during investigations serves the purpose of gathering evidence and information that can be used as intelligence. Successful forensic investigation requires skill and places extraordinary demands on detectives to utilise all available methods and techniques. The recognition of the use of physical surveillance as a method of evidence gathering is of outmost importance. The research has revealed that general detectives do not acknowledge the importance of physical surveillance as a method to obtain information for the investigation process. It is of vital importance that all detectives be properly trained with the necessary knowledge and skills to make use of this valuable investigative tool. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

No description available.

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage. / The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights.