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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Novo modelo de coeficiente de atividade : F-SAC

Gerber, Renan Pereira January 2012 (has links)
Atualmente, pelo menos para fins de engenharia, os modelos preditivos de maior sucesso para coeficientes de atividade são os baseados em grupos funcionais, tais como UNIFAC e suas variantes. Enquanto esses modelos requerem grandes quantidades de dados experimentais, os baseados em COSMO-RS (COnductor-like Screening MOdel - for Real Solvents) requerem a calibração de um pequeno conjunto de parâmetros universais. No entanto, a precisão requerida por tarefas de engenharia, tais como a otimização de sistemas de separação, é maior do que a obtida por esta última categoria de modelos. Assim, um novo modelo é proposto neste trabalho, aqui chamado de F-SAC (Functional-Segment Activity Coefficient). Este novo modelo também é baseado no conceito de grupos funcionais, mas a energia de interação entre os grupos vem da teoria COSMO-RS. No presente trabalho, foram consideradas apenas misturas em que não há formação de ligação de hidrogênio ou quando esta pôde ser assumida negligenciável. Assim, foram necessários apenas três parâmetros para descrever cada grupo funcional. A princípio, uma vez ajustados os parâmetros de cada grupo, estes funcionariam para descrever a interação para qualquer par de grupos. Esta é a principal vantagem do modelo proposto. O número de parâmetros do modelo cresce proporcionalmente ao número de grupos funcionais, enquanto que no UNIFAC o número de parâmetros de interação cresce proporcionalmente ao quadrado do número de grupos. Para o banco de dados experimentais de coeficientes de atividade em diluição infinita considerado, a correlação do F-SAC apresentou um erro médio absoluto de 0,07 unidades de ln, enquanto que os modelos UNIFAC (Do) e COSMO-SAC apresentaram, respectivamente, erros de 0,12 e 0,21. O F-SAC foi também avaliado para mais de 1000 misturas binárias de um soluto dissolvido em líquido iônico com dados disponíveis na literatura. O modelo apresentou uma boa correlação aos dados experimentais, com erro médio absoluto de 0,17 unidades de ln, similar ao apresentado pelas misturas orgânicas. O poder de predição do novo modelo foi avaliado utilizando dados de equilíbrio líquido-vapor não considerados no procedimento de ajuste do modelo. Uma ótima concordância com os dados experimentais foi possível em toda a faixa de composição, bem como na predição de azeótropos. Esses resultados demonstram o potencial do modelo proposto. / At present, at least for engineering purposes, the most successful predictive models for activity coefficients are those based on functional groups, such as UNIFAC and its variants. While these models require large amounts of experimental data, the ones based on COSMO-RS require the calibration of a small set of universal parameters. However, the resolution required by engineering tasks, such as the optimization of separation systems, is higher than that obtained by COSMO-RS models. Thus, in this work a novel Functional-Segment Activity Coefficient (F-SAC) model is proposed. This new model is also based on the concept of functional groups, but the interaction energy between groups comes from the COSMO-RS theory. In this study, we considered only mixtures where there is no formation of hydrogen bonds or when they could be assumed negligible. Then, only three parameters were required to describe each functional group. In principle, once the parameters for each functional group are properly calibrated, they should work to describe the interactions with any other group. This is the main advantage of the proposed model, the number of model parameters grows linearly with the number of functional groups, whereas in UNIFAC the number of interaction parameters exhibit quadratic growth with respect to the number of groups. For the experimental database of infinite dilution activity coefficients considered, the correlation of F-SAC have shown a mean absolute error of 0.07 ln-unit. The UNIFAC (Do) and COSMO-SAC models presented errors of 0.12 and 0.21, respectively. F-SAC was also evaluated for more than 1000 binary mixtures of solute in ionic liquid with data available in the literature. Again, the model have shown good correlation to the experimental data, with mean absolute error of 0.17 ln-unit, similar to the performance with the organic mixtures. The predictive strength of the model was assessed by using vaporliquid equilibrium data not considered in the model fitting process. Very good agreement with experimental data was possible over the entire composition range, as well as in the prediction of azeotropes. These results demonstrate the potential of the proposed method.
22

Phasengleichgewichte in komplexen Modellsystemen aus Phenolen, Kohlenwasserstoffen und Wasser / Phase Equilibria in Complex Model Systems Containing Phenol, Hydrocarbons and Water

Martin, Antje 05 August 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Die experimentelle Charakterisierung von Phasengleichgewichten (Flüssigkeit-Dampf und Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit) erfolgte in binären und ternären Systemen aus aromatischen bzw. aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Phenolen und Wasser. Die Trübungstitration diente der Bestimmung von Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichten, auftretende koexistierende flüssige Phasen wurden analytisch charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe der dynamischen Methode erfolgte die Bestimmung der Flüssigkeit-Dampf-Gleichgewichte. Die Modellierung der binären Systeme und die Vorausberechnung der ternären Systeme erfolgten mit den Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen NRTL und UNIQUAC. Weiterhin wurden die Berechnungen mit der von Elliott, Suresh und Donohue entwickelten Zustandsgleichung (ESD) durchgeführt, welche einen die assoziierenden Wechselwirkungen berücksichtigenden Term beinhaltet. Ferner wurden mit der Gruppenbeitragsmethode UNIFAC die untersuchten binären und ternären Systeme vorausberechnet. Beide Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodelle können bei der simultanen Modellierung der verfügbaren Phasengleichgewichtsdaten für nahezu alle betrachteten binären Systeme mit sehr guten Ergebnissen überzeugen. Bei der Modellierung mit der Zustandsgleichung ESD müssen deutlich höhere Abweichungen akzeptiert werden. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung der binären Systeme lassen sich nicht adäquat auf die Vorausberechnung der ternären Systeme übertragen. UNIQUAC Modell und Zustandsgleichung ESD zeigen im Mittel die geringsten Unterschiede zwischen vorausberechneten und experimentellen Phasengleichgewichten. Deutlich höhere Abweichungen treten im Mittel bei Verwendung des NRTL Modells bzw. der Gruppenbeitragsmethode UNIFAC auf. Die Annahme, mit Hilfe der expliziten Berücksichtigung der Assoziation mit Zustandsgleichung ESD eine deutliche Verbesserung bei der Vorausberechnung entsprechender Phasengleichgewichten zu erzielen, konnte lediglich für Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichte in Systemen mit aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen bestätigt werden. / The experimental characterizations of phase equilibria (vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid) were determined in binary and ternary systems containing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and water. Liquid-liquid equilibria were measured by turbidity titration. The compositions of coexisting phases were determined with analytic methods. The vapor-liquid equilibria were determined by the dynamic method. The correlation of the binary systems and the prediction of the ternary systems were performed with the activity coefficient models NRTL and UNIQUAC. Furthermore the calculations were realized with an equation of state (ESD) developed by Elliott, Suresh and Donohue, which contain a term for association. Additional predictions of investigated binary and ternary systems were performed with the group contribution method UNIFAC. Both activity coefficient models convinced with satisfactory results by the simultaneously correlation of the available equilibria data for almost all investigated binary systems. The correlations with the ESD equation of state were performed with higher deviations. A transfer of the results of the binary correlations into the ternary predictions is not possible. The UNIQUAC model and the ESD equation of state performed on average with minor deviations between predicted and experimental phase equilibria. Higher deviations were calculated using the NRTL model respectively the group contribution method UNIFAC. Only liquid-liquid equilibria in systems contain aliphatic hydrocarbons indicates improved prediction results based on the consideration of the association.
23

Phasengleichgewichte in komplexen Modellsystemen aus Phenolen, Kohlenwasserstoffen und Wasser

Martin, Antje 02 July 2014 (has links)
Die experimentelle Charakterisierung von Phasengleichgewichten (Flüssigkeit-Dampf und Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit) erfolgte in binären und ternären Systemen aus aromatischen bzw. aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen, Phenolen und Wasser. Die Trübungstitration diente der Bestimmung von Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichten, auftretende koexistierende flüssige Phasen wurden analytisch charakterisiert. Mit Hilfe der dynamischen Methode erfolgte die Bestimmung der Flüssigkeit-Dampf-Gleichgewichte. Die Modellierung der binären Systeme und die Vorausberechnung der ternären Systeme erfolgten mit den Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodellen NRTL und UNIQUAC. Weiterhin wurden die Berechnungen mit der von Elliott, Suresh und Donohue entwickelten Zustandsgleichung (ESD) durchgeführt, welche einen die assoziierenden Wechselwirkungen berücksichtigenden Term beinhaltet. Ferner wurden mit der Gruppenbeitragsmethode UNIFAC die untersuchten binären und ternären Systeme vorausberechnet. Beide Aktivitätskoeffizientenmodelle können bei der simultanen Modellierung der verfügbaren Phasengleichgewichtsdaten für nahezu alle betrachteten binären Systeme mit sehr guten Ergebnissen überzeugen. Bei der Modellierung mit der Zustandsgleichung ESD müssen deutlich höhere Abweichungen akzeptiert werden. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung der binären Systeme lassen sich nicht adäquat auf die Vorausberechnung der ternären Systeme übertragen. UNIQUAC Modell und Zustandsgleichung ESD zeigen im Mittel die geringsten Unterschiede zwischen vorausberechneten und experimentellen Phasengleichgewichten. Deutlich höhere Abweichungen treten im Mittel bei Verwendung des NRTL Modells bzw. der Gruppenbeitragsmethode UNIFAC auf. Die Annahme, mit Hilfe der expliziten Berücksichtigung der Assoziation mit Zustandsgleichung ESD eine deutliche Verbesserung bei der Vorausberechnung entsprechender Phasengleichgewichten zu erzielen, konnte lediglich für Flüssigkeit-Flüssigkeit-Gleichgewichte in Systemen mit aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen bestätigt werden. / The experimental characterizations of phase equilibria (vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid) were determined in binary and ternary systems containing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols and water. Liquid-liquid equilibria were measured by turbidity titration. The compositions of coexisting phases were determined with analytic methods. The vapor-liquid equilibria were determined by the dynamic method. The correlation of the binary systems and the prediction of the ternary systems were performed with the activity coefficient models NRTL and UNIQUAC. Furthermore the calculations were realized with an equation of state (ESD) developed by Elliott, Suresh and Donohue, which contain a term for association. Additional predictions of investigated binary and ternary systems were performed with the group contribution method UNIFAC. Both activity coefficient models convinced with satisfactory results by the simultaneously correlation of the available equilibria data for almost all investigated binary systems. The correlations with the ESD equation of state were performed with higher deviations. A transfer of the results of the binary correlations into the ternary predictions is not possible. The UNIQUAC model and the ESD equation of state performed on average with minor deviations between predicted and experimental phase equilibria. Higher deviations were calculated using the NRTL model respectively the group contribution method UNIFAC. Only liquid-liquid equilibria in systems contain aliphatic hydrocarbons indicates improved prediction results based on the consideration of the association.
24

Prediction of Thermodynamic Properties by Structure-Based Group Contribution Approaches

Emami, Fatemesadat 02 September 2008 (has links)
No description available.

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