Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème de tester en grande dimension l'uniformité sur la sphère-unité $S^{p_n-1}$ (la dimension des observations, $p_n$, dépend de leur nombre, $n$, et être en grande dimension signifie que $p_n$ tend vers l'infini en même temps que $n$). Nous nous restreignons dans un premier temps à des contre-hypothèses ``monotones'' de densité croissante le long d'une direction ${\pmb \theta}_n\in S^{p_n-1}$ et dépendant d'un paramètre de concentration $\kappa_n>0$. Nous commençons par identifier le taux $\kappa_n$ auquel ces contre-hypothèses sont contiguës à l'uniformité ;nous montrons ensuite grâce à des résultats de normalité locale asymptotique, que le test d'uniformité le plus classique, le test de Rayleigh, n'est pas optimal quand ${\pmb \theta}_n$ est connu mais qu'il le devient à $p$ fixé et dans le cas FvML en grande dimension quand ${\pmb \theta}_n$ est inconnu.Dans un second temps, nous considérons des contre-hypothèses ``axiales'', attribuant la même probabilité à des points diamétralement opposés. Elles dépendent aussi d'un paramètre de position ${\pmb \theta}_n\in S^{p_n-1}$ et d'un paramètre de concentration $\kappa_n\in\R$. Le taux de contiguïté s'avère ici plus élevé et suggère un problème plus difficile que dans le cas monotone. En effet, le test de Bingham, le test classique dans le cas axial, n'est pas optimal à ${\pmb \theta}_n$ inconnu et $p$ fixé, et ne détecte pas les contre-hypothèses contiguës en grande dimension. C'est pourquoi nous nous tournons vers des tests basés sur les plus grande et plus petite valeurs propres de la matrice de variance-covariance et nous déterminons leurs distributions asymptotiques sous les contre-hypothèses contiguës à $p$ fixé.Enfin, à l'aide d'un théorème central limite pour martingales, nous montrons que sous certaines conditions et après standardisation, les statistiques de Rayleigh et de Bingham sont asymptotiquement normales sous l'hypothèse d'invariance par rotation des observations. Ce résultat permet non seulement d'identifier le taux auquel le test de Bingham détecte des contre-hypothèses axiales mais aussi celui auquel il détecte des contre-hypothèses monotones. / In this thesis we are interested in testing uniformity in high dimensions on the unit sphere $S^{p_n-1}$ (the dimension of the observations, $p_n$, depends on their number, and high-dimensional data are such that $p_n$ diverges to infinity with $n$).We consider first ``monotone'' alternatives whose density increases along an axis ${\pmb \theta}_n\in S^{p_n-1}$ and depends on a concentration parameter $\kappa_n>0$. We start by identifying the rate at which these alternatives are contiguous to uniformity; then we show thanks to local asymptotic normality results that the most classical test of uniformity, the Rayleigh test, is not optimal when ${\pmb \theta}_n$ is specified but becomes optimal when $p$ is fixed and in the high-dimensional FvML case when ${\pmb \theta}_n$ is unspecified.We consider next ``axial'' alternatives, assigning the same probability to antipodal points. They also depend on a location parameter ${\pmb \theta}_n\in S^{p_n-1}$ and a concentration parameter $\kappa_n\in\R$. The contiguity rate proves to be higher in that case and implies that the problem is more difficult than in the monotone case. Indeed, the Bingham test, the classical test when dealing with axial data, is not optimal when $p$ is fixed and ${\pmb \theta}_n$ is not specified, and is blind to the contiguous alternatives in high dimensions. This is why we turn to tests based on the extreme eigenvalues of the covariance matrix and establish their fixed-$p$ asymptotic distributions under contiguous alternatives.Finally, thanks to a martingale central limit theorem, we show that, under some assumptions and after standardisation, the Rayleigh and Bingham test statistics are asymptotically normal under general rotationally symmetric distributions. It enables us to identify the rate at which the Bingham test detects axial alternatives and also monotone alternatives. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Orientador: Rodrigo Máximo Sánchez-Román / Resumo: As atividades humanas no geral são extremamente dependentes da água. Entretanto, a utilização deste indispensável recurso na geração de energia, abastecimento humano, lazer, indústria e na agricultura, quando realizada de maneira inadequada, pode comprometer sua qualidade. Assim, faz-se necessário incorporar na irrigação a prática do reúso, utilizando, por exemplo, água residuária tratada (ART). Desta forma, os objetivos deste trabalho foram: avaliar a viabilidade do uso de água residuária tratada por dois sistemas distintos, tanque séptico + SODIS + 125 mg L-1 H2O2 (ARTS) e alagados construídos (ARTAC), através da irrigação por gotejamento nas culturas alface, beterraba e rabanete, em termos de produção, contaminação por Escherichia coli, e eficiência do uso da água (EUA); calcular o percentual de macronutrientes fornecido pela ARTS e ARTAC; e verificar a uniformidade do sistema de irrigação operando com elas. As hortaliças foram cultivadas a campo com cinco composições da lâmina de irrigação 0, 25, 50, 75 e 100% de ARTS e ARTAC. Durante a condução do experimento foram realizadas análises físicas, química e microbiológicas na ART. Após a colheita foram realizadas análises biométricas, de produtividade e microbiológicas nas amostras de hortaliças, como também a uniformidade do sistema de irrigação. A irrigação com ARTS e ARTAC proporcionou melhor rendimento de todas as hortaliças se comparado ao plantio convencional (0% ART). Os dois sistemas avaliados e as quatro composições... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Human activities in general are extremely dependent on water. However, the use of this indispensable resource in power generation, supply, industry and agriculture, when improperly performed, may compromise its quality. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate the practice of reuse in irrigation, using for example, treated wastewater (TW). Thus, the objectives of this work were: to evaluate the feasibility of using wastewater treated by two distinct systems, septic tank + SODIS + 125 mg L-1 H2O2 (TWST) and constructed wetlands (WTCW), through drip irrigation in lettuce, beet and radish crops in terms of yield, Escherichia coli contamination, and water use efficiency (WUE); calculate the percentage of macronutrients provided by TWST and WTCW; and verify the uniformity of the irrigation system operating with TWST and WTCW. The vegetables were field grown with five irrigation depth compositions 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% TWST and WTCW. During the conduction of the experiment, physical, chemical and microbiological analyzes were performed at TW. After harvesting, biometric, yield and microbiological analyzes were performed on the vegetable samples, as well as the uniformity of the irrigation system. Irrigation with TWST and WTCW provided better yield of all vegetables compared to conventional planting (0% TW). Both evaluated systems and the four irrigation depth compositions (with TW) made it possible to produce vegetables free of E. coli contamination, classifying them as suitable for r... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

In diesem Report wird eine Niederenergie-Implantationskammer (NEI-Kammer) beschrieben, die im Forschungszentrum Rossendorf entwickelt und aufgebaut wurde. Die Kammer ermöglicht es, die Implantation von Ionen bei niedrigen Energien (< 30 keV) mit einer Implantationsanlage für mittlere Energien durchzuführen. In der Kammer werden der Ionenstrahl, den der Implanter liefert, auf die erwünschte niedrige Energie abgebremst. Dazu wird ein elektrostatisches Bremslinsensystem eingesetzt, das auf einem neuartigen Prinzip basiert. Das System besteht aus einer Sammellinse und einer Zerstreuungslinse, wobei die Öffnungsfehler beider Linsen entgegengesetzte Vorzeichen besitzen und sich gegenseitig kompensieren. Dadurch ist es möglich, Wafer gebräuchlicher Größe bei geringer Energie mit hoher Dosishomogenität zu implantieren. Die NEI-Kammer ist insbesondere für Forschungseinrichtungen eine vorteilhafte Lösung, da sie eine wesentlich kostengünstigere und flexiblere Alternative zur Anschaffung einer Niederenergie-Implantationsanlage darstellt.

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24428号 / 理博第4927号 / 新制||理||1704(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 佐藤 活志, 准教授 堤 昭人, 教授 田上 高広 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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This study was designed to investigate the development of the crown architecture of six genotypes of loblolly pine across a variety of growing conditions, and also to investigate the stability of the crown ideotype for these genotypes over a range of site and silvicultural management regimes. The objectives were to determine whether the crown dimensions that determine the crown ideotype of four clones, a mass-control-pollinated family, and an open-pollinated family of Pinus taeda L. are consistent within their respective genotypes, and to determine whether those same crown dimensions and genotypes follow consistent patterns even when established on different sites with contrasting qualities and different silvicultural regimes. The study was conducted on a 5-year-old plantation with an initial spacing of 1,235 trees per hectare. The plots had not reached crown closure, which provided the opportunity to assess the crown characteristics of individual trees of each genotype and how they developed over in a variety of growing conditions, without the interactions of other individuals. The study was a split-split plot design with the whole plot divided between two sites of contrasting quality; one site established in the Virginia Piedmont and a second site established in the North Carolina Coastal Plain. The sub plots were divided between high and low intensity silviculture. The sub-sub plots were divided among the six genotypes of loblolly pine. Seventeen tree and crown characteristics were measured, and means were compared using analysis of variance and Tukey's HSD test. We hypothesized that the branch and crown attributes would follow consistent patterns among these genotypes on the two sites and between the two silvicultural regimes. The results generally confirm these hypotheses. When the genotypes were compared, interactions only occurred with total branches, internode length, total foliage mass, and total leaf area. Tree height, diameter at breast height (dbh), stem volume, and crown volume averaged 4.8 m, 7.5 cm, 0.03 m3, and 7.1 m3, respectively at the site in Virginia, compared to values of 4.1 m, 6.2 cm, 0.02 m3, and 4.9 m3 at the site in North Carolina. Tree height, dbh, stem volume, branch diameter, branch length, and crown volume averaged 4.7 m, 7.5 cm, 0.03 m3, 1.3 cm, 90.3 cm, and 7.3 m3, respectively under high intensity silviculture compared to values of 4.3 m, 6.2 cm, 0.02 m3, 1.1 cm, 68.7 cm, and 4.7 m3 under low intensity silviculture. There were differences among the genotypes in branch diameter, branch length, and crown volume, with the branch diameter of clones 1 and 3 averaging 1.2 cm compared to an average of 1.3 cm for clones 2 and 4. Branch length for clone 1 averaged 72.4 cm and clone 3 averaged 77.0 cm, while branch length for clone 2 averaged 83.3 cm and clone 4 averaged 86.7 cm. Crown volume for clone 1 averaged 4.9 m3 and clone 3 averaged 6.3 m3, while clone 2 averaged 7.1 m3 and clone 4 averaged 7.2 m3. These differences conform to the crown ideotype for these clones, where clones 1 and 3 were considered narrow crowned and clones 2 and 4 were considered broad crowned. The branch diameter and branch length of the open pollinated family (OP) was similar in size to the broad crowned clones (1.3 cm and 84 cm, respectively), while the branch diameter and branch length of the mass control pollinated (MCP) family was smaller than the narrow crowned clones (1.1 cm and 71.2 cm, respectively). Crown volume for the OP family was intermediate between the clonal ideotypes, averaging 5.9 m3, while the MCP family had the smallest crown volume, averaging 4.7 m3. A single-degree-of-freedom ANOVA comparing the two clonal ideotypes yielded similar results. There were interactions with branch diameter, total branches, internode length, and total leaf area, but the broad crown ideotype was larger in every measured parameter than the narrow crown ideotype. The lack of interactions and the general conformity to crown ideotype in this study indicated stability among these genotypes across this variety of growing conditions. / Master of Science

Genetic improvement has been an integral part of loblolly pine plantation forestry in southern United States for about 60 years with focus on improving timber yield, wood quality, and pest and disease resistance. Advances in techniques of genetic selection, breeding, and propagation of planting material have made it possible to achieve genetic gains that are likely to result in significant changes in loblolly pine stand dynamics. Height-age relationships, height and diameter relationships and distributions, and intraspecific competition were investigated in second generation open-pollinated, controlled-pollinated, and clonal loblolly pine with an objective of characterizing the nature and magnitude of changes in these characteristics due to genetic improvement and clonal forestry. Genetic improvement and/or clonal forestry had no practical effect on parameters of the height-age and height-diameter relationships beyond the effect on the asymptote parameter of the Chapman-Richards and Korf equations that were used to model these relationships. Genetic improvement resulted in an increase in the mean of height distribution without a corresponding increase in the mean of the diameter distribution, but had no effect the variance and skewness of the distributions. Thus, growth and yield models in which basal area is a function of height at a specific age (site index) are likely to over predict genetic gains in basal area growth and volume yield. Increase in stand density resulted in an increase in variance of the diameter distribution of non-clonal stands but had no effect on the variance of the diameter distribution of clonal stands. Thus, diameter distribution of clonal stands may differ from that of non-clonal stands after crown closure despite the distributions not being different before and during early stages of crown closure. This study also evaluated methods that may be used to predict height growth of new genetic varieties and those that may be used to asses intraspecific competition in forest stands. Mixed-model approach of calibrating a height-age relationship to a new loblolly pine clone gave biased estimates for clones that were at the extremes of the distribution of the groups. The use of maximum likelihood with simulated annealing (MLSA) to evaluate competitive interactions among trees in loblolly pine stands gave non-unique estimates of optimum competitor selection radius. A simpler technique that uses Pearson correlations was proposed and was found to work better than MLSA. / Ph. D.