Oaks (Quercus spp.) are a dominant genus in forests across the United States that have been declining due to fire suppression and forest mesophication. The reduction of these species may alter forest hydrologic and biogeochemical cycling. Canopy-derived nutrients and interspecific temporal distribution of leaves were quantified under oak and hickory (Carya spp.) species in Mississippi during 2014-2016. Throughfall quantity and chemistry were measured during every storm event under oak and hickory species. Interspecific leaf litter was collected weekly to quantify the timing of leaf fall and leaf litter nutrient content. Throughfall volume and solute fluxes were impacted by seasonality. Mg2+ and DOC were greater in throughfall than precipitation. Leaf loss was slower in oak species during leaf fall. Slower decay in oak litter may correlate with higher C/N ratios compared to hickory species. Results of this study indicate oak species are an important contributor to forest hydrology and nutrient cycling.

Few studies have measured the impacts of mowing on bird use of habitat and the risk of bird collisions with aircraft on North American airfields. The need for this research has increased as airfields become some of the only large contiguous grasslands available to rare migratory birds in some areas. I studied bird abundance, distribution and behaviors at Westover Air Reserve Base, Massachusetts, USA in June and July 2004. I compared my data with bird strike records to discern any patterns associated with mowing of airfield vegetation. There was no difference in total number of birds or species between mowed and unmowed plots adjacent to runways and taxiways. There were more Upland Sandpipers and Eastern Meadowlarks in mowed vegetation and more sparrows (Grasshopper and Savannah) in unmowed vegetation. From 1997 to 2005, swallows were the birds most often struck by aircraft in June and July at Westover, and were also the second most numerous birds in both mowed and unmowed plots. Bird species that pose high Bird/Wildlife Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) risk at Westover included Turkey Vulture, Red-tailed Hawk, Great Blue Heron, and Canada Goose. I did not observe those species in paired plots of mowed or unmowed airfield vegetation adjacent to runways and taxiways at Westover. I opportunistically observed 64 incidents where species that pose high BASH risk were in or adjacent to areas where aircraft operate. Birds struck most frequently at Westover between April 1997 and January 2005 were “swallows”, American Kestrel, Killdeer, Horned Lark, Eastern Meadowlark, and Mourning Dove. Current mowing practices at Westover may have adverse effects on Upland Sandpiper and Grasshopper Sparrow, both state-listed, rare, grassland birds, but may not measurably reduce overall risk to aircraft, given the continued presence of large, high BASH risk species. I recommend methods to reduce threats posed by high-risk species at Westover, and further research to seek ways to reduce adverse effects of mowing on state-listed, rare, migratory species of birds.

Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum ) is an important fiber crop grown throughout the southern United States. Plant-pathogenic nematodes are worm-like animals that feed on the roots of most agronomic crops, including cotton. The southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita, RKN) and the reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis, RN) cause significant yield losses in cotton every year. Current sources of resistance are effective but limited, therefore historical screenings of cotton accessions were revisited in search for novel resistance sources. None were identified but many of the screened accessions possessed markers of known root-knot nematode and reniform nematode resistance. The emerging guava root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii, GRKN) is a risk for upland cotton production, and identifying host plant resistance would greatly reduce the yield losses for growers. Assays were conducted on the currently available RN and RKN resistance sources inoculated with GRKN. No known nematode resistance gene suppressed GRKN infection, indicating that work must be done to protect crops from the eventual discovery of GRKN in Mississippi fields. Using the same resistance sources, tests were conducted to determine if the currently available resistances to RKN and RN offer any suppression of secondary infection of non-target nematode species for resistance. This is referred to as systemic acquired resistance, which is the induction of non-specific plant defense. Assays found that early inoculation with the nematode targeted by resistance did not effect infection by a secondary nematode species.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第23580号 / 農博第2479号 / 新制||農||1088(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R3||N5364(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 北山 兼弘, 准教授 渡邉 哲弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This project evaluated the influence of habitat parameters and distance from low-order streams on herpetofauna communities, in addition to evaluating the efficacy of 2 sampling methods. Amphibians were associated with mature hardwood forests with high density of large, highly decayed woody debris. Reptiles were associated with mixed pine-hardwood forests, woody debris, and vertical canopy structure. Overall, woody debris was an important habitat feature for amphibians and reptiles. Amphibians were detected in greater abundance and species richness near the stream. Reptiles were similar in abundance and species richness as distance increased from low-order streams. I recommend a SMZ width ¡Ý50 m on each side of the low-order streams in east-central Mississippi. Area-constrained and funnel-pitfall traps each detected species that the other method was unable to sample due to inherent biases. I recommend the use of both survey methods when investigating the entire terrestrial herpetofauna community in mature, riparian and upland forests.

In the upland hardwood forests of the southern Appalachians, management tools are needed based on the characteristics of the site to quantify the site quality where no accurate maps of site quality exist. Three studies were conducted to achieve this objective. The first study tested if independent measures of forest productivity, based on vegetation and environment, in a six-county study area in the Blue Ridge Mountains in North Carolina would correlate with measures of forest productivity obtained from U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) data. Specific hypotheses included: FIA measures of forest productivity are related to one another; FIA measures of forest productivity are related to FIA-measured landscape parameters; and FIA measures of forest productivity are related to independent measures of forest productivity based on landscape parameters and soil characteristics. Four predictive indices of forest productivity were used; three were generated in a geographic information system (GIS). FIA measures of forest productivity were not significantly correlated to FIA measured landscape parameters. FIA site productivity classes were significantly correlated to FIA measures of site index. Independent measures of forest productivity, particularly the Moisture Regime Index (MRI) and the Forest Site Quality Index (FSQI), were significantly correlated to FIA measures of site index. Topography can be used to delineate site quality, but the addition of soil depth can prove to be useful in the estimation. The second study was designed to develop methods, based on field and digital data, to identify colluvial soils in the central Ridge and Valley of southwestern Virginia. Two hypotheses were tested. First, on the linear side slopes of the study area, where site quality is low in stands with subxeric to xeric moisture regimes, vegetation and topography can indicate colluvial soils. A second hypothesis tested if the topographic signature of colluvial soils could be identified geospatially with a digital elevation model. Results indicated that the MRI and the Terrain Shape Index predicted the presence of colluvial deposits in the study area. The basal area of yellow-poplar was positively associated with colluvial soils. A GIS-based model found the slope difference of colluvial soils to be less steep than residual soils as the size of the neighborhood increased. The final study determined if measures of site quality in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina were related to the water budget. Specifically,the hypothesis that site index could be predicted by variables that represented the inputs, usage, and supply of water was tested. A second hypothesis questioned if site quality classes could be predicted by a combination of topography and the annual water budget. Regression models predicted site index to be a function of topography, available water supply, and the annual water budget, but the accuracy was low (R2=0.11 and 0.13). A classification approach yielded better results. Incorporating the annual water budget into the FSQI increased classification accuracy of predicted site index by 50%, and decreased the number of sites misclassified by one class by 8%. Where accurate maps of site quality do not exist, the MRI, the abundance of yellow-poplar, and the modified FSQI may be used to delineate site quality for site-specific management and, ultimately, greater return on investment for the landowner. / Ph. D.

This research was focused on increasing the efficiency of upland cotton production in the northern cotton belt through the use of new fertilizer formulations, placement, and timings. The objectives of the experiments reported in this thesis were to: 1) evaluate the effects of side-dress potassium (K), sulfur (S), and boron (B) formulation and application timing on tissue nutrient levels during the bloom period; 2) evaluate lint yield response of cotton to different formulations of nitrogen (N), K, S and B applied at side-dress; and 3) compare 5x5 banding (5 cm beside and 5cm below the seed) and deep placement of complete N-P-K-S blends to current nutrient management strategies on early season plant growth, nodes above white flower, total nodes, petiole nutrient concentrations during bloom, and lint yield. Tissue S and B concentrations were increased more often than K concentrations when the nutrients were applied with side-dress N. When evaluating P and K placement, petiole P levels were found to be significantly higher in unfertilized plots when no side-dress N was applied. Phosphorus and K placement and/or rate had no effect on lint yield when N was applied at side-dress during the study. Environmental conditions potentially influenced the response to P and K placement as 5x5 placement produced yields significantly higher during 2013 growing season at location 1, while deep placement produced significantly higher yields in 2014 at location 3. As a result, Virginia nutrient management recommendations for cotton have been updated to incorporate management strategies to maximize lint yields. / Master of Science

Identifying the proper tillage system which provides the best agronomic benefits for cotton production in the coastal plain soils of Virginia was the basis for this research. Strip-tillage was evaluated from 2015-2016 on-farm to determine the effects of annual and biennial treatments on plant growth and lint yield, as well as measuring the impacts on soil compaction. Also, small plot tillage experiments were conducted from 2013-2016 assessing no-till, conventional tillage, minimum tillage, and strip-tillage as well as the subsequent effects of these systems on four cotton varieties. Biennial strip-tillage produced similar lint yields to annual strip-tillage at 3 of 4 locations, with only one location showing a significant difference in lint yield of 135 kg ha-1. Persistence of subsoil tillage within the row from the previous year was observed at some locations and plant heights were not different at all locations, although annual strip-tillage provided deeper potential rooting depths both early season and at harvest. In short term tillage systems, minimal penalties in plant growth and lint yield were observed in no-till verses the other systems, primarily associated with greater soil compaction, shorter plant heights, and lower yields. An overall 8% reduction in yield was found with no-till systems, with no significant differences in yield among tillage systems observed in any year. Varietal effects on plant growth and yield were observed annually, with FM 1944 GLB2 being the shortest plants, and DP 1321 B2RF having the tallest plants. No tillage by variety interaction was observed, supporting the idea that varieties respond similarly across tillage systems. / Master of Science / Cotton production in the Coastal Plain region of Virginia utilizes several tillage methods for agronomic benefits to promote plant growth and lint yield. Tillage studies were conducted in Suffolk, Virginia and the Tidewater region from 2013-2016. Tillage methods of conventional tillage, strip-tillage, minimum tillage, and no-tillage and the impacts these systems had on plant growth and development of several varieties, as well as how they altered soil properties including compaction were assessed. Precision strip-tillage was investigated to determine if a zone of sub-soil tillage may remain beneficial for two growing seasons (biennial). Overall, annual and biennial strip-tillage seems to produce similar lint yields, with only one of four locations having a statistical difference in lint yield with annual strip-tillage resulting in 135 kg ha-1 more lint than biennial strip-tillage. No-tillage resulted in roughly an 8% decrease in relative yield compared to the other three tillage practices, as well as greater soil compaction readings. However, differences in plant growth and development as well as lint yields seemed to be more related to varietal impacts.

Master of Science / Division of Biology / Brett K. Sandercock / Grassland birds have experienced population declines worldwide from habitat degradation caused by conversion to agriculture and recent intensification of land use, including increased use of fertilizer, fossil fuels, and irrigation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) includes initiatives targeting wildlife enhancement to mitigate ongoing declines in grassland bird populations. The newest CRP practice, State Acres for Wildlife Enhancement (SAFE), was designed to restore vital habitats for high priority wildlife species throughout the United States. Our objective was to assess the potential benefits of SAFE for upland gamebirds and grassland songbirds in Kansas. We monitored lands enrolled in SAFE to estimate bird density based on field scale and landscape scale characteristics. Our study was conducted in three ecoregions: Smoky Hills (4 counties), Flint Hills (3 counties), and the High Plains (3 counties). We surveyed 121 SAFE fields and 49 CRP fields from 2012 – 2013. Northern Bobwhite density was negatively associated with percent litter within survey fields. Ring-necked Pheasant density differed among ecoregions, and was positively associated with percent bare ground in the High Plains, but negatively associated with field age in the Smoky Hills. Mourning Dove density differed among ecoregions, and was negatively associated with percent forb in the High Plains, and positively associated with percent grassland in the Smoky Hills. In the Flint Hills, Mourning Doves were negatively associated with CRP fields and large fields. Brown-headed Cowbirds were positively associated with percent forbs. Amount of CRP surrounding survey locations was positively associated with bird density through the entire range for Grasshopper Sparrows, Dickcissels, and Lark Buntings, and in the High Plains for Western Meadowlarks. Percent woodland had negative effects on Western Meadowlarks in the Smoky Hills, whereas percent cropland had negative effects on Eastern Meadowlarks statewide. CRP positively affected abundance of four of our species, whereas percent cropland and woodland negatively affected others. Thus, the amount of set-aside lands enrolled in SAFE could be important for grassland bird populations. SAFE and CRP supported equal numbers of Northern Bobwhites and Ring-necked Pheasants, suggesting SAFE provides benefits for target species of upland gamebirds.

The dogtrot house type is an important type of vernacular architecture in the American landscape, particularly in rural areas of the southern United States. Little is formally written or known about the dogtrot type houses in New Orleans, which appear to be a unique evolution of the rural dogtrot form specifically adapted for the urban environment. This thesis examines the existing literature regarding the dogtrot house type and analyzes the architectural history of the remaining dogtrot type homes in New Orleans in order to establish that they are correctly classified, and also to investigate any possible links with rural dogtrots. The findings promotes awareness of the dogtrot house type in the urban setting, and contribute to the larger picture of vernacular architectural adaptation in the United States. Further, this thesis lays the foundation for landmarking the 16 remaining dogtrots in New Orleans.