Thesis (MScConEcol)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Restoration practices commonly make use of a reference condition in order to restore a site to a better ecological state than it is currently in. The selection process and relevance of the reference condition has not yet been tested in upland Western Cape rivers especially with relation to spatial and temporal scales. This thesis sought to evaluate whether space (longitudinal) and time (temporal) influence riparian plant community composition (laterally), how it influences the community composition and whether these differences impacts the selection of a reference condition used in restoration practices. In order to investigate the role longitudinal position, sites were selected across three longitudinal zones: mountain stream, transitional and upper foothills. Historic sites used in a previous study on riparian vegetation of upland rivers were resampled and datasets used for temporal comparisons between undisturbed sites, sites recovering after clearing of invasive alien plants and sites affected by fire. Riparian vegetation communities showed differences between longitudinal zones, basins and rivers. The species responsible for marginal zone identity (plants in close proximity to the active channel), determined using relative cover abundance varied, with Isolepis prolifera responsible for the group identity in the mountain stream and transitional sites but in the foothills Calopsis paniculata, Drosera capensis and Metrosideros angustifolia saplings were responsible for lateral zone identity. The lower dynamic (transitional between wet and drybank) had no similarities between different longitudinal zones across rivers. In the lower zone Pteridium aqualinum was mostly responsible for the identity. The upper bank had no single species responsible for group identity. The species described to be typical for the reference condition on these particular rivers by other studies were mostly present in the comparable lateral zone but it was however not always responsible for the identity of the specific lateral zone. By comparing selected environmental variables such as horizontal distance from active channel, elevation and substrate calibre with different longitudinal zones’ riparian vegetation species distribution, different combinations were produced. The mountain streams showed the strongest relationship with horizontal distance and elevation in combination to one another and the upper foothills horizontal distance from the active channel was linked most strongly to vegetation positioning. These results confirm the importance of space when attempting to assess, study or restore riparian communities. Temporally, sites had stronger similarity to data collected during the same sampling period than with historic data. Also, the overall relative species abundance did not show significant change to be present at a site scale. The changes in community composition were found to be due to a lateral zone scale variation in species abundance. As expected the undisturbed rivers showed less variation in species responsible for temporal changes than the recovering and fire-exposed rivers. Species responsible for changes in relative abundance at a lateral zone scale were Metrosideros angustifolia, Morella serrata, Brabejum stellatifolium, Isolepis prolifera, Elegia capensis, Prionium serratum and Calopsis paniculata. Due to the species diversity not changing much temporally but the relative abundance of specific species showing much variation over time it can be concluded that the changes are not diversity based but instead driven by changes in relative abundances of species typical for a lateral zone. The spatial and temporal variation in riparian vegetation community composition was found to be significant enough to suggest that the use of a fixed reference condition for all Western Cape rivers would not be feasible due to clear differences between basins. Secondly when selecting a reference site the spatial location of this site should be within the same longitudinal zone since bank shape does influence riparian plant species distribution. Finally the temporal comparison between sites showed high diversity in species abundances but small differences in diversity overall. This would suggest that a general community description specific to 1) where the site is situated and 2) based on the present riparian vegetation community composition within a specific basin may be more realistic and achievable for restoration and environmental management purposes as opposed to using site descriptions from the past and reference sites too far upstream or downstream from the restoration site. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Herstel praktyke maak algemeen gebruik van 'n verwysing toestand om 'n terrein te herstel na 'n beter ekologiese toestand as wat dit tans is. Die keuringsproses en relevansie van die verwysing toestand is nog nie in die boonste gedeeltes van Wes-Kaap Riviere getoets nie, veral met betrekking tot ruimtelike en tydskale nie. Hierdie tesis het gesoek om te evalueer of ruimte (longitudinaal) en tyd (temporaal) rivieroewers plant gemeenskap samestelling (lateraal) beïnvloed en of hierdie verskille die keuse van 'n verwysing toestand in die herstel praktyke beïnvloed. Ondersoek terreine was oor drie longitudinale sones geselekteer: berg stroom, oorgangs en boonste hange terreine. Historiese terreine was weer ondersoek en die datastelle was gebruik vir die temporale vergelykings tussen onversteurde terreine, terreine wat herstel na die skoonmaak van indringer spesies en wat geraak was deur 'n brand. Oewerplantegroei gemeenskappe het verskille tussen longitudinale sones, rivier-kom en rivier takke gewys. Die spesies wat verantwoordelik was vir marginale zone (plante in nabye afstand met die aktiewe rivier kanaal) identiteit, bepaal met behulp van relatiewe dekking hoeveelheid, het gevarieer met Isolepis prolifera verantwoordelik vir die groep identiteit in die berg stroom en oorgangs trerreine, maar in die boonste hange was dit Calopsis paniculata, Drossera capensis en Metrosideros angustifolia boompies wat verantwoordelik was vir die laterale sone identiteit. Die laer dinamiese area het geen ooreenkomste tussen marginale gebiede van verskillende longitudinale sones gehad nie. In die onderste sone was Pteridium aqualinum meestal verantwoordelik vir die groepering se identiteit. Die boonste bank het nie 'n enkele spesie wat verantwoordelik was vir die groep identiteit gehad nie. Die spesies beskryf as tipies vir die laterale sone deur Reinecke et al. (2007) was meestal teenwoordig in die beskryfde laterale sone van hierdie studie, maar dit was egter nie altyd verantwoordelik vir die identiteit van die laterale sone gemeenskap nie. Verskillende lengte sones het gekorreleer met verskillende omgewingsveranderlikes wat sterkste gekoppel kon word aan die verspreiding van spesies. Die bergstrome het die sterkste verhouding met horisontale afstand en hoogte in kombinasie met mekaar gehad en in die boonste hange was horisontale afstand van die aktiewe kanaal die sterkste gekoppel aan plantegroei posisie. Die belangrikheid van ruimte is onmiskenbaar ten opsigte van evaluering, bestudering en die herstel van rivieroewers gemeenskappe. Terreine het sterker ooreenkoms met data gehad wat tydens dieselfde tydperk versamel was, as met historiese data. Die algehele relatiewe spesies hoeveelheid het egter nie beduidende verandering getoon op 'n terrein skaal nie. Soos verwag was het die onversteurde riviere minder temporale variasie in spesies getoon as die herstellende en brand blootgestelde riviere. Spesies wat verantwoordelik was vir die verandering in relatiewe hoeveelhede op 'n laterale sone skaal was M. angustifolia, Morella serrata, Brabejum stellatifolium, I. prolifera, Elegia capensis, Prionium serratum en C. paniculata. As gevolg van die diversiteit van spesies wat nie baie verander het tydelik nie, maar die relatiewe hoeveelheid van spesifieke spesies wat heelwat variasie oor tyd getoon het, kan dit afgelei word dat die veranderinge nie diversiteit gebaseerd was nie, maar eerder gedryf was deur veranderinge in relatiewe hoeveelhede van tipiese spesies in 'n laterale sone. Die ruimtelike en tydelike variasie in oewerplantegroei gemeenskap samestelling was beduidende genoeg om voor te stel dat die gebruik van 'n vaste verwysing toestand vir alle Wes-Kaapse riviere nie haalbaar sou wees nie as gevolg van duidelike verskille tussen riviere. Tweedens, by die kies van 'n verwysing terrein moet die ruimtelike plek van hierdie terrein in dieselfde lengte sone wees aangesien bank vorm 'n invloed op rivieroewer plant verspreiding het. Laaastens, het die tydelike vergelyking tussen terreine hoë diversiteit in spesies verspreidings maar klein verskille in algehele diversiteit gehad. Dit stel voor dat 'n algemene beskrywing van die gemeenskap wat spesifiek op 1) waar die terrein geleë is en 2) gebaseer op die huidige oewerplantegroei gemeenskap samestelling binne 'n spesifieke rivier netwerk dalk meer realisties en haalbaar vir hersteel en bestuurs doeleindes sou wees. Hierdie benadering word verkies bo die gebruik van n terrein beskrywings uit die verlede en verwysing terreine te ver stroomop of stroomaf van die herstel gebied.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-22T14:47:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Ferreira do Nascimento.pdf: 1352737 bytes, checksum: c5530d45410a097eff05898b4612b59f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-22T14:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wellington Ferreira do Nascimento.pdf: 1352737 bytes, checksum: c5530d45410a097eff05898b4612b59f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-12 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Rice is the primary food source in many developing countries in the world, primarily for those located in Asian. The Oryza genus has 24 species, but only two are cultivated: O. glaberrima Steud. in the West of Africa and O. sativa L. in all part of the world. Those species are naturally hydrophytes, however the evolutionary process they become adapted for many different ecosystems as lowland and upland. The breeding method used in the last decades increased the narrowing genetic base and the vulnerability of rice cultivation for plagues and diseases. However, it is necessary to use divergent genitors for development of new cultivars. In this context, the characterization of germplasm accesses from bank and collection could bring facilities in order to use them in breeding programs. The aim of this work was characterizer 146 accesses of upland rice Japanese by morphoagronomical traits in order to bring information that could bring facilities for chose genitors in rice breeding programs. In this case, the morphologic mark could give important information about genetic resource by simple, efficient and cheap way. There were studied 14 qualitative traits and 16 quantitative in a randomized blocks design experiment withthee replicates. For the 14 quantitative traits only two were not polymorphic and there was significative difference (P<0.05) for all 16 quantitative traits. The genetic variance was highest than environmental one and the heritability was higher than 80% for the evaluated characters. The genetic variation coefficient varied from 1.81 to 39.58 for different characteristics and b index was highest than 1 for all characters. The results showed that the rice access of UFRPE germplasm collection have great genetic variability and high potential for use in rice breeding programs. / O arroz é fonte primária de alimento em muitos países em desenvolvimento, principalmente naqueles situados no continente asiático. O gênero Oryza tem 24 espécies, mas apenas duas são cultivadas: a O. glaberrima Steud., cultivada no Oeste da África e da Ásia e O. sativa L., cultivada em todo mundo. Estas espécies são naturalmente hidrófilas,entretanto, o processo evolutivo tem levado sua adaptação às mais variadas condições ambientais, abrangendo desde ecossistemas de várzeas até ecossistemas de terras altas. Os métodos de melhoramento empregados nas últimas décadas têm ocasionado o estreitamento da base genética e conseqüente vulnerabilidade da cultura do arroz a pragas e doenças. Portanto, é necessário priorizar a utilização de parentais divergentes para o desenvolvimento de novas cultivares. Neste contexto, a caracterização de acessos disponíveis nos bancos e coleções de germoplasma pode viabilizar a melhor utilização dos mesmos em programas de melhoramento genético. Para tanto, a utilização de marcadores morfológicos disponibiliza informações à cerca dos recursos genéticos de maneira simples, eficiente e de baixo custo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar 146 acessos japoneses de arroz de terras altas mantidos na Coleção de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), com base em caracteres morfoagronômicos, visando disponibilizar informações necessárias que poderão facilitar à escolha de genitores nos programas de melhoramento genético do arroz. Foram estudados 14 caracteres qualitativos e 16 quantitativos em um experimento delineado em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Em relação aos 14 caracteres qualitativos avaliados, apenas dois não foram polimórficos e houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre os acessos para todos os 16 caracteres quantitativos. A variância genética foi superior a ambiental e os coeficientes de herdabilidade média foram altos, superior a 80% para as variáveis analisadas. O coeficiente de variação genética variou de 1,81 a 39,58 dependendo da característica e o índice b foi superior a um para todos os caracteres. Os resultados mostraram que os acessos de arroz mantidos na Coleção de Germoplasma da UFRPE apresentam alta variabilidade genética e grande potencialidade para serem utilizados como fonte de genes em programas de melhoramento genético.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ultimate goal of conservation planning is to ensure persistence of biodiversity. Biodiversity patterns and ecological processes are important aspects in conserving biodiversity. Although most researchers in conservation planning have focused on targeting biodiversity patterns, ecological and evolutionary processes can ensure persistence of biodiversity if incorporated into conservation planning. Ecological processes are the main drivers or sustainers of biodiversity. The aim of this research was to identify and map the spatial components of ecological processes in a portion of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area to aid in the implementation of biota movement corridors. Different methods have been used to identify suitable corridors but not much has been done on defining and mapping ecological processes that will ensure that the corridors maintain and generate biodiversity. A thorough literature survey was done to make a list of ecological processes that are important in maintaining the biodiversity in the area. Spatial components of ecological processes were mapped as surface elements aligned along linear environmental interfaces or gradients. The last part of the research was to suggest suitable movement corridors based on ecological processes. The results include five spatial components: riverine corridors, areas of high carbon sequestration, edaphic interfaces, upland-lowland interfaces and ecotones. Riverine corridors were mapped using a 1000 m buffer on either side of low lying rivers and 500 m buffer around rivers in the uplands. A map showing the carbon sequestration potential of vegetation in the study area was made using Moderate-Resolution Image Spectroradiometer (MODIS) derived NDVI data and the National Level Carbon Stock dataset done by the Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) Pantropical. Edaphic interfaces were idenfied using by a 250 m buffer around contrasting soil types. Upland-lowland interfaces identified by a 250 m buffer along upland and lowland habitats. Classification of Landsat 8 was used to identify ecotones in the study area. The results of the spatial components were then compared with the habitat transformation map which shows populated areas. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die uiteindelike doel van bewaringsbeplanning is om voortbestaan van biodiversiteit te verseker. Biodiversiteitspatrone en ekologiese prosesse is belangrike aspekte in die bewaring van biodiversiteit. Alhoewel die meeste navorsers in bewaringsbeplanning fokus op teiken biodiversiteitspatrone, kan die voortbestaan van ekologiese en evolusionêre prosesse van biodiversiteit verseker word deur insluiting in bewaringsbeplanning. Ekologiese prosesse is die belangrikste drywers, of onderhouers, van biodiversiteit. Die doel van hierdie navorsing was dus om die ruimtelike komponente van ekologiese prosesse in 'n gedeelte van die Kavango Zambezi oorgrensbewaringsgebied te identifiseer en te karteer om te help met implementering van biota bewegingsdeurlope. Verskillende metodes is al gebruik om gepaste deurlope te identifiseer, maar min navorsing is gedoen oor definisie en kartering van ekologiese prosesse om te verseker dat die deurlope biodiversiteit sal onderhou en genereer. 'n Deeglike literatuurstudie is gedoen om 'n lys op te stel van ekologiese prosesse wat belangrik is in die handhawing van biodiversiteit in die gebied. Ruimtelike komponente van ekologiese prosesse is gekarteer as oppervlak elemente gebonde aan lineêre omgewingskoppelvlakke of gradiënte. Die laaste deel van die navorsing was om geskikte bewegingsdeurlope, gebaseer op ekologiese prosesse, voor te stel. Die resultate sluit vyf ruimtelike komponente in: rivierdeurlope, gebiede van hoë koolstofsekwestrasie, edafiese koppelvlakke, hoogland-Laeveld koppelvlakke en grensekotone. Rivierdeurlope is gekarteer met behulp van 'n 1000 meter buffer aan weerskante van laagliggende riviere en 500 meter buffer rondom riviere in die hooglande. ‘n Kaart wat die koolstofsekwestrasiepotensiaal van plantegroei in die studie area toon is gemaak met behulp van Moderate-Resolution Image Spectroradiometer (MODIS) afgeleide NDVI data en ʼn koolstofvoorraaddatastel (National Level Carbon Stock dataset) voorsien deur die Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC). Pantropiese edafiese koppelvlakke is geïdentifiseer met behulp van 'n 250 meter buffer rondom kontrasterende grondtipes. Hoogland-Laeveld koppelvlakke is geïdentifiseer deur 'n 250 meter buffer langs die berg en laagland habitatte. Klassifikasie van Landsat 8 data is gebruik om ekotone in die studie area te identifiseer. Die resultate van die ruimtelike komponente is vergelyk met die habitattransformasiekaart wat bevolkte gebiede toon.

Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient (i) d'étudier les mécanismes par lesquels les nématodes bactérivores régulent les flux de nutriments (N et P) dans la rhizosphère du riz pluvial dans un sol ferrallitique de Madagascar, (ii) d'étudier les effets des interactions bactéries – bactérivores sur les fonctions de la plante (croissance et nutrition), et (iii) d'évaluer les principaux facteurs contrôlant la boucle microbienne des sols dans une optique d'intensification. Notre modèle biologique comprenait Acrobeloides sp. (Cephalobidae) et Oryza sativa (Poaceae).Deux voies ont été proposées pour expliquer les effets positifs des bactérivores sur la disponibilité des nutriments et les fonctions de la plante: voie de minéralisation et voie d'exploration. Afin d'identifier l'implication de chaque voie dans les flux de P inorganique à l'interface sol-plante nous avons utilisé le radio-isotope 32P comme traceur. Lorsque le pH du sol est corrigé par l'ajout de dolomie, la présence des nématodes bactérivores améliore la minéralisation nette de P, la production de biomasse et la nutrition de la plante sans modifier la ramification du système racinaire, contrairement à ce qui a été observé par certains auteurs en présence de protistes. En effet, en présence de nématodes et de dolomie, la L-value dans les parties aériennes de la plante augmente de 49%, la biomasse totale de la plante augmente de 22%, et la quantité de P total dans les tissus de la plante augmente de 9%. Ainsi, Acrobeloides sp. stimule le prélèvement de P par la plante via la voie nutritionnelle ou voie de minéralisation.Les effets de Acrobeloides sp. sur les fonctions de la plante sont variables (positives, neutres, négatives), en fonction des pratiques agricoles et des caractéristiques abiotiques du sol. Tout d'abord, ces effets peuvent dépendre de la variété de riz puisque l'attractivité des nématodes Acrobeloides sp. par la rhizosphère du riz varie en fonction des variétés de riz pluvial, plus précisément en fonction de la composition et de la quantité d'exsudats racinaires libérés par la plante. Ensuite, l'activité mutualiste des nématodes est influencée (maximisée) par la présence d'arbres (agroforesterie) dans la parcelle de riz pluvial. En plus des plantes, les paramètres édaphiques étaient des facteurs clés. L'activité mutualiste des nématodes est fortement limitée par le pouvoir fixateur des Ferralsols. Ainsi, l'ajout de dolomie limite la capacité de sorption de P du sol et améliore l'activité mutualiste des nématodes bactérivores. Enfin, l'activité mutualiste des nématodes sur la croissance et la nutrition du riz pluvial est favorisée par les valeurs élevées de pH et de teneur en Mg dans le sol. Pour conclure nous avons trouvé qu'il est possible d'intensifier l'activité mutualiste des nématodes bactérivores dans un sol tropical pauvre à travers des pratiques agricoles spécifiques (gestion des sols, agroforesterie). / Using Acrobeloides sp. (Cephalobidae) and Oryza sativa (Poaceae), we aimed at (i) studying the effects of bacterivorous nematodes on plant functions growing in a nutrient-poor soil in Madagascar, (ii) testing the mechanisms involved in the mutualistic activity of the bacterivorous nematodes in a strong P-depleted Ferralsol from the highlands of Madagascar, and (iii) identifying the agronomic and edaphic factors that can drive the soil microbial loop.Two pathways have been proposed to explain the positive effects of bacterial-feeders on nutrients availability and plant functions: mineralization pathway and exploration pathway. In order to test the involvement of each pathway in the mutualistic activity of bacterivorous nematodes, we assessed the effect of nematodes inoculation on inorganic P flows from soil to plant using the 32P labelling technique. When the soil pH was corrected with dolomite lime, we showed that the presence of Acrobeloides sp. improved net P mineralization and plant (Oryza sativa) functions (growth and nutrition) but did not alter lateral root growth as protists do. Indeed, in the presence of nematodes and dolomite, the shoot L-value increased by 49%, the plant total biomass increased by 22% and the plant total P amount increased by 9%. Thus, Acrobeloides sp. increased plant P uptake through the "nutritional" or "mineralization" pathway.The effects of Acrobeloides sp. on Oryza sativa functions were variable (positive, neutral or negative) according to agricultural practices and soil abiotic variables. First, these effects may depend on the rice cultivar used in the experiment. Indeed, the nematodes attractancy to root-adhering soils varied according to upland rice cultivar, probably according to the amount and composition of root exudates. The mutualistic activity of nematodes is also influenced (maximized) by the presence of trees (agroforestry) in the rice field. Besides plants, the abiotic soil parameters were key drivers. The mutualistic activity of nematodes was strongly limited by the ability of Ferralsols to precipitate and chemisorb phosphates. The addition of dolomite lime limited phosphates sorption on soil and enhanced the mutualistic activity of the nematodes. Also, the high values of soil pH and Mg content tended to increase the mutualistic activity of the bacterivorous nematodes on rice growth and nutrition. To conclude, we found that it is possible to drive the mutualistic activity of bacterivorous nematodes in poor tropical soils through specific soil and agricultural practices.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-04-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:57Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mauad_m_dr_botfca.pdf: 831349 bytes, checksum: fd4013d6c11ec26447104ebab569ba3e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O cultivo de arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro é considerado um cultivo de risco, sendo a água o fator ambiental mais ligado à baixa produtividade. A identificação e a compreensão dos mecanismos de tolerância à seca, bem como o desenvolvimento de práticas culturais que aumentem essa tolerância são fundamentais para alcançar maior estabilidade na produção. A adubação silicatada tem aumentado a tolerância das plantas aos estresses biótico e abiótico. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condição de déficit hídrico e adubação silicatada e a marcha de absorção e acúmulo de silício na parte aérea. Foram instalados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, o primeiro foi delineado em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas cultivares (Caiapó - tradicional e Maravilha - moderno), em duas tensões de água no solo (-0,025 MPa e -0,050 MPa) e duas doses de silício ( 0 e 350 kg ha-1Si). O segundo experimento foi conduzido de maneira inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 7 com quatro repetições, sendo duas cultivares (Caiapó e Maravilha) dois corretivo de solo (carbonato de cálcio e silicato de cálcio) e sete estádios de desenvolvimento (início do perfilhamento, perfilhamento máximo, diferenciação do primórdio da panícula, emborrachamento, antese, grão leitoso e maturação fisiológica.) O estresse hídrico reduziu o 2 número de panícula por metro quadrado, o número total de espiguetas por panícula, a fertilidade das espiguetas e, consequentemente, a produtividade de grãos. Sob condições de estresse hídrico, o silício reduz o teor de prolina na fase vegetativa e reprodutiva e aumenta a atividade da peroxidase na fase reprodutiva, podendo ser um indicativo de tolerância a esse estresse. As cultivares de arroz acumulam silício em quantidades. / The highland rice cultivate under upland condition is considered a risk cultivate, being the water enviroment factor most linked to low productivity. The identification and the understanding of the dry tolerance mechanisms as well as the development of culture practical that increase this tolerance are fundamental to achieve more stabitity, productivity on highland rice cultivate specially on upland system. The silicon fertilization have been increased the plants tolerance under biotic and abiotic stress. This silicon fertilization have been increased the plants tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. This research had the objective to evaluate the development of the upland rice cultivar under water stress condition and silicon fertilization and uptake dynamic of silicon in the aerial part of the plant. The were installed two experiment in greenhouse, the first experiment was outlined at random blocks design in a factorial draft 2x2x2 with four replication. The treatments were 4 two cultivars ( Caiapó- Traditional and Maravilha Modern) for two tension of water on the ground ( -0,025 MPa e -0,0050 MPa) and for two silicon rates ( 0 and 350 kg ha-1Si). The second experiment was carried out as entirely randomized design factorial draft 2x2x7 with four replication, being two cultivares (Caiapó and Maravilha) two soil amendments (limestone and calcium silicate) and seven estage of development. The water stress decreased the number of panicle per square meter, the total number of spikets per panicle, spiketel fertility and consequently the grains productivity. Under water stress, the silicon decrease the proline level at vegetation and reproductive stage and increase the peroxide activity at reproductive stage, could be a tolerance indicative to this stress. The rice cultivares accumulate silicon in different quantity. The silicon uptake dynamic and silicon accumulate is gradual at the Caiapó cultivar, since the tillering to the booting, while.

Resumo: O cultivo de arroz de terras altas sob condições de sequeiro é considerado um cultivo de risco, sendo a água o fator ambiental mais ligado à baixa produtividade. A identificação e a compreensão dos mecanismos de tolerância à seca, bem como o desenvolvimento de práticas culturais que aumentem essa tolerância são fundamentais para alcançar maior estabilidade na produção. A adubação silicatada tem aumentado a tolerância das plantas aos estresses biótico e abiótico. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desenvolvimento de cultivares de arroz de terras altas sob condição de déficit hídrico e adubação silicatada e a marcha de absorção e acúmulo de silício na parte aérea. Foram instalados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, o primeiro foi delineado em blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por duas cultivares (Caiapó - tradicional e Maravilha - moderno), em duas tensões de água no solo (-0,025 MPa e -0,050 MPa) e duas doses de silício ( 0 e 350 kg ha-1Si). O segundo experimento foi conduzido de maneira inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 x 7 com quatro repetições, sendo duas cultivares (Caiapó e Maravilha) dois corretivo de solo (carbonato de cálcio e silicato de cálcio) e sete estádios de desenvolvimento (início do perfilhamento, perfilhamento máximo, diferenciação do primórdio da panícula, emborrachamento, antese, grão leitoso e maturação fisiológica.) O estresse hídrico reduziu o 2 número de panícula por metro quadrado, o número total de espiguetas por panícula, a fertilidade das espiguetas e, consequentemente, a produtividade de grãos. Sob condições de estresse hídrico, o silício reduz o teor de prolina na fase vegetativa e reprodutiva e aumenta a atividade da peroxidase na fase reprodutiva, podendo ser um indicativo de tolerância a esse estresse. As cultivares de arroz acumulam silício em quantidades. / Abstract: The highland rice cultivate under upland condition is considered a risk cultivate, being the water enviroment factor most linked to low productivity. The identification and the understanding of the dry tolerance mechanisms as well as the development of culture practical that increase this tolerance are fundamental to achieve more stabitity, productivity on highland rice cultivate specially on upland system. The silicon fertilization have been increased the plants tolerance under biotic and abiotic stress. This silicon fertilization have been increased the plants tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. This research had the objective to evaluate the development of the upland rice cultivar under water stress condition and silicon fertilization and uptake dynamic of silicon in the aerial part of the plant. The were installed two experiment in greenhouse, the first experiment was outlined at random blocks design in a factorial draft 2x2x2 with four replication. The treatments were 4 two cultivars ( Caiapó- Traditional and Maravilha Modern) for two tension of water on the ground ( -0,025 MPa e -0,0050 MPa) and for two silicon rates ( 0 and 350 kg ha-1Si). The second experiment was carried out as entirely randomized design factorial draft 2x2x7 with four replication, being two cultivares (Caiapó and Maravilha) two soil amendments (limestone and calcium silicate) and seven estage of development. The water stress decreased the number of panicle per square meter, the total number of spikets per panicle, spiketel fertility and consequently the grains productivity. Under water stress, the silicon decrease the proline level at vegetation and reproductive stage and increase the peroxide activity at reproductive stage, could be a tolerance indicative to this stress. The rice cultivares accumulate silicon in different quantity. The silicon uptake dynamic and silicon accumulate is gradual at the Caiapó cultivar, since the tillering to the booting, while. / Orientador: Hélio Grassi Filho / Coorientador: Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Sonia Regina de Souza / Banca: Gaspar Henrique Korndorfer / Banca: José Salvador Simonetti Foloni / Doutor

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This study focuses on the students who participate in acts of racism. The study examines the degree to which students who commit acts of racism and engage in cultural clashes are outsiders or nonparticipants in their schools as well as in their communities.

Access to water from San Antonio Creek was critical in Claremont’s growth from a small stop on the Santa Fe Railroad to an agricultural powerhouse and an elite college town. While Claremont has sought to distinguish itself from surrounding communities since its founding in 1882, the innovative Pomona Valley Protective Association (PVPA) aligned Claremont with the City of Pomona and its other neighbors in a scheme to conserve the Creek’s resources at the turn of the century. Organized around the discovery of local confined aquifers and the development of a strategy to recharge them with water from the San Antonio Creek, the Association was a contradictory moment of cooperation in an otherwise highly contentious zero-sum game of water rights politics. As conflicts wore on, the PVPA quietly orchestrated the purchase of large tracts of land in the San Antonio Creekbed, where the construction of diversion dams and spreading grounds served dual purposes of water conservation and flood control. As dam building in the Creekbed continued, large tracts of the previously undevelopable Wash were transferred to the aggregate mining institutions that gouged the area’s many gravel pits. This thesis uses the story of the PVPA and the contemporary example of the Claremont University Consortium Gravel Pit to explore the context of development in the San Antonio Creek Wash. Understanding the political and social contexts of the gravel quarry problem reveals possibilities for a more integrative, conscious, and sustainable approach to improving the former gravel quarries that currently occupy the Wash landscape.

Hydrogeologic investigations were conducted on the drainage systems of an area of the Pennyroyal sinkhole plain of south central Kentucky. The degree of karstification of five area streams was studied to develop an understanding of the evolution of drainage as the landscape changes from a sandstone caprock plateau to a limestone sinkhole plain. The Chester Upland, capped by the Big Clifty Sandstone, possesses predominantly surface drainage and the Pennyroyal Plain, formed on Mississippian limestones, possesses considerable subsurface drainage. As the Chester Upland Escarpment retreats and surface streams are onto the limestones, the streams evolve to become subsurface streams. The five streams observed in the study (all flowing on limestones) demonstrated less karst development close to the Chester Escarpment and more karst development with increasing distance from the escarpment. Sediments derived from the escarpment and plateau blanket the stream beds thus perching the streams and preventing chemically aggressive water from forming karst solution features in the limestones. The streams farther away from the escarpment are removed from the sediment source and are therefore able to downcut into the limestone and invade the subsurface to become cave streams. Lithologic investigation of limestones exposed in stream beds revealed that minor resistant units can act to diminish downcutting and maintain short sections of surface flow. The stream investigated was not flowing on a perching layer, but instead was held on the surface by a stratigraphic control (spillover layer) that prevented subterranean stream invasion. Dye traces conducted on groundwater flow in the sinkhole plain revealed that the area drainage pattern is changing as surface streams invade the subsurface and that integration between drainage basins is taking place. Stream piracy and stream diversion are occurring in the subsurface causing alteration of the existing topographic drainage divides that developed before the surface streams invaded the subsurface. A general model is presented which shows the evolution of surface drainage to subsurface drainage, as the Chester Escarpment continues its northwestward retreat.