The purpose of this creative project was to create a diffuse system of tourism destination nodes and corridors that have various niche uses throughout Warren County. This diffuse approach utilized an eco-tourism pattern language that allows for less strain and maximum benefits on natural resources and cultural heritage. Theoretical knowledge on assessing eco-tourism principles and interpreting cultural landscapes was used to assess significant resources in Warren County. The significant natural resources such as water resources, wildlife corridors, topographic features, and vegetation were inventoried and analyzed. Cultural histories of the Seneca, pioneer trading, industrial practices, and Amish lifestyles were interpreted. Current plans of development along the Allegheny riverfront, MusariumTM, Northwest Pennsylvania Greenways, and the Allegheny Wilds, were considered, adapted, and critiqued for their usefulness to tourism development in the county. The consideration of these current plans, coupled with the frameworks of Christopher Alexander's Pattern Language, interpretations of cultural landscapes, and current GIS technologies were used in the creation of general eco-tourism pattern language that was applied to tourism destination nodes, corridors, and activity centers in Warren County.The city of warren serves as the county's central destination hub, from which corridors connect destination nodes that extend radially from the city. The nodes consist of the Kinzua Reservoir, the town of Tidioute, Chapman State Park, Buckaloons-Cornplanter State Forest, and the towns of Akeley-Scandia. Each of these destination nodes will be developed to represent and emphasize specific sub-cultures historically found in that area. / Department of Landscape Architecture

Studies on density related indices of white-tailed deer were conducted on the Conservation Research Center (CRC) in Warren County, Virginia from June 1985 to April 1986. Food habits and bark-stripping by deer were also evaluated. Whole body weights, stored fat status, abomasal parasite counts, and blood indices from five deer collected in September on the CRC were compared to deer collected from two reference areas in Southwest Virginia. Abomasal parasite count values for the three areas were recorded as 2568, 1292, and 292. No consistent effects of deer density on physical and physiological indices were observed. Rumen contents from the five deer collected on the CRC were used to determine food habits. The fall diet consisted of green herbage and foliage of woody plants (70% of the total volume) and fruits (30%) such as acorns, apples, and black cherry. No consistent effect of deer density on forage use in meadows was observed on the CRC. Meadow utilization decreased as the growing season progressed. Meadows were utilized more at the edge than 200 m from the edge (P = 0.06). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in percentage of dogwood twigs browsed during winter among areas with different deer densities. Fecal crude protein values were higher during summer than winter (P < 0. 0001) but there also was an area-season interaction ( P < 0. 01). Acid detergent fiber values were significantly different areawise (P < 0.01), seasonwise, and areas-season interactionwise (P = 0.0001). Deer density was positively related to winter ADF values. Bark-stripping occurred on slippery elm trees during the winter in a high deer density area. No significant association was found between stripping of slippery elms and age, dbh, and height classes. Protein (P < 0.001) and starch (P < 0.01) contents of the bark were significantly higher in slippery elms than in any other tree species. / M.S.

Following the social unrest of the 1960s, social scientists in America began to examine the persistence of ethnic identity among groups previously viewed in terms of their assimilation into the dominant culture or their geographical and thus cultural isolation. In 1969 social anthropologist Frederick Barth published his seminal essay on the subject. Ethnic identity, he claimed, can persist despite contact with and interdependence on other ethnic groups.This thesis attempts to effectively combine data from both the ethnohistoric and archaeological records in order to better understand the ethnic identity of Zachariah Cicott, a 19th century fur trader living in the central Wabash Valley. At this time the French families living in the United States had managed to maintain a separate sense of being or ethnic identity.The architectural style of an individuals residence has long been regarded as a reflection of the occupant’s ethnicity. French colonists arriving in North America brought with them a distinct architectural style characterized by the use of hand hewn vertical logs. As French communities spread across the North American landscape this style changed in response to the environment and raw materials at hand. Three ethnohistoric accounts of Cicott’s house make a convincing case for the presence of French architecture at the Cicott Trading Post Site (12Wa59).Archaeological excavations at the Cicott Trading Post Site have provided further evidence for French architecture. Found in association with a linear concentration of limestone, which appears to be the partial remains of the house foundation, were several fragments of pierrotage, a type of French mortar.Taken in conjunction with the ethnohistoric accounts, this limestone foundation and the associated pierrotage may be seen to represent the remains of a piece-sur-piece structure. / Department of Anthropology

A discussion of how to reorganize the Warren County, Kentucky school system. Includes a description of the Warren County school system in 1957.

Using only one line of evidence for a study of historic sites can be problematic if it does not provide a complete picture of the material culture or lifeways of a people, group, or community. In order to understand the ideas and objects, of culture present at historic sites, it is necessary to use archaeological methodologies with vernacular architecture studies and folklore to create a more holistic image of the world and its inhabitants. To facilitate this, I conducted original research on a mineral spring resort, Massey Springs Resort (Massey Springs) in Warren County, Kentucky, a popular resort in the early 1900s. This project examines the site in terms of its archaeological resources, primary and secondary archival data, and vernacular architectural resources. Since there are no standing structures, Massey Springs is worthwhile example of the explicit need of using a multidisciplinary and integrated approach to investigate past lifeways.

Religion is a part of man and his culture. We cannot understand the totality of man if we do not understand his religion. The church structure is the visible expression of man's religion. The purpose of this study is to describe the distribution of churches in Warren County, Kentucky, and to examine the factors that contribute to this areal pattern. In an attempt to further clarify this human-religious expression the following points will be considered: (1) the reasons for denominational change through time; (2) the association of church location and population with corresponding rural -urban shifts; and (3) the style of church architecture as a response to local community need. A familiar pattern of settlement in the United States is the rural to urban migration of population that has been in effect since the beginning of the twentieth century. This migration has brought a change in the rural landscape. The further one goes from an urban center the less dense the population. Homes have been deserted and left to fall down; villages contain vacant stores and buildings. One would expect a corresponding pattern within the rural churches. However, there has not been a reduction of rural churches, while at the same time there has been a dynamic growth in the urban center. The reasons for this phenomena will be examined and discussed.

Hydrogeologic investigations were conducted on the drainage systems of an area of the Pennyroyal sinkhole plain of south central Kentucky. The degree of karstification of five area streams was studied to develop an understanding of the evolution of drainage as the landscape changes from a sandstone caprock plateau to a limestone sinkhole plain. The Chester Upland, capped by the Big Clifty Sandstone, possesses predominantly surface drainage and the Pennyroyal Plain, formed on Mississippian limestones, possesses considerable subsurface drainage. As the Chester Upland Escarpment retreats and surface streams are onto the limestones, the streams evolve to become subsurface streams. The five streams observed in the study (all flowing on limestones) demonstrated less karst development close to the Chester Escarpment and more karst development with increasing distance from the escarpment. Sediments derived from the escarpment and plateau blanket the stream beds thus perching the streams and preventing chemically aggressive water from forming karst solution features in the limestones. The streams farther away from the escarpment are removed from the sediment source and are therefore able to downcut into the limestone and invade the subsurface to become cave streams. Lithologic investigation of limestones exposed in stream beds revealed that minor resistant units can act to diminish downcutting and maintain short sections of surface flow. The stream investigated was not flowing on a perching layer, but instead was held on the surface by a stratigraphic control (spillover layer) that prevented subterranean stream invasion. Dye traces conducted on groundwater flow in the sinkhole plain revealed that the area drainage pattern is changing as surface streams invade the subsurface and that integration between drainage basins is taking place. Stream piracy and stream diversion are occurring in the subsurface causing alteration of the existing topographic drainage divides that developed before the surface streams invaded the subsurface. A general model is presented which shows the evolution of surface drainage to subsurface drainage, as the Chester Escarpment continues its northwestward retreat.