Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis focuses on the impact of social class and sex caste influences on upper-class women. Preceding analysis have tended to suggest either that upper-class women are, women, essentially powerless and irrelevant to the broader historical context or that they are, as members of the upper-class, powerful and, on occasion, important historical actors. This research addresses these issues in a more systematic and comprehensive fashion than previous attempts. Specifically, the thesis of this dissertation considers three questions: 1. Do active upper-class women exercise power? 2. Is this exercise of power socio-historically significant? and 3. Through this exercise of power do active upper-class women seek to advance their social class or their sex caste? In order to pursue this inquiry, 'power' must be conceptualized as a broad range of activities through which individuals directly or indirectly exercise their will or serve their own interests. This expanded understanding of power is receptive to woman's experience of social reality. The particular 'strategic' research population selected for this investigation is upper-class women who were active in New York City between 1880 and 1920. The socio-historical milieu in which these women lived was a vortex of powerful social class and sex caste forces -the role of women was in the midst of sweeping reformulations and the class system was embroiled in crucial struggles. Active upper-class women's activities in this context are investigated by means of cumulated biographies. Using standard biographical sources, biographical dossiers (detailing family background, organizational affiliations and so on) are assembled for 412 subjects. This information is then analysed, first, in terms of the general characteristics of the research population (for example, their distinguishing social traits) and, secondly, in terms of their involvement in three key fields -social welfare, ideological domination and the status of women. The results from this analysis suggest, first, that upper-class women did wield power (they held important executive offices, were influential figures or were founders, leaders or benefactors of movements, organizations or institutions). Secondly, their exercise of power was of socio-historical significance (many of the organizations, institutions and movements in which they exercised power played an important role in social and historical events.) Finally, although substantial evidence indicates that many research subjects aided on-going projects of the upper-class, worked with class colleagues and defended the interests of the upper class, sex caste affiliation was also an important consideration. Many of the research population's activities were undertaken through woman-only organizations or were directed specifically to women. In a few significant instances concern with sex caste issues led some active upper-class women into conflict with traditional upper-class values. The research indicates that upper-class women's social activities and historical role cannot be viewed simply as expressions of either class or caste influences. Rather, analyses must recognize an interplay between the two factors. Further, the inquiry suggests that the family (with female as well as male components considered) must 'in a real sense' be conceptualized as the foundation of the upper class. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The intent of this study was to describe the effects of long term paraplegia and wheelchair use on upper limb function. Bilateral upper extremity isokinetic and grip strength, pain, and active range of motion were compared in 52 men with paraplegia (mean age 44 years: mean duration of spinal cord injury (SCI) 17 years) and 52 age and activity-level matched able-bodied men. The impact of upper limb pain on activities of daily living (ADL) performance was examined in the paraplegic sample. Strength was not significantly different between the two samples except for bilateral shoulder flexion (able-bodied stronger) and bilateral elbow extension (paraplegia stronger). Strength changed similarly with age in the two groups. The effect of duration of SCI on strength, excluding age, was significant for grip strength only. Duration of paraplegia and activity-level were better predictors of strength than age in 9 of 14 muscle groups, whereas in the able-bodied, age was the best strength predictor. Limited bilateral shoulder internal rotation and non-dominant external rotation were associated with paraplegia. Upper limb pain in the past week was associated with paraplegia (shoulder p<.001; elbow p<.00l; wrist/hand p<.00l). Reported pain prevalences for the paraplegic sample were: shoulder 39%, elbow 31%, wrist/hand 40%. The paraplegic subjects' pain intensity ratings revealed them to be experiencing mild to moderate levels of upper limb pain. Shoulder pain was associated with duration of injury, exclusive of age (p<.05). Measurement of the impact of upper limb pain On 18 activities of daily living (ADL) tasks revealed pain to be experienced by the majority of subjects with paraplegia (mobility tasks 60%; self-care tasks 5 8 % ; general activities tasks 60%). However, only 23-35% had made changes in their routines, and 6-16% had sought assistance with ADL due to upper limb pain. ++ / When age was excluded, it appeared that duration of SCI was more associated with pain during ADL, but this was significant only for pain during self-care tasks. The tasks most reported to cause upper limb pain were work/school, sleep, wheelchair transfers, outdoor wheeling, and driving. These results suggest that preventative and management steps are required to ensure continued independence and quality of life in this group over time. The effect of duration of SCI suggests that limitations in upper limb function may be seen in this population at relatively young ages.

Even though English is a subject where Swedish pupils do well compared to pupils in other countries, research indicates that pupils are not always motivated to learn in the English classroom. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find research relating to the use of the target language in classrooms for pupils at the upper elementary level, particularly language learners in Sweden. The focus of this thesis is to find out what benefits and challenges accompany the use of the target language during English lessons, as well as what pupils’ opinions are on the consistent use of the target language in the classroom. This literature review of five research articles shows that it is beneficial for pupils’ language development to have lessons where mainly the target language is used. It is for example beneficial for pupils’ ability to speak, their pronunciation, vocabulary and ability to use language strategies. The results show that there are challenges as well, especially for the teachers, since use of the target language presumes that the teacher has good language skills and is capable of scaffolding each pupil at their individual level and in their zone of proximal development. Furthermore, there are challenges like differences in pupils’ skill level, creating tasks that both motivate and stimulate, and creating a safe learning environment. Even though the results in this thesis are limited, it is still obvious that it is an important area, where more research is necessary in order to assist teachers in how to teach English as effectively as possible. / <p>Engelska</p>

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Insets of large anhedral minerals in kimberlites are proposed to mainly have their origin from the disaggregation of mantle-derived xenoliths through mechanical abrasion by the ascending kimberlite magma. Garnet, despite being an important constituent of both mantle-derived peridotite and eclogite, forms only a minor constituent of kimberlites. This suggests that a large proportion of garnet liberated into the kimberlite through the disaggregation of such xenoliths, is consumed before the emplacement of kimberlite. This study records the breakdown mechanism of garnet by the ascending kimberlite magma by conducting experiments between pressures of 2 and 4 GPa and temperatures between 1100 and 1300°C. The starting material used in the experiments was prepared from a natural hypabyssal kimberlite that closely resembles the composition of a proposed primary Group I kimberlite magma. To the kimberlite material 5 wt % garnet, sourced from a natural peridotite, was added. It was found that garnet is not a stable equilibrium phase within the kimberlite magma under the investigated temperature and pressure conditions. Based on large volumes of phlogopite in the experiments it is concluded that garnet melts incongruently in the kimberlite magma to form phlogopite as a peritectic product and melts transitional in composition between silicate and carbonate melts. This is in contrast to more SiO2 -rich melt compositions produced as a consequence of the incongruent breakdown of both orthopyroxene and omphacite within kimberlite magmas. The consequence of the melt compositions produced in the experiments is increased solubility of CO2 in the form of carbonate (CO32-). This finding has implications for both kimberlite ascent mechanisms and the solubility of diamond transported within kimberlite magmas. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit word voorgestel dat groot oneenvormige mineraalinsluitsels in kimberliet hoofsaaklik afkomstig is van xenolitiese mantelmateriaal wat verbrokkel weens die meganiese werking van die stygende kimberliet magma. Ten spyte daarvan dat granaat ‘n belangrike komponent is van peridotiet en eklogiet xenoliete afkomstig uit die mantel, vorm granaat slegs ‘n geringe deel van die kimberliet mineraalsamestelling. Dit dui daarop dat ‘n beduidende gedeelte van die granaat wat vrygstel word in die kimberliet magma deur die verbrokkeling van xenolitiese materiaal, afgebreek word deur die stygende kimberliet magma voordat dit stol. Hierdie studie ondersoek die afbreekmeganisme van granaat afkomstig van die mantel in die stygende kimberliet magma deur eksperimente uit te voer by drukke tussen 2 en 4GPa en temperature tussen 1100 en 1300°C. Die materiaal met die aanvang van die eksperimente was voorberei uit ‘n natuurlike hipabissale kimberliet wat soortgelyk is in samestelling as ‘n voorgestelde primêre Groep I kimberliet magma se samesteling. Vyf gewigspresent (5 wt %) granaat, verkry van n natuurlike peridotiet, is bygevoeg tot die kimberlietmateriaal. Daar is gevind dat granaat nie ‘n stabiele ewewigsfase is in die kimberliet magma binne die temperatuur-en drukstoestande ondersoek nie. Groot volumes flogopiet teenwoordig in die eksperimente dui daarop dat granaat inkongruent smelt in die kimberliet magma om flogopiet as ‘n peritektiese produk te vorm te same met ‘n smelt wat neig na ‘n karbonatitese smeltsamestelling. Die bevinding is in teenstelling met meer SiO2-ryke smeltsamestellings as gevolg van die inkongruente afbreek van beide ortopirokseen en omfasiet in die kimberliet magma. Die gevolg van die meer karbonatitese smeltsamestellings, is ‘n toename in die oplosbaarheid van CO2 in die smelt in die vorm van karbonaat (CO32-). Die bevinding het nagevolge vir beide kimberliet stygingsmeganismes asook die oplosbaarheid van diamant tydens die vervoer van diamant deur kimberliet magmas.

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The intermontane Mackenzie Basin is located within the central South Island of New Zealand. The glacial basin contains three glacial lakes which are used for hydroelectric power generation via a canal system that links the lakes. The basin is an area of climate extremes, low rainfall, high summer temperatures, and snowy winters. The area is predominantly used for pastoral farming, however farming practices are changing and, combined with an increasing population, there is a need to define the groundwater resources to enable sustainable resource management. Little is currently known about the hydrogeological system within the Mackenzie Basin, and what is known is from investigations carried out during the construction of the canal system from 1935 to 1985. There are four glacial formations that overlie Tertiary sequences and Torlesse bedrock. However, due to the glacial processes that have been ongoing over at least the last 300 ka, determining the occurrence and extent of groundwater within the outwash gravels is difficult. It is suggested that the permeability of the formations decreases with depth, therefore horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity decrease with depth. A shallow groundwater table is present within the Post Glacial Alluvial Gravels which is recharged directly from fast flowing streams and rivers as well as rainfall. It appears that this shallow system moves rapidly through the system and it is unlikely that the water infiltrates downwards to recharge the deeper groundwater system. It is thought that a deep groundwater system flows preferentially through the Mt John Outwash Gravels, being the second youngest glacial formation. Water chemistry and age dating tracer analysis indicate that the deeper groundwater is over 80 years old and that the groundwater system is recharging slowly. The shallow groundwater in the Post Glacial Alluvial Gravels and within the major fans to the east of the basin is 10 to 20 years in age. Baseline data such as water chemistry, groundwater levels, and surface water gaugings have been collected which can be used for future investigations. More data needs to be collected to create a long term record to further define the hydrogeological system and to determine the best way to manage the resource for long term sustainable use in the future.

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