Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-26T13:00:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camillelanzarottinolasco.pdf: 4231521 bytes, checksum: 9bd719e28ed8fb0e1159fe2d22409fce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-26T13:17:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camillelanzarottinolasco.pdf: 4231521 bytes, checksum: 9bd719e28ed8fb0e1159fe2d22409fce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T13:17:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camillelanzarottinolasco.pdf: 4231521 bytes, checksum: 9bd719e28ed8fb0e1159fe2d22409fce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-09 / A Agricultura Urbana (AU) tem sido objeto de estudos recentes, devido à sua grande importância junto às ciências sociais e políticas e sua localização dentro dos limites das cidades contemporâneas. Suas implicações na Ecologia Urbana vão desde a manutenção de áreas verdes e interação com a fauna, até a perpetuação de saberes tradicionais da população, passando por questões como a segurança alimentar de seus habitantes, a utilização dos recursos naturais, e a sustentabilidade urbana. Entender como a Agricultura Urbana está inserida na Ecologia Urbana permite criar propostas integradas a outras questões de cunho ecológico que venham a direcionar a cidade para um futuro sustentável. O presente estudo teve como objetivo central compreender a dimensão ecológica da agricultura urbana, nas áreas intra e periurbanas, do Distrito Sede do município de Juiz de Fora, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, analisando como a prática da agricultura urbana dialoga com a ecologia desta cidade. Através das indicações de informantes foram encontradas 179 áreas de ocorrência de AU em Juiz de Fora, separadas em setores específicos na execução desta pesquisa: Projetos Sociais Municipais, Escolas (municipais, estaduais, federais e particulares), Instituições (públicas, religiosas, assistenciais e unidades básicas de saúde), Áreas de Produção Comercial, e Quintais Produtivos (no bairro Monte Castelo). Entrevistas semi-estruturadas e visitas foram realizadas em um total de 77 áreas. A partir do resultado obtido empiricamente, foi possível categorizar os agricultores urbanos de Juiz de Fora (migrantes rurais, idosos, professores, alunos, beneficiários de projetos e agricultores comerciais) que associaram a atividade agrícola a uma melhoria na qualidade de vida, apresentando orgulho de suas produções, felicidade e apreciação da beleza cênica. Constatou-se que as interações ecológicas se dão de várias formas, sendo encontrados pontos positivos como o menor deslocamento entre a produção e o consumidor final, a manutenção e criação de áreas verdes e com solo permeável, a pouca utilização de agrotóxicos, o fornecimento de alimento e habitat para indivíduos da fauna, a diversidade de espécimes vegetais, o aproveitamento de resíduos orgânicos através de compostagem (pouca ainda), a aproximação das pessoas com o verde e a utilização da AU como ferramenta de educação ambiental, alimentar e cidadã. Dentre os pontos negativos levantados estão: a utilização de águas contaminadas, a utilização de alguns agrotóxicos e de adubação química, e o pouco aproveitamento dos resíduos orgânicos. Sendo que a maioria dos problemas relacionados com a má utilização dos recursos naturais pelos agricultores urbanos se deve a falta de instrução, treinamento e acompanhamento. A pesquisa constatou que as áreas agrícolas urbanas em Juiz de Fora constituem locais de grande importância para os envolvidos, para a conservação dos recursos naturais e biodiversidade, para a manutenção de saberes tradicionais e são fundamentais na busca por uma sustentabilidade desta cidade. / The urban agriculture (UA) has been the object of recent studies due to its importance from the social and policy sciences and its location within the limits of contemporary cities. Their implications for Urban Ecology ranging from the maintenance of green areas and interaction with wildlife, to the perpetuation of traditional knowledge of the population, through such issues as, food security of its inhabitants, use of natural resources and urban sustainability. Understanding how Urban Agriculture is embedded in the Urban Ecology, create integrated proposals to other environmental issues that will guide the city into a sustainable future. This study aimed to understand the ecological dimension of the Urban Agriculture, within urban and in suburban areas of the District Headquarters of the municipality of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, analyzing how the practice of Urban Agriculture occurs and argue with the ecology of this city. Were found 179 areas of UA occurrence in Juiz de Fora indicated by the informants, separated into specific sectors in the implementation of this research: Social Municipal Projects, Schools (municipal, state, federal and private), Institutions (public, religious, welfare and basic health units), Commercial production areas, and Productive backyards (neighborhood of Monte Castelo). Semi-structured interviews and visits were carried out in a total of 77 areas. From the empirical result, it was possible to categorize the urban farmers of Juiz de Fora (rural migrants, elderly, teachers, students, beneficiaries of projects and commercial farmers) who joined the agricultural activity to an improvement in quality of life, having pride of their productions, happiness and appreciation of scenic beauty. The ecological interactions occur in several ways, being observed positive points as the smaller distance between production and final consumer, the maintenance and creation of green areas and permeable soil, low use of agrochemicals, supply of food and habitat for fauna individuals, diversity of plant specimens, use of organic waste through composting (still low), the approach of people with the green and use of the UA as a tool for food, citizen and environmental education. Among the negative points raised are: the use of contaminated water, the use of some pesticides and chemical fertilizer, and little use of organic waste. The majority of problems related to bad use of natural resources by farmers are due to lack of education, training and monitoring. This research found that urban agricultural areas in Juiz de Fora are places of great importance for those involved, for the conservation of natural resources and biodiversity, for the maintenance of traditional knowledge, and are fundamental in the search for sustainability of this city.

As the global sustainability challenge intensifies, food has emerged as a critical issue in sustainable development. Growing food within city limits, or urban agriculture (UA), is one way to help increase access to fresh, local, healthy food for everyone while simultaneously reducing environmental impacts. While UA is increasing on a global scale, it is not always being supported in a strategic manner. This thesis explores the opportunity of how UA can be supported to help move cities towards sustainability. Current UA practices were evaluated based on information from literature and interviews using the five-level framework method. As a way to help provide guidance in strategic planning, the framework for strategic sustainable development (FSSD) was utilized, introducing the concepts of a full-system perspective, a principle-based definition of sustainability, and backcasting. Combining current UA success principles, stakeholder input, and the FSSD, an enhanced planning guide was created as a tool to help cities better plan for UA.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research presents a discussion that involves the urban agriculture theme and its relation with poverty. Inside a new existing context related to the rural and urban environment, the urban agriculture arises, most of the times, as a survival alternative of poorer people that come from the rural area and live in the cities urban area. That does not mean that the urban agriculture doesn t have a multifunctional character, and must be seen and assisted by governmental institutions with the aim of provide a better quality of life to everybody in the city, be it through community projects or specific projects that stimulates the activity. In this specific case, the urban agriculture in Santa Maria - RS was studied, based on a sample formed by poor families, where the mentioned activity was shown as a feeding complementation, mainly, supplying fresh products, which are free from chemical products, besides providing the feeding and nutritional security of them. It can be also attributed to this urban agriculture a significant reduction in the expenses with food, and even an increase in the income with an eventual selling of these products. The research is divided into 5 chapters which respectively treats: the problem and its importance (where the objectives of the present work is presented); a bibliographic review (agriculture origin, the urbanization problem and the arising of a urban agriculture, the urban agriculture concept, the urban agriculture in the past and nowadays, the objectives and contributions of this agriculture, who are the urban agricultures, types of urban agriculture, the urban agriculture and the public politics); the methodological concepts used (specifying places and sample); the results and discussion of the collected data and the author s main considerations about it. / Este trabalho apresenta uma discussão envolvendo a temática da agricultura urbana e sua relação com a pobreza. Dentro do novo contexto existente em relação ao espaço rural e urbano, a agricultura urbana, surge, muitas vezes, com uma alternativa de sobrevivência das populações mais pobres, provenientes da zona rural, que residem na zona urbana das cidades. Isso não significa, que a agricultura urbana não possua um caráter multifuncional, e deva ser vista e assistida por órgãos governamentais, com o objetivo de proporcionar uma melhor qualidade de vida para toda população da cidade, seja através de programas comunitários ou projetos específicos de incentivo à atividade. Neste caso específico, estudou-se a agricultura urbana em Santa Maria RS, com base em uma amostra constituída por famílias pobres, onde a atividade apresentou-se como uma forma de complementação da alimentação, principalmente, fornecendo produtos frescos e livres de insumos químicos, além de promover a segurança alimentar e nutricional das mesmas. Pode-se atribuir à agricultura urbana praticada pelas famílias, também, uma significativa redução nos gastos com alimentos, e até um aumento da renda, com eventuais vendas de excedentes produzidos. O trabalho é dividido em 5 capítulos, tratando respectivamente de: o problema e sua importância (onde são apresentados os objetivos do trabalho); a revisão bibliográfica (origem da agricultura, o problema da urbanização e o surgimento da agricultura urbana, o conceito de agricultura urbana, a agricultura urbana ontem e hoje, finalidades e contribuições da agricultura urbana, quem são os agricultores urbanos, tipificações da agricultura urbana, a agricultura urbana e as políticas públicas); os procedimentos metodológicos adotados (com especificação dos locais e amostra); os resultados e discussão dos dados coletados e as principais considerações da autora sobre seus achados.

The ability to sustain present needs while ensuring the needs of future generations is a surmounting challenge. One pressing challenge is that of meeting the current and future demand for food. In addition, with higher environmental impacts, cities as densely inhabited regions with limited space are increasingly important centers of attention. Accordingly, this study analyzes the sustainability and renewability of urban agriculture and its ability to contribute to an urban food system using a Detroit urban farm as an example of an urban food production system. Using a participatory approach for data collection and emergy synthesis to evaluate the urban farm’s performance, the results show that food production is largely based on organic methods. When examining the farms potential of sustaining Detroiters’ vegetable and fruit consumption, the results suggest that the current vegetable demand could be met if farms similar to the one analyzed in this study are increased. However, with lower quantities of fruit produced, the results indicate that it is not likely to meet the current fruit demand without changes in production. Yet, based on the emergy synthesis, the urban farm is not sustainable due to its large reliance on imported resources. Therefore, three alternative scenarios are developed where the initial study is scenario one. Scenario two includes the resources needed to support chickens and egg production, which reveals it is less sustainable than the initial system or scenario one (no chicken inputs). The other additional two scenarios, scenarios three and four, expand the system boundaries past that of the urban farm by including the renewable fraction of imported inputs and by hypothetically expanding the window of attention to the city scale, respectively. The third scenario slightly increases the renewability and sustainability. Yet hypothetically examining the system from the city scale in scenario four, the results show that a quarter of the resources inputs are renewable. However, for the sustainable development of future urban food systems, emergy suggests that more of these resources need to be local renewable resource inputs. To improve the viability of urban agriculture as an alternative and more sustainable food system, it is suggested that more feedbacks and storages need to be generated within the urban farm system as well as expanded to produce food for the city’s inhabitants.

Low learner performance is one of the greatest challenges that confront South Africans in this post-apartheid era. Despite valiant efforts on the government’s part to improve the education system every year, successful learners are not coming through the ranks in sufficient numbers. In the case of Atteridgeville, an old township near the Pretoria Central Business District, the phenomenon of low learner performance is reflected in the quality of schoolyards and the behavior of learners. Schoolyards are degraded, learners lack confidence, they are not enthusiastic about their schools, they do not interact with the communities around their schools, and they do not venture into the physical landscape outside their schools. The question arises whether the landscape outside the classroom is not, in fact, contributing to the problem. If this is so then a way must be found to manipulate the landscape so that obstacles to learner performance are removed and learning is facilitated. This thesis explores the notion that the outdoor landscape in Atteridgeville can play a role in helping learners reach their potential. Therefore Atteridgeville will be the departure point for the investigation. The investigation will result in a project location which will be further investigated to identify its inherent opportunities and constraints. The design response to these opportunities and constraints, coupled with both theoretical and conceptual backing, will inform the project at master plan and detail design level. Methods must be found to unlock the didactic and experiential potential of the schoolyard and surrounding landscape in a township where open green spaces are under threat and physical and social obstacles to learner performance exist. / Dissertation ML(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2014 / Architecture / ML(Prof) / Unrestricted

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / Social dynamics and sustainability in three community garden projects in the City of Johannesburg M. Lewis MPhil Master’s full thesis, the Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS), Faculty of Economic and Management Science, University of the Western Cape This Master’s thesis explores the social dynamics of three urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) community projects in the City of Johannesburg (COJ), Gauteng. It explores how these projects originated, are organised and supported, while describing how these factors impact on their sustainability and on the livelihoods of the people who work within them. Sayer’s (1984) combined, extensive and intensive research design was adopted and utilised participant observation methods, key informant interviews, literature reviews, and surveys to gather data. A political economy framework was used to situate this data. The thesis argues that in Johannesburg, UPA has an important role to play as a livelihood strategy for city residents. Urban food production is typically one of many livelihood strategies that the urban poor pursue to survive in the city. Support offered to UPA needs to consider these dynamics and aim to provide the necessary space and assistance to facilitate such varied livelihood activities. I argue that the current co-operative model that is being promoted for UPA community projects is not suitable within this multiple livelihood context and that a reconceptualization of the model should be considered that incorporates an allotment approach. An allotment model, appropriately tailored to each individual context, could enable multiplelivelihood strategies to flourish. The thesis also contends that informal food networks are important food distribution mechanisms within the South African urban context and that local food producers should be supported in their efforts to supply to them. I argue that an allotment model would support informal food networks which could ultimately foster various niche market sectors. Ultimately, I argue for a better conceived support structure for UPA community projects that is less prescriptive, more facilitative, and bases its support and development solely in participatory decision-making and community engagement. Successful and sustainable agricultural projects in urban and peri-urban areas will be key components in ensuring food security in Africa in the future.

A growing interest in urban food production has prompted many North American cities to revise their municipal policies regarding agricultural activities. In March 2011, the City Council of Burlington, VT, created the Urban Agriculture Task Force to investigate and recommend policies to provide city officials with tools to effectively govern urban agriculture. In coordination with the Task Force as a community partner, I used a governance framework and participatory action research (PAR) to analyze: (1) the needs of local stakeholders, including urban agriculture practitioners, the general Burlington community, and government officials; (2) the policy tools available to the City of Burlington, including the direct provision of services, regulation, public information, and partnerships with other organizations; (3) the actors and relationships present in Burlington’s urban agriculture governance network; and (4) policy approaches used in other cities. Based on this analysis, over 50 policy recommendations were developed for the City of Burlington, ranging from ordinance revisions to the development of new urban agriculture initiatives. Key findings include that (1) a balance must be struck between stakeholder needs (e.g. practitioners desire that regulations be minimal, while municipal officials need measurable standards to ease implementation); (2) a legal basis for governing some aspects of urban agriculture, such as the humane treatment of livestock, is needed, but other aspects, such as managing neighbor conflicts or connecting people to available land, are not easily regulated and require innovative programming; and (3) the City has an opportunity to partner with other organizations that are better suited to provide technical expertise to practitioners. These recommendations lay the groundwork for the City to better govern and support current and future urban agriculture activities.

South Africa is experiencing increasing urbanisation and an increase in the number of the poor in urban areas and thus the number of food insecure households in these environments. Formal economic opportunities however often fail to keep pace with increase in urban population and this result in increases in informal but not officially recognised activities. Formal urban planning service provision therefore does not enhance the potential of such opportunities. Urban agriculture (UA) is viewed as one such an opportunity not sufficiently activated in urban development strategies. Urban population depends largely on cash income to access food and with unemployment increasing more urban households are unable to access food to meet their needs. Alternative ways of accessing food has become necessary. In Soshanguve close to Pretoria, South Africa, some poor families engaged farming within the township to earn a living. This study has investigated the impact of such farming on household’s food security and income generation. The study investigated an agricultural project launched in 1996 by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) in collaboration with Gauteng Provincial Department of Agriculture (GPDA). Forty-eight participants from nine participating groups in Soshanguve were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Farming in urban environment has been found to benefit poor households through direct saving on food purchases, income generation through sale of produced and provision of a varied range of nutritious foods. The hypothesis adopted by this study was that “urban agriculture is often not considered an “urban land use” activity by urban planning authorities and the potential of this economic rationale strategy to support urban food security is not sufficiently exploited. This result in lack of adequate land use planning for urban agriculture and weak support to urban farmers. Urban agriculture is therefore constrained by lack of integrated development approach. The theoretical framework for this study includes the following: (i) UA is derived from the rational resource allocation of (poor) urban dwellers who are not in a position to earn sufficient income from non farming to provide a sustainable urban family livelihood; (ii) UA can be explained by cost saving and reduction in transaction costs from a consumer viewpoint (point of consumption to point of food acquisition); (iii) UA is often a temporary survival strategy to allow a fall back position if sufficient urban income is not generated; (iv) UA is practised mainly to address household food security with surpluses sold in the market. Major finding of this study includes the findings on approach and operation applied by the farmers. The project has the potential to be successful because the benefits are tangible and direct. Farmers in Soshanguve experienced a host of interlinked problems but the project only addressed the information and input problems. The project lacks monitoring and evaluation framework. The development of small farmers should not only focus on short-term assistance through technical training and input supply. The following recommendations were proposed for the development of a sustainable and viable UA sector. The main recommendation is the need to create an enabling environment through the development of appropriate policies. Such policies should <ul><li> Recognize agriculture as a land use activity in urban environments and provide sufficient support services to the urban small-scale agricultural sector.</li> <li> Encourage investment on infrastructure and technology development required for UA development</li> <li> Co-ordinate agricultural activities within urban and between urban and rural areas</li> <li> Involve beneficiaries in the planning and implementation of projects</li> <li> Establish permanent structures and institutions that will promote urban agriculture activities and develop measures to counter negative impacts of UA</li> / Dissertation (M Inst Agrar (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / M Inst Agrar / unrestricted

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Thesis (M Inst Agrar (Land-Use Planning))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

abstract: Drawn from a trio of manuscripts, this dissertation evaluates the sustainability contributions and implications of deploying underutilized spaces for alternative uses at multiple scales: urban, regional and continental. The first paper considers the use of underutilized spaces at the urban scale for urban agriculture (UA) to meet local sustainability goals in Phoenix, Arizona. Through a data-driven analysis, it demonstrates UA can meet 90% of annual demand for fresh produce, supply local produce in all food deserts, reduce areas underserved by public parks by 60%, and displace >50,000 tons of carbon-dioxide emissions from buildings. The second paper considers marginal agricultural land use for bioenergy crop cultivation to meet future liquid fuels demand from cellulosic biofuels sustainably and profitably. At a wholesale fuel price of $4 gallons-of-gasoline-equivalent, 30 to 90.7 billion gallons of cellulosic biofuels can be supplied by converting 22 to 79.3 million hectares of marginal lands in the Eastern United States (U.S.). Displacing marginal croplands (9.4-13.7 million hectares) reduces stress on water resources by preserving soil moisture. This displacement is comparable to existing land use for first-generation biofuels, limiting food supply impacts. Coupled modeling reveals positive hydroclimate feedback on bioenergy crop yields that moderates the land footprint. The third paper examines the sustainability implications of expanding use of marginal lands for corn cultivation in the Western Corn Belt, a commercially important and environmentally sensitive U.S. region. Corn cultivation on lower quality lands, which tend to overlap with marginal agricultural lands, is shown to be nearly three times more sensitive to changes in crop prices. Therefore, corn cultivation disproportionately expanded into these lands following price spikes. Underutilized spaces can contribute towards sustainability at small and large scales in a complementary fashion. While supplying fresh produce locally and delivering other benefits in terms of energy use and public health, UA can also reduce pressures on croplands and complement non-urban food production. This complementarity can help diversify agricultural land use for meeting other goals, like supplying biofuels. However, understanding the role of market forces and economic linkages is critical to anticipate any unintended consequences due to such re-organization of land use. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2020