La questione energetica ha assunto, negli ultimi anni, un ruolo centrale nel dibattito mondiale in relazione a quattro fattori principali: la non riproducibilità delle risorse naturali, l’aumento esponenziale dei consumi, gli interessi economici e la salvaguardia dell'equilibrio ambientale e climatico del nostro Pianeta. E’ necessario, dunque, cambiare il modello di produzione e consumo dell’energia soprattutto nelle città, dove si ha la massima concentrazione dei consumi energetici. Per queste ragioni, il ricorso alle Fonti Energetiche Rinnovabili (FER) si configura ormai come una misura necessaria, opportuna ed urgente anche nella pianificazione urbanistica. Per migliorare la prestazione energetica complessiva del sistema città bisogna implementare politiche di governo delle trasformazioni che escano da una logica operativa “edificio-centrica” e ricomprendano, oltre al singolo manufatto, le aggregazioni di manufatti e le loro relazioni/ interazioni in termini di input e output materico-energetiche. La sostituzione generalizzata del patrimonio edilizio esistente con nuovi edifici iper-tecnologici, è improponibile. In che modo quindi, è possibile ridefinire la normativa e la prassi urbanistica per generare tessuti edilizi energeticamente efficienti? La presente ricerca propone l’integrazione tra la nascente pianificazione energetica del territorio e le più consolidate norme urbanistiche, nella generazione di tessuti urbani “energy saving” che aggiungano alle prestazioni energetico-ambientali dei singoli manufatti quelle del contesto, in un bilancio energetico complessivo. Questo studio, dopo aver descritto e confrontato le principali FER oggi disponibili, suggerisce una metodologia per una valutazione preliminare del mix di tecnologie e di FER più adatto per ciascun sito configurato come “distretto energetico”. I risultati di tale processo forniscono gli elementi basilari per predisporre le azioni necessarie all’integrazione della materia energetica nei Piani Urbanistici attraverso l’applicazione dei principi della perequazione nella definizione di requisiti prestazionali alla scala insediativa, indispensabili per un corretto passaggio alla progettazione degli “oggetti” e dei “sistemi” urbani. / The energy issue has recently become crucial in the global debate in relation to four main factors: the non-reproducibility of natural resources, the exponential increase in consumption, the economic interests and the preservation of the environment and climate of our Planet. It is therefore necessary to change the pattern of production and consumption of energy, especially in cities where the highest consumption of energy is concentrated. For these reasons, the use of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) is now beginning to look as essential, appropriate and urgent even in urban planning. To improve the overall energy performance of the city system the government policies should come out of a "building-centric" operative logic covering, in addition to individual estates, the aggregations of buildings and their relationships/interactions in terms of input and output of matter-energy. The widespread replacement of existing estates with new hyper-technology buildings, is unlikely. So how, can we redefine rules and practices to create energetically efficient urban fabric building? This research proposes the integration of the emerging territorial energy planning and the more established zoning in the generation of the urban fabric "energy saving", adding to the energy and environmental performance of individual buildings those of the context, in a global energy balance. This study, describing and comparing the main RES available today, suggests a methodology for preliminary assessment of the mix of technologies and RES best suited for each site, configured as a "district energy". The results of this process provide the basics to prepare the necessary actions related to the integration of the energy efficiency in Town Planning through the application of the principles of equalization in the definition of performance requirements to the scale of settlements, which are essential for a correct transfer in the design of the urban "objects" and “systems".

La ricerca si propone d’indagare sul concetto di “congruità” riferito alle trasformazioni di specifici contesti urbani, e di definire quindi un metodo “non arbitrario” per la valutazione di opere esistenti o in progetto, al fine di riconoscerne il carattere di congruità o, al contrario, d’incongruità. Interventi d’inserimento e di trasformazione, alla scala del comparto urbanistico o anche alla scala edilizia, possono presentarsi come congrui o incongrui rispetto all’identità del luogo di appartenenza (organismo a scala urbana o territoriale). Congrua risulta l’opera che non si pone in (conclamato) contrasto rispetto ai caratteri identitari del contesto. Le definizioni d’incongruità e di opera incongrua, divengono il metro di giudizio del rapporto tra un intervento ed il suo contesto, e si applicano mediante una valutazione che sia metodologicamente fondata e verificata. La valutazione di congruità-incongruità può riferirsi a opere esistenti già realizzate, oppure a progetti di nuove opere; in questo secondo approccio il metodo di valutazione si configura come linea-guida per l’orientamento del progetto stesso in termini di congruità rispetto al contesto. In una fase iniziale la ricerca ha fissato i principi di base, con la definizione di ciò che deve intendersi per congruità e per profilo di congruità. La specifica di congruità, non potendosi basare su una consolidata letteratura (il concetto nei termini descritti è stato introdotto dalla legge 16/2002 della Regione Emilia-Romagna; la Regione stessa riconosce che il concetto è in fase di precisazione tramite sperimentazioni, studi e interventi pilota), muove dallo studio dei concetti di luogo, caratteri del luogo, identità del luogo, contesto urbano, trasformazione dell’ambiente costruito, tutela del patrimonio edilizio, sviluppo tipologico, e superfetazione incongrua. Questi concetti, pur mutuati da ambiti di ricerca affini, costituiscono i presupposti per la definizione di congruità delle trasformazioni di contesti urbani, rispetto all’identità del luogo, tramite la tutela e valorizzazione dei suoi caratteri tipologici costitutivi. Successivamente, la ricerca ha affrontato l’analisi di taluni casi-tipo di opere incongrue. A tale scopo sono stati scelti quattro casi-tipo d’interventi per rimozione di opere ritenute incongrue, indagando la metodologia di valutazione di congruità in essi applicata. Inoltre è stata sperimentata l’applicazione del metodo di valutazione per “categorie di alterazioni” tramite lo studio del centro storico di Reggio Emilia, assunto come contesto urbano campione. Lo studio analitico è sviluppato attraverso l’indagine del rapporto tra edifici e caratteri del contesto, individuando e classificando gli edifici ritenuti incongrui. Qui sono emersi i limiti del metodo di individuazione delle incongruità per categorie di alterazioni; di fatto le alterazioni definite a priori rispetto al contesto, determinano un giudizio arbitrario, in quanto disancorato dai caratteri del luogo. La definizione di ciò che è congruo o incongruo deve invece riferirsi a uno specifico contesto, e le alterazioni dei caratteri che rappresentano l’identità del luogo non possono definirsi a priori generalizzandone i concetti. Completando la ricerca nella direzione del risultato proposto, si è precisato il metodo di valutazione basato sulla coincidenza dei concetti di congruità e di pertinenza di fase, in rapporto allo sviluppo tipologico del contesto. La conoscenza del contesto nei suoi caratteri tipologici, è già metodo di valutazione: nella misura in cui sia possibile effettuare un confronto fra contesto ed opera da valutare. La valutazione non si pone come vincolo all’introduzione di nuove forme che possano rappresentare un’evoluzione dell’esistente, aggiornando il processo di sviluppo tipologico in relazione alle mutazioni del quadro esigenzialeprestazionale, ma piuttosto come barriera alle trasformazioni acritiche nei confronti del contesto, che si sovrappongano o ne cancellino inconsapevolmente i segni peculiari e identitari. In ultima analisi, ai fini dell’applicabilità dei concetti esposti, la ricerca indaga sulla convergenza tra metodo proposto e possibili procedure applicative; in questo senso chiarisce come sia auspicabile definire la congruità in relazione a procedure valutative aperte. Lo strumento urbanistico, inteso come sistema di piani alle diverse scale, è l’ambito idoneo a recepire la lettura della stratificazione dei segni indentitari rilevabili in un contesto; lettura che si attua tramite processi decisionali partecipati, al fine di estendere alla collettività la definizione d’identità culturale del luogo. La valutazione specifica di opere o progetti richiede quindi una procedura aperta, similmente alla procedura di valutazione in vigore presso le soprintendenze, basandosi sul concetto di responsabilità del progettista e del valutatore, in riferimento alla responsabilità della collettività, espressa invece nello strumento urbanistico. Infatti la valutazione di tipo oggettivo, basata sul riferimento a regolamenti o schemi precostituiti, confligge con il senso della valutazione metodologicamente fondata che, al contrario, è assunto teorico basilare della ricerca.

As artes visuais, e especificamente a fotografia, possibilitam uma linguagem indireta e ao mesmo tempo subjetiva sobre as transformações do espaço. Isto nos faz pensar sobre o olhar singular do sujeito, que por sua vez também diz respeito ao contexto urbano como um todo. A fotografia ingressa neste trabalho como ferramenta comum de captação das imagens em três experiências por mim realizadas através de percursos. Ela não contribui apenas como um instrumento mecânico capaz de gerar imagens mas, principalmente, como um processo de reflexão sobre a arquitetura através da origem do processo fotográfico negativo-positivo e suas alternâncias (presença/ausência, mobilidade/imobilidade, luz/sombra, irreversível/inacabável) numa relação com a cidade. A primeira experiência, realizada junto ao viaduto Otávio Rocha, apresentada em pranchas de contato, tem o movimento futurista como referencial teórico, e relaciona o deslocamento do sujeito salientando questões referentes à simultaneidade, à velocidade, à mobilidade e à multiplicidade de imagens Na seqüência fotográfica, realizada na segunda experiência em Paris, a simultaneidade acontece através do acaso e da leitura das imagens que apresenta outros percursos realizados através do pensamento analógico, com referência no movimento surrealista. A terceira experiência se concentra especificamente no olhar, na atenção, no acúmulo de imagens e nas sombras projetadas, próprio do processo fotográfico, relacionado-os com o fenômeno urbano e o processo de tradução do fotográfico: o desenho panorâmico da avenida Borges de Medeiros. As características das imagens destas três experiências estão muito próximas das situações vividas na cidade. A fragmentação o acúmulo fotográficos gerados a partir dos percursos, constituem uma resposta simbólica à relação do sujeito na realidade urbana O processo de resgate do olhar do sujeito é análogo ao processo fotográfico pois, ao fotografarmos, iniciamos um processo de assimilação que se completa com o trabalho do negativo. O ato fotográfico, como tal, representa, enfim, a concretização da importância física do olhar de cada sujeito sobre a arquitetura e sobre a cidade.

As artes visuais, e especificamente a fotografia, possibilitam uma linguagem indireta e ao mesmo tempo subjetiva sobre as transformações do espaço. Isto nos faz pensar sobre o olhar singular do sujeito, que por sua vez também diz respeito ao contexto urbano como um todo. A fotografia ingressa neste trabalho como ferramenta comum de captação das imagens em três experiências por mim realizadas através de percursos. Ela não contribui apenas como um instrumento mecânico capaz de gerar imagens mas, principalmente, como um processo de reflexão sobre a arquitetura através da origem do processo fotográfico negativo-positivo e suas alternâncias (presença/ausência, mobilidade/imobilidade, luz/sombra, irreversível/inacabável) numa relação com a cidade. A primeira experiência, realizada junto ao viaduto Otávio Rocha, apresentada em pranchas de contato, tem o movimento futurista como referencial teórico, e relaciona o deslocamento do sujeito salientando questões referentes à simultaneidade, à velocidade, à mobilidade e à multiplicidade de imagens Na seqüência fotográfica, realizada na segunda experiência em Paris, a simultaneidade acontece através do acaso e da leitura das imagens que apresenta outros percursos realizados através do pensamento analógico, com referência no movimento surrealista. A terceira experiência se concentra especificamente no olhar, na atenção, no acúmulo de imagens e nas sombras projetadas, próprio do processo fotográfico, relacionado-os com o fenômeno urbano e o processo de tradução do fotográfico: o desenho panorâmico da avenida Borges de Medeiros. As características das imagens destas três experiências estão muito próximas das situações vividas na cidade. A fragmentação o acúmulo fotográficos gerados a partir dos percursos, constituem uma resposta simbólica à relação do sujeito na realidade urbana O processo de resgate do olhar do sujeito é análogo ao processo fotográfico pois, ao fotografarmos, iniciamos um processo de assimilação que se completa com o trabalho do negativo. O ato fotográfico, como tal, representa, enfim, a concretização da importância física do olhar de cada sujeito sobre a arquitetura e sobre a cidade.

As artes visuais, e especificamente a fotografia, possibilitam uma linguagem indireta e ao mesmo tempo subjetiva sobre as transformações do espaço. Isto nos faz pensar sobre o olhar singular do sujeito, que por sua vez também diz respeito ao contexto urbano como um todo. A fotografia ingressa neste trabalho como ferramenta comum de captação das imagens em três experiências por mim realizadas através de percursos. Ela não contribui apenas como um instrumento mecânico capaz de gerar imagens mas, principalmente, como um processo de reflexão sobre a arquitetura através da origem do processo fotográfico negativo-positivo e suas alternâncias (presença/ausência, mobilidade/imobilidade, luz/sombra, irreversível/inacabável) numa relação com a cidade. A primeira experiência, realizada junto ao viaduto Otávio Rocha, apresentada em pranchas de contato, tem o movimento futurista como referencial teórico, e relaciona o deslocamento do sujeito salientando questões referentes à simultaneidade, à velocidade, à mobilidade e à multiplicidade de imagens Na seqüência fotográfica, realizada na segunda experiência em Paris, a simultaneidade acontece através do acaso e da leitura das imagens que apresenta outros percursos realizados através do pensamento analógico, com referência no movimento surrealista. A terceira experiência se concentra especificamente no olhar, na atenção, no acúmulo de imagens e nas sombras projetadas, próprio do processo fotográfico, relacionado-os com o fenômeno urbano e o processo de tradução do fotográfico: o desenho panorâmico da avenida Borges de Medeiros. As características das imagens destas três experiências estão muito próximas das situações vividas na cidade. A fragmentação o acúmulo fotográficos gerados a partir dos percursos, constituem uma resposta simbólica à relação do sujeito na realidade urbana O processo de resgate do olhar do sujeito é análogo ao processo fotográfico pois, ao fotografarmos, iniciamos um processo de assimilação que se completa com o trabalho do negativo. O ato fotográfico, como tal, representa, enfim, a concretização da importância física do olhar de cada sujeito sobre a arquitetura e sobre a cidade.

The focus of the Ph.D. dissertation is on the thermal part of the energy planning issue since the space conditioning (heating and cooling – H&C) of buildings represents about 75% of the energy consumed by European residential buildings and only 16% of the heating and cooling consumption is covered by renewable energy sources (RES). At the same time, the increased complexity of the spatial planning process when energy issues are involved has made clear the need for new “energy-aware” tools and methods used in this field. The proposed methodology is GIS (Geographical Information System)-based and performed at regional scale given that the movement of energy planning activities from national to regional and local scale allows a much more detailed analysis of both the energy demand and supply, balancing them more effectively. The integration of the spatial dimension within energy analyses can also provide the decision-makers with a spatially-explicit approach towards the energy transition and the development of sustainable energy plans and strategies. The general aim of the Ph.D. thesis is to develop a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) allowing the decision-makers to take into account (during the planning process) both the improvement of the energy production from RES and the energy renovation of the existing building stock. The SDSS aims also to connect the energy planning (supply side) with spatial planning (demand side) by seeking synergies between the two fields. This connection is made taking advantage of the framework of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA). The Ph.D. thesis is partially developed within a European co-financed project included in the Interreg Alpine Space programme. The GRETA project was designed to foster the use of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) in energy plans and strategies along the Alps. SGE is a low-carbon source for H&C of buildings, which exploits the heat stored within the ground, a local source widely available and less dependent from changes in time compared to other RES. Despite this, its exploitation is not yet diffused and its growth is limited mainly by factors such as scarce knowledge, complicated and fragmented legislation, and high installation costs. Considering all these issues, the research questions that shaped the Ph.D. activities are: ➢ How to estimate the thermal energy demand of the residential building stock at the regional scale, as a starting point for developing sustainable energy strategies aimed at the reduction of the thermal energy consumption in the existing buildings. ➢ How to integrate this appraisal in the energy planning of a region in order to elaborate different scenarios for the energy balance between thermal demand and supply, fostering the use of shallow geothermal energy (SGE) that is a renewable source still not well-known and not exploited. ➢ How to encourage the connection between energy planning and spatial planning towards the common goal of sustainable energy transition, helping to fill the gap between the development of plans and strategies and their implementation, thanks to the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) framework. The proposed methodology has been applied in a case study, i.e. Valle d’Aosta, an Italian alpine region. Almost all the data processing is performed with open-source software (GRASS GIS, QGIS, Python, and R) and applying a spatially-explicit approach, for pushing the integration of the spatial dimension in the energy analysis. The spatial units of analysis are the single building and the census tract. The single building has been chosen as the smallest unit available for ensuring a better characterization of the thermal energy demand and of the potential energy production from SGE. Moreover, the scenario analysis for the energy renovation of buildings is better performed at the building level; so, it is particularly suitable for developing an SDSS. Nevertheless, some data processing is done at the census tract level, using aggregated and statistical information to estimate the required values at the building level. The reason for this twofold scale of analysis is that the data availability often changes depending on time, space and data provider. For instance, for the case study area only little data was available at the building level for the whole region. Therefore, the methodology integrates data from different sources to fill this knowledge gap. The methodology applied in the case study is divided into two parts: 1) The first one concerns the data collection and processing for the spatial estimation of the space heating demand of the existing building stock. At the end of it, the technical and economic suitability of SGE (performed within the GRETA project) for covering the energy demand of buildings and replacing some fossil fuels is evaluated. 2) The second one is carried out in the framework of SEA, by defining common objectives and developing scenarios for the integration of SGE in the energy planning process, as the short-term objective, and the coordination of energy and spatial planning goals, as the long-term objective. In the Ph.D. thesis, SEA is intended as a conceptual framework for integrating energy and spatial planning, rather than as an evaluation tool. The main outputs of the Ph.D. thesis are: (i) the spatial evaluation of the space heating demand of each residential building of the case study, without using the “archetypes approach”; (ii) the development of a method for the integration of data from different sources and for its estimation if missing at the building level; (iii) the use of SEA as a framework for connecting energy planning and spatial planning fields, to support strategic decision-making processes. Even though the Ph.D. case study is a typical alpine region, (iv) the developed methodology can be applied at different scales and not only on alpine regions but potentially in every kind of context. Since it strongly depends on the availability of data, the replicability of the methodology is quite high. The main expected impacts of these outputs are: (1) SDSS allows to reach a trade-off between the number of input data and the level of detail often required by decision-makers; (2) SDSS can support the decision-makers allowing them to analyse from various viewpoints different energy scenarios and also to localise where is better to address the energy measures; (3) the results at the building level represent a starting point for defining and developing strategies for the energy transition of settlements at different scales; (4) SEA used as a strategic tool for integrating energy and spatial planning, by coordinating strategic objectives, and linking the thesis outputs to the energy decision-making process.

Human wellbeing in cities, often associated to availability of engineered structures, is increasingly linked to the conservation of ecosystems. This is the case of the urban water sector where the focus is shifting from adequate infrastructural arrangements to the key role of ecosystem services, thus offering a unique opportunity to achieve sustainability transitions. The urban water sector entails significant complexities and uncertainties, which no longer can be addressed effectively with traditional approaches. A new paradigm of “adaptation and integration”, emerging as a collective effort of stakeholders that engage themselves in a process of social learning, is needed. However, real-life implementation is arduous: it requires linking diverse stakeholders and knowledge systems, across management levels and institutional boundaries. Three innovative concepts can help face this challenge, namely, ecosystem services, boundary work and learning organizations. Ecosystem services provide a holistic approach for framing socio-ecological issues and for integrating different biophysical and socio-economic data. Boundary work, i.e. the effort put in place to facilitate transfer of knowledge into action, informs active management of the tension at the interface between stakeholders that have differing views on what constitutes relevant knowledge. A learning organization is one that is skilled at creating and acquiring knowledge and modifying its behavior to reflect new insights. In this study, these three concepts are jointly explored to build operative approaches to support the implementation of adaptive management. To this end, the work is driven by four specific objectives presented hereafter. The first objective is to frame the urban water sector from an ecosystem services perspective, synthesizing the most relevant aspects related to the exchange of water between watershed and city, and within the city. The proposed framework highlights the role of the urban water sector in (i) linking ecosystem service production and benefit areas, (ii) bridging spatial scales ranging from the watershed to the household level and (iii) adopting ecosystem service-based responses to drivers of water vulnerability. The second objective is to explore practices of boundary work in adaptive watershed management. Thus, an empirical investigation of how boundary work can facilitate knowledge co-generation and cooperative application in a case study of adaptive management in the Fuhrberg watershed (Germany) is conducted. The results suggest that scientific insights have been crucial for "enlightenment", "decision-support", and in "negotiations" between a water utility and stakeholders in Fuhrberg watershed management. The successful implementation of adaptive watershed management is attributed to boundary work deployed by the water utility and ultimately to its high institutional capacity. This study, which is one of the first empirical assessments of boundary work in practice, presents many promising approaches for initiating boundary work in the case of water utilities. Yet, more comparative research is required to understand the influence of contextual differences on appropriate methods and potential outcomes of boundary work. The third objective is to build and test an approach for designing and assessing impact of watershed investments, aiming to implement adaptive management. The proposed approach is structured to facilitate negotiations among stakeholders. Its strategic component includes setting the agenda, defining investment scenarios, and assessing the performance of watershed investments. Its technical component consists of tailoring spatially explicit ecosystem service models, generating future land use scenarios, and modeling impacts on ecosystem services. The approach is applied to a case study in a data-scarce context: Toker Watershed (Eritrea), considering soil erosion -related challenges. It produced spatially explicit data, which has been aggregated to assess quantitatively the performance of watershed investments, in terms of changes in selected ecosystem services, thus answering key management and planning questions. By addressing stakeholders’ concerns of credibility, saliency, and legitimacy, the approach is expected to facilitate the negotiation of objectives, definition of scenarios, and assessment of watershed investments. The fourth objective is to explore water utilities as learning organization implementing adaptive watershed management. A conceptual framework for evaluating the institutional capacity of water utilities is used to characterize the water utilities in Hanover and Asmara. In particular, the institutional capacity of the “Hannover Water Utility” and “Asmara Water Supply Department” is investigated based on the available information from documents, literature and the previous results, and an interview with a key informant. The results show that the institutional capacity of Hanover Water Utility can be classified as Level 5 – “Progressive water utility” and Asmara Water Supply Department can be classified as Level 2 – “Basic water utility”. An empirical pathway to test the results, by involving senior managers and informed scientists from both case studies, is proposed. In any case, the preliminary results highlight the attributes that determine the capacity of water utilities to become a central actor in the in the implementation of an adaptive watershed management. This research, by jointly exploring the innovative concepts of ecosystem services, boundary work and learning organizations, builds operative approaches that can support the implementation of adaptive watershed management. Further work is needed to address some of the complexities and uncertainties underlying the proposed approaches, including data resolution, model calibration, and above all participation of real-life stakeholders

Most of the significant changes on the environment have resulted from individually minor but collectively significant human actions and decisions. This kind of consequences has been defined Cumulative Effects (CE) and their systematic consideration can be attributed to the scientific basis and institutional context of Environmental Assessment (EA) theory and practice. However, although Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) has been largely recognised as one of the most appropriate procedure to support spatial and land use plans in managing CE; the advancement in integrating the assessment of CE into SEA practice has been often stated slow to evolve, suggesting a gap between SEA theory and practice in treating cumulative effects and confirming that further investigation on this subject is required. This research aimed to propose and apply a methodological approach to improve the consideration of CE in SEA of spatial plans, by focusing on the Italian spatial planning system and urban regions. It was developed according to the main findings and shortcomings emerging from the academic literature and the exploration of SEA practice through: an international expert survey; a systematic review of SEA documents; and a couple of real-life SEA case studies following during the research period. Among the most important were: the lack of scoping of relevant resources (or Valued Ecosystem Component); the scarce exploration of future decisions and consequences; and the requirement of a more evidence-based assessment of CE. The methodological approach was then developed for SEA of regional spatial plans, consisting of four main tasks: the selection of significant valued resources; the identification of other relevant decisions (projects, plans and policies) which together with the spatial plan could contribute to CE; the generation of land use scenarios; and the prediction of CE through indicators. Then, the methodological approach was tested in a case study selected within the peri-urban region of Milan, representing one of the most urbanised and industrialised part of Italy, with significant urban pressures on existing protected areas and remaining rural patches. Firstly, the regional green infrastructure was selected as the most important regional valued resource (or VEC); then, three important ‘future policies’ were identified (i.e. highway transportation corridor, protected areas conservation plans, and rural policies). Subsequently, a set of future land use scenarios were developed and made spatially explicit, starting from a couple of regional land use maps. Then, the regional cumulative effects on the selected valued resource (e.g. habitat fragmentation, surface runoff, etc.) were assessed against a range of future conditions through a core set of indicators, mainly quantitative and spatially explicit, simulating relevant environmental processes, such as hydrological cycle, local surface temperature, ecological connectivity. They were all selected and computed starting from land cover data, allowing the combined effects to be quantified and land use scenarios to be compared. The results mainly showed that the method provided an applicable means to, firstly, transfer policies and decisions into maps, and then, predict their combined effects on selected VEC. Moreover, it can be straightforwardly included in SEA of regional spatial plans in order to support a more evidence-based CE analysis, by adding spatial thinking to decision-makers and improving the understanding and the perception of the cumulative consequences of their “minor” decisions under uncertain future policy contexts.

This thesis explores the concept of equity and proposes methods to make it operational in decision-making focused on promoting sustainability. The conceptual approach developed in the research draws on the recognition that the two notions of equity and sustainability are tightly intertwined in the sustainable development debate. As George (1999) claimed, sustainable development is founded on and fully embodied by intra-generational and inter-generational equity, which might be described as transactions of rights between and across generations, respectively. In spite of this, the implications on equity are still poorly addressed in strategic decisions. This led to the identification of the three main objectives of this research. The first objective is to understand the extent to which sustainability issues are addressed in current practice, focusing on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) experiences of spatial planning and Oil & Gas development. To this purpose, a framework is developed to analyse the degree of consideration of sustainability principles in SEA, and demonstrate its application to a sample of SEA of Italian urban plans. This framework links Gibson's (2006) sustainability principles to a number of guidance criteria and eventually to review questions, giving particular emphasis to the key concepts of intra- and inter-generational equity. The framework was applied to review the Environmental Report of a sample of urban plans of major Italian cities. The results of this review shows that, even if sustainability is commonly considered as a pivotal concept, there is still work to be done in order to effectively integrate sustainability principles into SEA. Regarding the proposed framework, the review confirms the significance of clarifying equity concerns in the light of sustainability in view of operationalizing intra- and inter-generational equity in decision-making. The second objective is to identify criteria and indicators to measure intra- and inter-generational equity, against which present state and future trends can be assessed. A conceptual framework for identifying the different implications related to the use of different values and perceptions on equity is built. Subsequently, a set of equity perspectives to guide the assessment of strategic actions through the lens of intra- and inter-generational equity is proposed and discussed. This set includes four equity perspectives, compatible with each other with covered significant sustainability issues, and minimizing conflict, namely opportunity, distributional fairness, distributional fairness across generations and justice for an imperfect world. The review of equity perspectives allows identifying a set of equity criteria that might be useful in focusing assessment on crucial and integrative sustainability issues. These criteria are reasonably inclusive of essential general intra- and inter-generational equity considerations that account for sustainability over space and time. However, criteria need to be specific to the context of analysis. This is addressed in this study by selecting a specific sector of investigation that offered significant insights for dealing with sustainability in decision-making. The attention was directed to the Oil & Gas sector for the scope of challenges and positive chances posed to sustainability. For this purpose, the research work specifically fleshes out how current SEA of Oil & Gas sector practice addresses sustainability. A framework for reviewing SEA practice helped to explore to what extent current SEA for the Oil & Gas sector contributes, procedurally and substantively, to sustainability oriented decisions. 11 case studies related to both off-shore and on-shore Oil & Gas developments are reviewed against this framework. The results show that case studies were more oriented to analyse opportunities derived from Oil & Gas development without fleshing out other potential developmental alternatives. Additionally, even if the SEA reports claim to pursuit a common strategic intent to equally share benefit derived from Oil & Gas development, they do not generally provide a means to tackle this aspect. This part of the investigation allowed also to support the identification and selection of aspects, elements, suggestions and best practise that would assist in defining contest-specific equity criteria and indicators for decision-making in the Oil & Gas sector. This leads to the third objective of the thesis: testing the applicability of the proposed methods to a case study, dealing with complex decisions at strategic level. A case study on Oil & Gas development in the Basilicata region (Southern Italy) was selected: the Val d’Agri oil field, Western Europe’s biggest onshore oil field. Scenario storylines, representing interactions among environmental, social and economic concerns, are constructed and applied against the framework. Specifically, short-term and medium-long term scenarios are developed by varying geographical scopes, ranging from the regional scale to two nested local areas surrounding the Oil & Gas activities. Scenarios are then assessed against the set of intra- and inter-generational criteria identified by selecting appropriate indicators adapted to context and available data. Indicators are valued according to a quali-quantitative analysis that assisted in examining and comparing trade-off between human and environmental systems under the different scenarios. The results helped to identify opportunity and risk of different scenarios at strategic level. None of the scenarios provided “the best solution†in term of aggregated equity scores or perfect win-win solutions for each equity perspective. In the long-term, none of the territorial levels (local and regional) seemed to acquire significant increase in equity benefits, not even one at expenses of each other. According to the assumptions, this might suggest that incremental benefits of Oil & Gas development are concentrated outside the three level considered. Nevertheless, the case study shows that approaching to decision with more attention to a sustainable management of the environment and involving institutions at different levels might be a key role in achieving more wide-spread and long-term positive results. However, scenarios presented possible significant trends in equity criteria, which were affected by restraints in data collected, as well as, simplifications and approximations in analysis. In this exercise, it was assumed that all equity criteria within each temporal dimension receive equal weights and that all three geographical levels were equally weighted too. Introducing participatory mechanisms might be useful for supporting interpretations of implications potentially affecting generations at different temporal and territorial scale, satisfying possible needs of other equity criteria, and establishing priorities in perspectives on equity adopted. In this sense, the equity framework proposed might be a suitable tool for supporting and guiding deliberative processes. Analogously, the spatio-temporal decision matrix, framed through the lens of equity for assessing scenarios against equity criteria, might represent a simple yet flexible framework for analysing and discussing concurrently temporal and spatial implications of plausible storylines.

The land-use and cover changes are the major causes of the biodiversity loss. This is particularly true in the contexts of Alpine valley floor, where increasing human-driven pressures affect remnant habitats and fragile ecosystems. To pursue biodiversity conservation, aiming environmentally sustainable development, spatial planning should maintain landscape ecological functions in order to guarantee the habitats and supporting processes for as many species as possible. Besides, planners as well as other stakeholders involved in land-use changes need value-based information or at least information easily obtainable that provides clear insights on the ecological consequences of these land-use changes. Currently, the assessments of the ecological impact of project or plan proposals have several shortcomings. Spatial planning often disregards the different biodiversity components, just focused on species richness of protected areas. Most of landscapeoriented indices fails especially in providing an understanding of disruptive changes of ecological processes. A former project, to which I contributed, was meant to provide an assessment of biodiversity assets for the Trento Province (northern Italy) in order to support environmental decision by a decision support system: the Information System of Ecological Value, or Sistema Informativo della Sensibilità Ambientale (SISA). This has been furnishing to planners value-based information, through a reliable and transparent evaluation, based on expert judgments, but this has some limitations for contexts of the valley floor and concerning ecological processes. The attempt to solve the above mentioned shortcomings and the SISA limitations fostered the motivation behind this study. To this end, a methodology for ecological assessment was proposed. The overall objective is to support land-use planning towards development of ecologically sustainable landscapes. In particular, the ecological assessment concerns the main processes supporting local biodiversity in human dominated and fragmented landscapes: habitat functioning and functional connectivity. The study has focused on one specific environmental context, i.e. the landscapes of the Alpine valley floor. A secondary objective of the study was to develop a decision support system easily applicable by environmental agency officers or planners. This means requiring as few data as possible in order to permit reliable evaluation of planning ecological consequences even in the cases where poor data sets are available. These objectives were pursued through the following steps and intermediate objectives: a) Review the current studies on ecological/biodiversity impact assessment applications, in order to identify the shortcomings and key-issues that need to be addressed (chapter 2). b) Description of the relevant characteristics of targeted environment. In this study the chosen environment was Alpine valley floor, showing it requires urgent attention regarding biodiversity conservation (chapter 3). c) Development of a methodology for the assessment of landscape ecological functioning, attempting to overcome the literature limitations reported from literature review (chapter 4) d) Application of the proposed methodology on a case study within Alpine valler floor, to test the applicability and usefulness of the proposal (chapter 5 and 6). The study derived the main theoretical foundation from landscape ecology; in particular, the main theoretical references were meta-population and spatial graph theory. The proposed approach starts by acknowledging that patches of habitats are open or constrained by landscape barriers and interact with others throughout habitat networks. The evaluation approach relies on a dynamic, rather than a static, interpretation of ecosystems and living communities, by considering spatial attributes of habitat functioning. This is meant to include more components of biodiversity, rather than simple species number. Thus, different ecosystems could have been valued not only by the presence of species, but also by the virtue of the processes acting in the landscape and sustaining them. The assessment framework involves three nested levels, each characterized by its own objects and properties, according to the complexity of hierarchical systems. The quality of each object depends on the quality of nearby objects at the same level and on the quality of upper-level (or lower-level) objects. This enables to evaluate “emergent properties†of a landscape; consequently allows assessing cumulative impacts on habitat functioning due to land-use changes, as shown in the case of master plans’ mosaic for study area. The overall habitat loss resulted larger than that resulted by summation of single habitat losses. The connectivity analyses include both structural and functional characteristics, using barrier effect and spatial graph concepts. Besides the distances, the species response to landscape features and finer-scale movement decisions are considered. The spatial graph of connectivity allows evaluating importance of patches by their contribution to overall connectivity. Thus, it permits to visualize remnant possible paths for species dispersal in highly fragmented areas. Moreover, the spatial-graph based approach allows assessing indirect impacts due to fragmentation. Since the loss of a habitatnode may affect not only nearby habitats but even the functioning of the whole habitat network, it is possible to scan the impacts “spreading†along the habitat networks. The methodology output consists in a GIS-layer and rule sets hierarchically structured in a geodatabase. Once a land use changes, by performing the rule sets is possible update all related information providing assessment for land-use change scenarios (i.e. planning or project proposal). The qualitative multi-attribute evaluation, proposed at the end of methodology procedure, performs a clear separation between prediction and assessment of impacts, according to guidelines for environmental impact assessment. This evaluation is meant to translate species-specific assessments into ecological relevance values. This makes the proposed methodology suitable for EIA applications and consequently may support the same environmental decision targeted by the SISA project.