Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Karachi, (1990). / Includes bibliographical references (p. 455-484) and index.

Abdul Haq was the secretary of the Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu from 1912 to 1961. He was also a founder of Osmania University, one of the first universities in India to provide instruction in an Indian vernacular. He had a lifelong devotion towards improving the status of Urdu and of the Indian Muslim community at large. He was the figure most involved with the standardization of Urdu and establishment of this language as a symbol of Muslim identity. Through an analysis of Abdul Haq’s involvement in language reform movements and the politics of the early 20th century, especially considering the fallout after the 1936 meeting of the Bharatiya Sahitya Parishad, I seek to show the nature of language as a nationalist tool. I argue that language is not inherently associated with the nation-building process, but that it must first be standardized into a form which can be used as a political tool and a point of identification for the community rallied behind it. / text

Thesis (doctoral)--Calcutta University, 1975. / In Urdu. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Calcutta University, 1975. / In Urdu. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Political Science, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Karachi, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 889-929).

The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot a naming test for Urdu-English bilinguals, a population that is growing quickly in the United States. Eighty-five target items were selected from the International Picture Naming Project Database and arranged in the order of least to most familiar. Familiarity ratings were used as estimates of item difficulty to develop the naming task because word frequency information was not available in the Urdu language. Thirty-one young adult bilinguals named black-and-white drawing of these targets in both Urdu and English. Self-rating of proficiency, examiner rating of proficiency and a standardized English receptive vocabulary test were used to cross-validate the naming test. The participants' current and cumulative language use were measured to investigate the relationships among language use, naming performance, and other measures of proficiency. The results indicate that performance on the naming test was correlated with convergent measures of language proficiency, including self-rating, examiner rating, and standardized test performance. Naming performance was related to cumulative reading experience in participants' first language. Familiarity ratings were related to naming performance in Urdu. These findings suggest that the naming task developed in the current study is a valid measure of language proficiency, and that familiarity ratings can be used as estimation of item difficulty in test development when word frequency data are unavailable. The naming test should be refined and further piloted with participants of various ages and those who are Urdu-dominant or balanced bilingual. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Berkeley, 1980. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 189-196).

No description available.

The dominant movement in Urdu fiction today is Modernism. During the decade of the sixties Modernism replaced the preceding Progressive Movement which had been popular from the mid-thirties to the early fifties. Critics and authors alike in the fifties asserted that the Progressive Movement had become dogmatic and dictatorial. Progressive writers' stories, they said, were journalistic and written according to a politically prescribed formula. The critics felt that this had resulted in the stagnation of Urdu literature, and they called for a new literary movement. After a short-lived attempt by some writers to start an "Islamic Literature" movement, Modernism began as a reaction against the efforts of both the Progressives and the supporters of "Islamic Literature" to dictate a group-oriented "purpose literature" according to non-literary, ideological criteria. Modernism was intended to broaden the content and form of literature, particularly those aspects of it which had been ignored or actively proscribed by the previous movement. The new movement encouraged an inward turn in subject and a move away from realistic, mimetic fiction towards a greater experimentation in form. The latter included the use of a stream of consciousness technique, surrealism, fantasy, myth, symbolism, and innovations in narrative structure which in Western literary criticism would be called examples of "spatial form." The inward turn in subject resulted in both a "search for self" and a concern for the causes of a perceived "decline of values" in the modern world. The inward turn in the subject of the story dominates in the first half of the sixties; the intense experimentation with form prevails in the latter half of the decade. By the seventies, Modernism had become an established movement. The techniques introduced in the sixties were no longer experimental, but a developed and accepted repertoire which could be freely drawn upon to express a variety of subjects, including social and political as well as "existential" themes. The Modernist Movement began in the cities of Lahore and Delhi with the authors Intizar Husain, Enver Sajjad, Surendra Prakash and Balraj Mainra. It gained strength both in geographical area and in the numbers of authors described as Modernists throughout the sixties, reaching its height in the period between 1968 and 1971. After a period of relative stagnation in the early seventies, during which Modernist literature was described as having itself become formulaic, it has begun to grow again with the addition of a new generation of younger writers in the later seventies.