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BACKGROUND There is an extraordinary common medical condition that affects millions of people, mostly women. It is associated with high levels of disability, discomfort and loss of productivity. People seldom talk about it and suffer in silence and have a fear of being ridiculed or embarrassed. It is not breast cancer, nor osteoporosis, nor heart disease nor is it depression. It is urinary incontinence – the loss of bladder control, which affects the lives of millions of people globally. General Practitioners (GP‟s) do not have a good knowledge about the topic and are therefore not managing Urinary Incontinence (UI) appropriately. AIM To assess the knowledge, attitudes and reported practices of general practitioners related to adult female patients with urinary incontinence in Greater Johannesburg. OBJECTIVES To determine the demographics of the respondents belonging to the various Independent Practitioner Associations (IPA's). Variables include age, sex, year qualified, postgraduate qualifications, and the number of years in clinical practice. To determine the demographics of the respondents practice. Variables include, age distribution, gender distribution, and the number of patients seen with urinary incontinence per month. To determine the knowledge of the respondents regarding urinary incontinence in adult females. Variables include prevalence, aetiology, types of urinary incontinence, associated risk factors and reversible factors. v To determine the attitudes of the respondents regarding urinary incontinence in adult females. Variables include feelings of empathy, frustration, etc. To determine the management of the respondents regarding urinary incontinence in adult females. Variables include access of referral facilities, screening, examination, investigation, and medication. METHODS The study was done amongst the Independent Practitioner Associations in the greater Johannesburg area. A questionnaire was administered to GP‟s attending IPA meetings, data was collected with regards to the demographics of the GPs and their practices as well as the knowledge, attitudes and reported practices of the GPs. RESULTS The response rate cannot be calculated as the number of GPs who attended the IPA meetings is not known. One hundred and thirteen respondents met the inclusion criteria for the study. The data was collected over a 10-month period during 2006. Males accounted for 76 (68.5%) and females for 35 (31.5%) of all respondents. Two (1.8%) respondents had three postgraduate qualifications, 11 (9.7%) respondents had two postgraduate qualifications and 38 (33.6%) respondents had one postgraduate qualification. The prevalence of patients with UI was higher amongst female respondents, 33 (97.1%) as compared to male respondents 67 (88.2%). Feelings of empathy was experienced by 94 (88.7%) respondents and 81 (81%) respondents would never avoided the discussion about UI with patients. Most respondents rated their knowledge on aetiology 82 (78.1%), diagnosis 79 (73.8%), investigation 58 (54.2%) and management 58 (54.7%) as good and very good.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in the branch of Radiology Johannesburg, 2011 / Management guidelines for urinary tract infections (UTI) invariably include renal ultrasound (RUS). Adequacy of RUS requests and reports is important for clinical practice. Aim To assess the adequacy of paediatric RUS requests and reports, the effects of the former on the latter, the effect of reporter`s rank, determine the yield and correlate adequacy with regard to the frequency of pathology. Materials and Methods Retrospective review of RUS reports of children was performed. A “Request Adequacy Score” (total 3) and a “Report Adequacy Score” (total 21) based on the RSNA reporting template was developed. A UTI subgroup was created. Results Mean “Report Adequacy Score” was 6.67. Residents performed better than consultants. There was no significant factor correlating with report adequacy. Hydronephrosis was the commonest pathology. Conclusion RUS requests and reports are inadequate. To improve reporting a renal ultrasound reporting template was developed.

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Yip, Shing Kai Alexander. / "April 2002." / Thesis (M.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 221-255). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Medicine in Paediatrics. Johannesburg, 2015. / Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are an important cause of morbidity in children in developing countries and increasing antimicrobial resistance is reported in many countries. This retrospective study describes the performance of urine dipsticks, the aetiology and the antimicrobial susceptibility of paediatric UTIs at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital, Johannesburg. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of results from patients investigated for UTI over a four year period between January 2009 and December 2012 in the Department of Paediatrics & Child Health at Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital. RESULTS: Escherichia coli was the commonest isolated uropathogen. Dipsticks sensitivity to identify UTI was 40% for leucocyte esterase and 34% for nitrites. The specificity was 94.6% for leucocyte esterase and 96% for nitrites. Malnutrition was associated with greater risk of having a UTI, with odds ratio of 2.06 (95% Confidence interval 1.4-2.9). In addition malnourished children tended to present with more resistant uropathogens. Resistance to sulphamethoxasole/trimethoprim and cephalexin has been progressively increasing between 2009 and 2012. From 64% to 79% for sulphamethoxasole/trimethoprim and from 24% to 63% for cephalexin. CONCLUSION: Positive urine dipsticks results allow immediate patient treatment but negative results need to be interpreted within the clinical context due to a high rate of false negatives. Malnourished children are significantly predisposed to urinary tract infections and tend to have more resistant uropathogens. Resistance to cephalexin is rising and studies to assess patient outcomes are needed to determine whether cephalexin still has a role in the treatment of paediatric UTI.

Thesis (M. Nurs.)--University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-65).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1987.