Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of New South Wales, 2007. / Title from caption (viewed on May 7, 2008).

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No description available.

Cervical cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer globally and it has also been identified as one of three AIDS defining malignancies. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs which are classified as nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs). HAART has been shown to play a significant role in reducing the incidence of some AIDS defining malignancies, although its effect on cervical cancer is still unclear. It is hypothesized that HAART might reduce cancer risk by interacting with different signalling molecules and pathways that are involved in cancer in order to induce cell death and thus inhibit cell proliferation. The broader aim of this study was to understand the relationship between cervical cancer and HAART. This was achieved by studying the expression of key signalling molecules in cancer; MUC1 and NFkB (P65) and morphological features using scanning electron microscopy following 24 hour treatment of a cervical cancer cell line, HCS-2 with drugs which are commonly used as part of HAART; Emtricitabine (FTC), Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Efavirenz (EFV), Atripla combination (ATP) and Kaletra combination (LPV/r) at their clinical plasma concentrations. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used in order to study the gene expression of MUC1 and P65 and the data was analysed using the 2-ΔΔCT method to calculate fold change. The statistical analysis was conducted using JMP 11 software. MUC1 and P65 gene expression was reduced following drug treatment. Protein expression was studied by means of Immunofluorescence and MUC1 and P65 protein expression was reduced following drug treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed characteristic features of apoptotic cell death such as loss of cell contacts, reduced density and size of microvilli, increase in surface blebbing and budding and degradation of apoptotic bodies following treatment with all the drugs. In conclusion, the drugs used in this study

Leung Chun-on, Paul. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-167). / Content Page / Acknowledgments --- p.7 / Chapter / Chapter Chapter1 --- Introduction --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter2 --- Literature Review --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Anatomy of the cervix --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Classification --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cervical cancer --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Incidence and screening --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Etiology / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Sexual and reproductive factors --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Smoking as a risk factor --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Male partner contribution --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2.4.5 --- Oral contraceptive pills --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.4.6 --- Oncogenes and tumour suppresser genes --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.4.7 --- Oncogenes and cervical cancer --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3 --- Immunohistochemical technique in cancer study / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Principle of immunostaining --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Fixation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Section preparation --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- The choice of antibodies --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Enzyme labels --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Blocking endogenous enzymes --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Blocking background staining --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Dilution preparation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- The Avidin-Biotin technique --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- Control --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.11 --- Antigen retrieval --- p.47 / Chapter 2.3.12 --- Cell counting and scoring --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4 --- The application of Polymerase Chain Reaction Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) in cancer study --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Specimens collection --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Antibodies preparation --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Immunohistochemical staining and antigen retrieval procedures --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Cell counting and scoring --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- PCR-SSCP analysis for myc gene mutation --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- DNA extraction --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- PCR --- p.72 / Chapter 3.2.5.3 --- Preparing the single strand DNA --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.5.4 --- Electrophoresis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.5.5 --- Gel drying and scanning --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.77 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Result --- p.78 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.126 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusions --- p.144 / Reference --- p.148

Ip Toi Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / CONTENTS --- p.i-iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.iv / ABSTRACT --- p.v-vi / Chapter Chapter One --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1-2 / Chapter Chapter Two --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.3-37 / Chapter 2.1 --- Epidemiology and Etiology of Cervical and Endometrial Cancers --- p.3-4 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Epidemiology and Etiology of Cervical cancer --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Incidence and Mortality --- p.4-6 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Etiology --- p.6-8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Epidemiology and Etiology of Endometrial Cancer --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- Incidence and Mortality --- p.9-11 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Rick Factors --- p.11-14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Pathology of Cervical and Endometrial Cancers --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Pathology of Cervical Cancer --- p.14-15 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Macroscopic Appearance --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Histology --- p.15-18 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Staging of Cervical Cancer --- p.19-21 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Pathology of Endometrial Cancer --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Macroscopic Appearance --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Histology --- p.22-24 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Staging of Endometrial Cancer --- p.24-25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Introduction to Microsatellite Instability (MI) --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- DNA structure --- p.25-27 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Microsatellite --- p.27-28 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Mismatch Repair (MMR) --- p.28-29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Microsatellite Instability (MI) --- p.30-33 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Microsatellite Instability in various cancers --- p.33-37 / Chapter Chapter Three --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.38-50 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.38 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Patients and Specimens --- p.38-39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Chemicals and Reagents --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Chemicals --- p.39-40 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Solution --- p.40-41 / Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Microsatellite Markers --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Major Equipment --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methodology --- p.43 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- DNA Extraction --- p.43-45 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- DNA Amplification --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- End-labeling of Primer --- p.45 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Electrophoresis of PCR Products and Autoradiography --- p.46-49 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Determination Of Microsatellite Instability (MI) --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3 --- Statistical Analyses --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter Four --- Result --- p.51-66 / Chapter 4.1 --- Microsatellite Instability in Cervical Cancer --- p.51 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Prevalence of MI in Cervical Cancer --- p.51 -54 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- MI and Age in Cervical Cancer --- p.55 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- MI and Histological Type in Cervical Cancer --- p.55-56 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- MI and Histologic Grades in Cervical Cancer --- p.56-57 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- MI and Clinical stage in Cervical Cancer --- p.57-58 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- MI and Clinical Status in Cervical Cancer --- p.58-59 / Chapter 4.2 --- Microsatellite Instability in Endometrial Cancer --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Prevalence of MI in Endometrial Cancer --- p.59-62 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- MI and Age Groups in Endometrial Cancer --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- MI and Histological Type in Endometrial Cancer --- p.63-64 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- MI and Histologic Grades in Endometrial Cancer --- p.64-65 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- MI and Clinical stage of Endometrial Cancer --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.6 --- MI and Clinical Status in Endometrial Cancer --- p.66 / Chapter Chapter Five --- Discussion --- p.67-77 / Chapter 5.1 --- MI detection --- p.67-71 / Chapter 5.2 --- MI of Cervical Cancer --- p.71 -74 / Chapter 5.3 --- MI of Endometrial Cancer --- p.74-77 / Chapter Chapter Six --- Conclusions --- p.78-80 / Reference --- p.81-112 / Appendix --- p.113-114

Poon Kin-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-147). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.viii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.x / Chapter CHAPTER I --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) and Cervical Cancer --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Epidemiology --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.1.1 --- Descriptive Epidemiology --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.1.2 --- Risk Factors --- p.7 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Pathology --- p.22 / Chapter 1.1.2.1 --- Macroscopic Appearance --- p.22 / Chapter 1.1.2.2 --- Symptoms and Diagnosis --- p.23 / Chapter 1.1.2.3 --- Staging Classification --- p.25 / Chapter 1.1.2.4 --- Histopathology --- p.29 / Chapter 1.2 --- Microsatellite Instability (MSI) --- p.35 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Microsatellite --- p.35 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Mismatch Repair --- p.37 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Microsatellite Instability (MSI) --- p.38 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- MSI in Various Cancers --- p.42 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- The Role of MSI in Carcinogenesis --- p.49 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- MSI as a Diagnostic / Prognostic Tool --- p.50 / Chapter CHAPTER II --- AIMS OF THE STUDY --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER III --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Materials --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Patients and Specimens --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Microsatellite Markers --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Preparation of OCT-embedded Specimen Sections --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Microdissection of Epithelial Cells and Neoplastic Cells from Specimen Sections --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- DNA Extraction --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Normal Blood --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Dissected Cells --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- DNA Amplification --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- End-labeling of Primers --- p.64 / Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Polymerase Chain Reaction --- p.65 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Autoradiography --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Determination of MSI --- p.67 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- HPV Detection --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.69 / Chapter CHAPTER IV --- RESULTS --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1 --- Incidence of MSI in Cervix --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Incidence of MSI in Normal Cervix --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Incidence of MSI in CIN --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Incidence of MSI in Cervical Carcinoma --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Correlation of MSI-positive with the Evolution of Cervical Neoplasm --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Correlation of MSI-positive with Clinicopathological Characteristics in Cervical Carcinoma --- p.77 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- MSI and Age --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- MSI and Clinical Stage --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- MSI and Histological Grade --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- MSI and Clinical Status --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparison between Two Panels of Microsatellite Markers used in MSI Detection --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection in Cervical Neoplasm --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- HPV Infection and Typing in CIN and Cervical Carcinoma --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Correlation of MSI-positive with HPV Infection in Cervical Carcinoma --- p.94 / Chapter CHAPTER V --- DISCUSSION --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1 --- MSI Detection --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Techniques in MSI Assays --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Choice of Microsatellite Markers --- p.101 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Diagnostic Criteria of MSI --- p.105 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Role of MSI in the Carcinogenesis of Cervical Neoplasm --- p.107 / Chapter 5.3 --- The Clinical Significant of MSI in Cervical Carcinoma --- p.111 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Interaction between HPV Infection and MSI in Cervical Carcinoma --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER VI --- CONCLUSION --- p.116 / REFERENCES --- p.119

nÃo hà / O cÃncer do colo uterino à caracterizado pelo aumento desordenado do epitÃlio que reveste o ÃrgÃo, afetando todo o tecido subjacente conhecido como estroma. Embora as mulheres busquem mais os serviÃos de saÃde, no Brasil ainda hà uma grande incidÃncia de morte relacionada a esse tipo de patologia, sendo um dos tipos de cÃncer que mais acomete a populaÃÃo feminina. O exame citopatolÃgico, realizado nas Unidades BÃsicas de SaÃde, à utilizado como um mÃtodo de rastreamento das lesÃes precursoras desse cÃncer e sinaliza o direcionamento de algumas aÃÃes de saÃde. Frente a esse contexto este estudo objetivou verificar o conhecimento, atitude e prÃtica das mulheres sobre o exame de prevenÃÃo do cÃncer do colo uterino, em mulheres de um municÃpio do CearÃ. Tratou-se de um estudo exploratÃrio com abordagem quantitativa desenvolvido nas salas de espera das unidades de saÃde do municÃpio de IcÃ. A amostra do estudo foi aleatÃria e composta de 379 mulheres. Foi aplicado o inquÃrito CAP (Conhecimento, Atitude e PrÃtica) previamente utilizado (MALTA, 2014), composto por 46 perguntas. O teste realizado para responder aos objetivos do estudo foi o qui-quadrado. As variÃveis sociodemogrÃficas estudadas como potenciais variÃveis associadas ao conhecimento, atitude e prÃtica, foram: idade, estado civil, escolaridade, religiÃo, ocupaÃÃo, trabalho e renda familiar. Na histÃria sexual e reprodutiva foi pesquisada vida sexual e tempo do inÃcio da mesma, parceiro fixo, laqueadura, uso de camisinha, mÃtodo contraceptivo, filhos, idade que teve o primeiro filho, aborto, DST, problema no Ãtero, histerectomia, gravidez e cÃncer na famÃlia. Os dados evidenciaram que em 49,9% das mulheres o conhecimento foi avaliado como inadequado. A atitude inadequada foi em 46,2% das mulheres e a prÃtica inadequada em 40,1%. As seguintes variÃveis apresentaram significÃncia estatÃstica para o conhecimento inadequado: estado civil (p=0,016, maior entre solteiras), escolaridade (p < 0,001, maior entre analfabetas ou com ensino fundamental incompleto), renda (p=0,004,maior nas com renda menor de um salÃrio mÃnimo, nÃo possuir parceiro fixo (p<0,017) e ter DST (p=0,039). A escolaridade das mulheres foi a Ãnica variÃvel associada a atitude inadequada (p=0,003). As variÃveis estatisticamente associadas a prÃtica inadequada foram: estado civil, faixa etÃria, trabalho fora de casa, renda familiar, nÃo ter vida sexual ativa, ser laqueada e ter tido o primeiro filho com idade de 25 anos ou mais. Quanto as dificuldades para realizar o exame Papanicolaou na ESF e receber o resultado teve grande destaque a demora do resultado. Percebeu-se a partir desta pesquisa, a importÃncia da educaÃÃo em saÃde acerca da problemÃtica relacionada ao CCU e sua prevenÃÃo, como tambÃm a necessidade do apoio por parte dos gestores. Tivemos alguns grupos de mulheres com maior risco ao problema estudado, devendo portanto serem priorizadas por os profissionais de saÃde e gestores, realizando-se a busca ativa desse grupo para realizaÃÃo de rodas de conversas. Espera-se que os resultados encontrados possam contribuir para a melhoria do atendimento Ãs mulheres e realizaÃÃo de uma maior vigilÃncia quanto a frequÃncia ao exame, visando uma maior abrangÃncia das mulheres, satisfazendo suas necessidades de conhecimento atravÃs da troca de saberes. / Cancer of the cervix is characterized by the disordered enlargement of the epithelium that lines the organ, affecting all the underlying tissue known as stroma. Although women seek more health services, in Brazil there is still a high incidence of death related to this type of pathology, being one of the types of cancer that affects the female population the most. The cytopathological examination, performed at the Basic Health Units, is used as a screening method for the precursor lesions of this cancer and indicates the direction of some health actions. Against this background, this study aimed to verify the knowledge, attitude and practice of women on the cervical cancer prevention exam in women from a municipality of CearÃ. It was an exploratory study with a quantitative approach developed in the waiting rooms of the health units of the municipality of IcÃ. The study sample was random and composed of 379 women. The KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) survey previously used (MALTA, 2014), composed of 46 questions, was applied. The test performed to answer the study objectives was chi-square. The sociodemographic variables studied as potential variables associated with knowledge, attitude and practice were: age, marital status, schooling, religion, occupation, work and family income. In the sexual and reproductive history, the sexual life and the time of the beginning of the sexual intercourse were investigated, fixed partner, tubal ligation, condom use, contraceptive method, children, age of first child, abortion, Sexually Transmitted Disease, hysterectomy, pregnancy and cancer in the family. The data showed that in 49.9% of the women the knowledge was evaluated as inadequate. The inadequate attitude was in 46.2% of the women and the inadequate practice in 40.1%. (p = 0.016, higher among single women), schooling (p <0.001, higher among illiterates or incomplete primary education), income (p = 0.004, higher in the lower income group) Of a minimum wage, did not have a fixed partner (p <0.017) and had STD (p = 0.039). The education of women was the only variable associated with an inappropriate attitude (p = 0.003). The variables statistically associated with inappropriate practice were: marital status, age, work away from home, family income, no active sex life, lactation and having had the first child aged 25 years or more. As for the difficulties to perform the Papanicolaou exam at the HSF and receive the result had great prominence the delay of the result. From this research, the importance of health education about the problems related to cervical cancer and its prevention, as well as the need for the support of the managers, was perceived. We had some groups of women with greater risk to the problem studied, and should therefore be prioritized by health professionals and managers, with the active search of this group for the realization of conversation wheels. It is hoped that the results found may contribute to the improvement of the attendance of women and greater vigilance regarding the frequency of the examination, aiming at a greater comprehension of the women, satisfying their knowledge needs through the exchange of knowledge.

No description available.

Uterine cancer is the nation’s most common gynecologic malignancy but is understudied in the geographically and socioeconomically diverse state of Kentucky (KY). This study assessed the frequency, distribution, and survival of uterine corpus malignancies in KY, and specifically the differences between Appalachia (AP) and non-Appalachia (NAP). This study utilizes SEER and Kentucky Cancer Registries to study uterine corpus malignancy between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2014. The analysis looks at incidence between diagnoses in AP and NAP. Evaluation criteria includes: tumor histology (Type I, Type II, sarcoma, and mixed uterine malignancy), age, race, smoking status, stage at diagnosis, insurance status, and county of residence at diagnosis.